REPORT ON

INFRASTRUCTURE POLICIES
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

VINAY
M.Plan(1st semester) 18001520021
 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-
modernisation scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of Urban
Development. It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years. Named
after Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, the scheme was officially
inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan singh on 3 December 2005 as a programme meant
to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. It was launched in 2005 for a
seven-year period (up to March 2012) to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased
improvements in their civic service levels. The government had extended the tenure of the
mission for two years, i.e., from April 2012 to March 31, 2014.

JNNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban
conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. JnNURM aims at creating ‘economically
productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities’ by a strategy of upgrading the social
and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP) and
wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with
the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.

Mission Statement:
“The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities.
Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms,
community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens.

Scope of the Mission

The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, namely:
(1)Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance: The main thrust of the Sub-
Mission will be on infrastructure projects relating to water supply and sanitation, sewerage,
solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas
with a view to upgrading infrastructure therein, shifting industrial and commercial
establishments to conforming areas, etc.

(2)Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: The main thrust of the Sub-Mission
will be on integrated development of slums through projects for providing shelter, basic
services and other related civic amenities with a view to providing utilities to the urban poo
Structure

JnNURM primarily incorporates two sub-missions into its program:

 The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry
of Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste
management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas.

 The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) administered by
the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation with a focus on integrated
development of slums.

In addition to this, it has two further components:

The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT) administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on subsuming
the schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) which aim at planned urban
infrastructural improvement in towns and cities under its purview.

The Sub-Mission for Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
administered by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) was
envisaged and brought into effect in 1993–94 in accordance with providing the entire
population with safe and adequate water supply facilities. The program is mainly
implemented in towns with populations less than 20,000 as per the 1991 census.

Objectives
 Focused attention relating to infrastructural services in the context of integrated
development is to be covered under the mission.
 Make efficient and increase self-sustaining capabilities of cities as per the sector proving
infrastructural services by securing the linkages between asset creation and asset
management
 Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the urban infrastructural
services.
 Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, out growths, urban
corridors, so that urbanization takes place in a dispersed manner.
 Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to urban poor.
 To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., re-development of inner (old) cities area to
reduce congestion.
 Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other
existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.


Assistance under JNNURM

Financial Assistance under JNNURM:

Under BSUP, project cost is shared in the ratio of 50:50 for cities with population more than
4million (as per Census 2001), 80:20 for cities with population in between 1-4million and
90:10 for North Eastern and Special category States. Entire cost of construction of Dwelling
Units (DUs) and associated infrastructure was shared as per the above mentioned sharing
pattern without any limitation.

Under IHSDP, project cost is shared in the ratio of 80:20 for remaining smaller cities and
90:10 for North Eastern and Special Category States. Cost ceiling of Rs. 1 lakh per DU
including cost of infrastructure was applicable for projects taken up under IHSDP Scheme.

Eligible sectors for JnNURM assistance The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM under
the Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance(UIG) assistance would be as
follows:

• Urban renewal, that is, redevelopment of inner (old) city areas [including widening of
narrow streets, shifting of industrial and commercial establishments from non-conforming
(inner city) areas to conforming (outer city) areas to reduce congestion etc.

• Water supply (including desalination plants) and sanitation.

• Sewerage and solid waste management.

• Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains. 1 .

• Development of heritage areas

• Prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion and landslides only in cases of special category
States where such problems are common; and

• Preservation of water bodies.

• Parking lots and spaces on PPP basis

• Urban transportation including roads, highways, expressways, MRTS, and me.

