Functions of Municipalities

A- Mandatory and optional functions of municipalities

Functions of municipalities may for convenience be categorized as mandatory and
optional though the law makes no distinction. Land development, water and
sewer, waste management, cemeteries and fire-fighting are mandatory functions
of municipalities. No other organization but the municipality is in charge of such
services the failure of which will plunge the entire urban life into chaos.
Municipalities also have optional functions for which they are authorized but not
held accountable. For example, the Ministry of National Education is essentially in
charge of the construction and maintenance of state schools. Likewise, there are
central government ministries or agencies that are in charge of, for example,
social services and social aid, reducing poverty. Municipalities however may make
up for the shortcomings of the central government

B- Major mandatory functions of municipalities

a- Land development
It is the most important function of municipalities to make land development
plans and supervise buildings in the cities. In Turkey, municipalities have the full
authority to make and implement land development plans. However, the Ministry
of Environment and Urbanization has limited powers to make and amend land
development plans for the large-scale investments of the central government; the
Ministry of Culture and Tourism does so for tourism regions, and the Housing
Development Administration for urban regeneration projects. Land development
plans made by municipalities should conform to regional plans and higher scale
environmental plans if any made by the central government. The Regulation on
Making and Amending Land Development Plans was amended in 2013, and the
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization has since then been monitoring land
development plans and amendments.

b- Infrastructure
It is a major function of the municipalities to build, maintain and repair urban
roads, walkways, squares and parks. Metropolitan municipalities are in charge of
roads of 12 meters or wider, large parks whereas district municipalities are in
charge of smaller roads and parks.

c- Transport
Urban public transport is in the remit of municipalities, or metropolitan
municipalities in the case of metropolises. Municipalities must first make a
transport master plan that outlines the residential areas, business and logistics
areas and main lines of transport. Public transport considerations are also marked
on the transport master plan. Urban public transport services are delivered by
metropolitan municipalities and usually subsidized. Where municipalities are
unable to realize by their own means such public transport investments as a
subway system or rail system, they may outsource by the build-operate-transfer
model. To date, only a few metropolises were able to construct such systems.
Some others started the construction of subway lines, but were unable to
complete and had eventually to transfer to the Ministry of Transport and
Communications. Where municipalities are unable to provide all urban transport
services, transport lines are leased to companies or private persons who operate
under the supervision of the municipality. Municipalities are also oversee taxis,
i.e. fare schedules, stops and operating conditions etc.

d- Water and sewer

The national water policy is formulated by the Ministry of Forestry and Water
Affairs. The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works supply potable and non-
potable water to large cities; however it is the task of municipalities to operate
the urban water distribution system, and treat waste water. In the case of
metropolitan municipalities, the Water and Sewer Administration as an affiliated
entity of the municipality delivers water and sewer services. Water and sewer
administrations receive an apportionment from the state tax revenues on the
basis of city population.

e- Waste management
In the case of metropolitan municipalities, the Water and Sewer Administration is
responsible for waste water management. Users of urban water are usually
charged a fee for waste water at about the half rate of the supplied water. Most
cities have waste water treatment facilities. The waste water from about 70% of
the municipal population is treated.

f- Other functions
Municipal services are not limited to land development, water and sewer, urban
public transport, infrastructure, waste management and fire-fighting.
Municipalities deliver many other services of local and common nature.
Municipalities issue licenses to and inspect all work places within municipal
boundaries. Cemeteries and funeral services are among the most important
functions of municipalities. Services that are not mandatory but generally
provided by municipalities include reducing poverty, education, culture and
sports, social aid, skills and occupational training courses, home care for the poor
and sick, construction and maintenance of state schools. Municipalities deploy
the municipal police, an unarmed enforcement force, to discharge municipal
duties.