Emergency Case

Chest Pain

OLEH :
Ni Kadek Yesinta Arisanti
17089014098

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN BULELENG

PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN
2017
 1. Definitions and Overview
Chest pain is one of the major entities referred to the emergency department
around the world. The definition of chest pain and pain may vary from person to
person. Chest pain can be caught in a mild pain that keeps appearing until the pain
that appears instantly but very painful in the chest area. Chest pain is a condition,
but the symptoms of various diseases, ranging from mild to active one's soul.
Therefore, it is a wise choice to get well soon when you have chest pains, arise if
it persists.

2. Main Symptoms of Chest Pain

The main symptoms of chest pain depend on the main condition that causes it.
Chest discomfort usually includes some of the following:
1. Pain in the chest area that lasts more than a few minutes.
2. Pain that worsens when a person breathing, coughing, doing
physical activity, or lying on his back.
3. Pain that comes and goes with varying degrees of pain.
4. Pressure on the chest or chest feels tight and full.
5. Pain is very painful on the chest that spreads up to the neck and
jaw, and back, shoulders, and arms.

Chest pain is usually accompanied by difficulty breathing, heart palpitations,

cold sweat, body weakness, dizziness and nausea or vomiting. Chest pain
unrelated to the heart, on the other hand, causes symptoms such as difficulty
swallowing, sour taste in the mouth, and softening of the chest area.
 1. Diagnosis of Chest Pain
If you experience severe chest pain, continue to recur or show no signs of
improvement, the safest step is to see a doctor. With a doctor, the basic cause of
your symptoms can be known and addressed as soon as possible. There are
several tests or checks that can be done to diagnose chest pain, such as:

1. X-ray. Scanning of the chest cavity is done to examine the shape

and size of the heart, blood vessels, as well as problems in the
lungs.
2. Electrocardiogram (ECG). Injured or injured heart muscle can not
impulse normally, and this test is performed to examine the
electrical activity of the heart through electrodes attached to the
skin.
3. Computed Tomography (CT scan). This test is done to check the
aorta or the presence of blood clots in the lungs.
4. Blood test. Blood tests are performed to check for elevated enzyme
levels when there is injury or damage to the heart muscle.
5. Cardiac catheterization (angiogram). This test is done to check the
blockage or narrowing of the artery that goes to the heart.
6. Echocardiogram. Echocardiograms are performed to examine the
structure and function of the heart by using sound waves that
produce images.
7. Exercise stress tests. There are many types of stress tests that can
be done. The purpose of these tests is to measure the response of
blood vessels and heart to activity level.
 1. Treatment of Chest Pain
There are 2 ways that doctors usually recommend for treatment, namely taking
drugs and surgery. This decision will be tailored to the patient's condition.

1.1 Drugs
The usual series of prescription medicines are:

1. Aspirin. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are

given to relieve or avoid heart inflammation.
2. Nitroglycerin. Artery tranquilizers are given for angina sufferers or
have narrowed arteries of the heart.
3. Blood-thinning medication. This drug is used to thin blood clots in
the heart or lung arteries.
4. Acid acid suppressant. This type of medication helps suppress acid
levels in the stomach so as not to rise into the throat until the lungs.
5. Antidepressant drugs. This treatment is commonly prescribed to
control the patient's emotions in order not to affect heart or lung
activity.

1.1 Operations and other actions

If medication does not help, some of the following surgery steps may be
taken:

1. Installing balloons or stents. This action is often done if there is a

blockage in the heart, by dilating blood vessels so that blood flow
can flow smoothly.
 2. Pulmonary Inflation. This action is usually recommended if the
patient's lungs do not work optimally.
3. Heart bypass surgery. To smooth the blood flow in the heart, the
doctor will divert one of the blood vessels in the body to replace
the blocked heart artery.
1. Improved aortic dissection. Emergency measures taken to correct
or close dissection or rupture of the aortic blood vessels to prevent
blood flow throughout the body.

1. Common Causes of Chest Pain

Chest pain is often associated with heart disease, but many chest pain is not
caused by heart disease, such as digestive problems, muscle and bone. Here is an
example of the cause of chest pain that is generally not considered critical:

1. Injury to the muscles of the chest cavity or / and ribs.

2. Costochondritis or inflammation of the cartilage that connects the
breastbone with the ribs.
3. Stomach acid and heartburn (GERD).
4. Infection of the nerves that cause rash.
5. Swallowing or dysphagia disorders.
6. Mastitis or inflammation of the breast tissue.
7. Herpes zoster infection.
8. Gallstones or disorders of the gallbladder.
9. Fibromyalgia.

In addition to the above causes, there are also causes of chest pain that are
not related to the heart, but need to be addressed by doctors are:

1. Panic attack or anxiety - the heartbeat of the sufferer becomes very

fast, shortness of breath and overwhelmed by great fear or anxiety
 2. Pneumothorax or the presence of air between the two layers that
wrap the lungs, so that the lungs deflate and the sufferer is very
difficult to breathe.
3. Pulmonary embolus or formation of blood clots in the lungs of the
lungs.

If you experience any of the above conditions you should immediately see a
doctor to get emergency treatment.
Here are some signs of chest pain that are generally unrelated to the heart:
1. The chest feels pain when coughing or taking a deep breath.
2. Difficult to swallow.
3. Chest pain when pressed.
4. Heartburn or as food from the stomach rises back into the
esophagus.
5. Pain that worsens or improves when changing body position.

If the symptoms have persisted for three days or more, often recur, or worsen
and are very disturbing, then see a doctor.