Eligible sectors for JnNURM assistance The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM under
the Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) assistance would
be as follows:
• Integrated development of slums, housing and development of infrastructure projects in
slums in the identified cities;
• Projects involving development, improvement, and maintenance of basic services to the
urban poor.
• Slum improvement and rehabilitation of projects.
• Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets, and baths etc.
• Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban poor, economically
weaker sections (EWS) and lower income group (LIG) categories.
• Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
• Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management.
• Street lighting.
• Civic amenities like community halls, child care centres etc.
• Operation and Maintenance of assets created under this component.
JNNURM Programmes/Schemes:
JNNURM comprises two programmes/schemes with larger scope. These
programmes/schemes are applicable to all cities in India.
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT):
UIDSSMT is the mixture of two progammes/schemes namely Integrated Development of
Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme
(AUWSP). UIDSSMT is applicable to all the cities and towns except mission cities covered
under UIG and BSUP. The Nodal ministry for this programme is the Ministry of Urban
Development (MoUD)
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP): Earlier two schemes
namely Valmiki Ambedkar Malin Basti Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) and National Slum
Development Programme (NSDP) merged into one programme i.e IHSDP. VAMBAY itself
emerged from earlier scheme called Ambedkar Malin Basti Awas Yojana (AMBAY). IHSDP
is applicable to all cities towns in India except mission cities. The Nodal ministry for this
scheme is the Ministry of Hosuing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA).

By features UIG and UIDSSMT seems similar. At the same time BSUP and IHSDP too
seems similar. The major difference between these sub-missions and schemes is that the sub-
missions are framed only for 65 identified mission cities and schemes are framed for all the
remaining cities and towns. Present study is confined to the submission UIG and BSUP only.
Duration
The duration of the mission is seven years beginning from December 2005. During this
period, the mission sought to ensure sustainable development of participating cities. An
evaluation of the experience of implementation of the mission would be undertaken before
the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012.
The duration of the mission was extended by two more years: until 31 March 2014.

Quality of Life
The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general wellbeing of individuals and societies.
‘The best way of approaching quality of life measurement is to measure the extent to which
people’s ‘happiness requirements’ are met – i.e. those requirements which are a necessary
(although not sufficient) condition of anyone’s happiness - those ‘without which no member
of the human race can be happy’ (McCall, 1975:229-248). Standard indicators of the quality
of life include not only wealth and employment but also the built environment which include
housing, natural environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure
time, social belonging, community life, public services and transport which further includes
water and other basic services with providing mobility and connectivity. Quality of the
natural environment is directly related to peoples’ quality of life. Population growth and
economic development put pressure on the sustainability of the natural environment. Pressure
for expansion of the urban area into peripheral areas will have effects on the natural
ecosystems of both land and sea. Issues such as environmental pollution, waste generation
and management.

Admissible sectors and projects for assistance under JNNURM

A. Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance
1) Urban renewal.
2) Water supply (including desalination plants and sewerage).
3) Solid waste management.
4) Storm water drains.
5) Urban Transport (including roads, highways, expressways, MRTS, and metro projects).
6) Parking spaces on PPP basis.
7) Development of heritage areas.
8) Prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion and landslides (only for special category
States).
9) Preservation of water bodies

B. Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor.

1) Integrated slum development and infrastructure projects in slums.
2) Development, improvement, and maintenance of basic services to the urban poor.
3) Slum improvement and rehabilitation.
4) Water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets and baths etc.
5) Affordable housing for slum dwellers, urban poor, economically weaker sections (EWS)
and lower income group (LIG) categories.
6) Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
7) Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management.
8) Street lighting.
9) Civic amenities like community halls, child care centres etc.
10) Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of assets.
11) Health, education and social security schemes for the urban poor.

Implementation mechanism
The funds are channelled through state-level agencies, where grants from the central and state
governments are pooled and passed on as grants or soft loans to cities provided that they have
prepared development strategies and that the investments identified fit within these strategies.
The mission emphasises transparency and accountability. It supports public-private
partnerships and cost recovery to make service providers financially self-sustaining. The
share of grant funding by the central government can vary from 35% in the largest cities to up
to 90% in cities in the Northeast. Most cities receive grants covering 50% or 80% of costs
depending on size. Capacity building is also included in the mission to assist urban local
bodies to prepare strategies and projects.
Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds pertaining to road network, storm
water drains, bus rapid transit system, water supply, solid waste management, sewage
treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and rehabilitation, all fall under its
scope.

Coverage
As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001
Census have been chosen for the implementation of the programme as per norms/criteria
mentioned below :

A Cities/UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census 07

B Cities/UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population as per 2001 census 28

Selected cities/UAs (state capitals and other cities/UAs of religious/historic and touristic
C 28
importance)
IMPLEMENTATION

State level reforms

As of 2012 Gujarat led the tally for the state level reforms, being the only state to have
achieved all 10 reforms required by the mission. Five states have achieved 9 out of 10
reforms: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh. Public disclosure and community participation laws have initially progressed
slowly, with only five states managing to enact them as part of the reform agenda as of
2009 However, as of 2012 community participation laws have been enacted by 22 out of 31
states, and public disclosure laws were enacted by 27 states. 20 states had decentralised the
responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the state level to ULBs, and 19 had done
so for city planning functions.

City level reforms

As of 2012, Visakhapatnam, Surat and Pune had the distinction of having accomplished all 8
city level reforms. Chennai, Greater Mumbaiand Hyderabad had achieved 7 out of 8 reforms.
Out of 67 cities, 30 had achieved the 90% target for property tax collection, 20 had achieved
full operation and maintenance cost recovery for water supply and sanitation, but only 8 had
achieved cost recovery for solid waste.

Sanctioning of projects
As of 2009, 415 projects requiring an investment of ₹440 billion (US$6.1 billion), equivalent
to half the total envisaged program amount, were approved. Among the
states, Maharashtra has been sanctioned the maximum number of projects under the mission.
Among cities, Bangalore has had the highest number of approved projects.

MIDTERM APPRAISAL
A midterm appraisal carried out in 2009 by the consulting firm Grant Thornton recommended
to establish a single directorate for the ministries in charge of the mission; more involvement
of city administrations in the preparation of city development plans that were prepared by
consultants; broader stakeholder consultation during environmental and social impact
assessments; the development of a national procurement manual; separation of the approval
process for projects in two stages; financial support and capacity development for the
implementation of reforms in addition to funding for infrastructure; the use of policies for
public-private partnerships and pooled funding mechanisms at the state level, such as urban
development funds that exist in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.
LIST OF IDENTIFIED CITIES

Mega Cities

Population (in
No. City/UA Name of the State
lakh)

1 Delhi Delhi 128.77

Greater
2 Maharashtra 164.34
Mumbai

3 Hyderabad Telangana 57.72

4 Bangalore Karnataka 57.01

5 Chennai Tamil Nadu 65.60

6 Kolkata West Bengal 132.06

7 Ahmedabad Gujarat 45.25

Reforms under JNNURM

The two components of JnNURM were mandated to pursue 3 key pro-poor reforms, namely:
Earmarking of 25% of municipal budget for the urban poor for provision of basic services
including affordable housing to the urban poor;
Implementation of 7- Point Charter, namely provision of land tenure, affordable housing,
water, sanitation, education, health and social security to the poor in a time-bound manner
ensuring convergence with other programmes and
Reservation of minimum 25% of developed land in all housing projects, public or private,
critical for slum improvement.

Key Findings from JNNURM Design

The key findings of the analysis are presented in this section.
Specific Sectoral Actions
a. Rainwater Harvesting: One of the optional reforms4 recommended by the government is
making rainwater harvesting mandatory. The chief stated objective is to recharge ground
water and augment water supply. It is to be noted that rainwater harvesting is a specific
strategy to address several sustainability concerns: efficient resource use, reduction of surface
run off, etc. However, it may or may not be an effective and appropriate strategy for all cities.
b. Re‐use of Waste Water:
One of the optional reforms is to create/amend bye‐laws to make reuse of waste water
compulsory. The aim is to use water efficiently, reduce burden on the existing resources and
provide for the growing demands. Reduced amount of sewage due to re‐use will also help in
lowering pollution levels in existing water bodies.
c. Unaccounted for Water:
One of the goals mentioned in project appraisal guidelines is reducing unaccounted for
water.
d. Solid Waste: Toolkit for project appraisal highlights that there need to be bye‐laws or
policies for segregation and recycling of waste and that existing formal and informal
activities need to be considered while planning for solid waste management.

JNNURM PROJECTS ACCORDING TO CATEGORIES OF MISSION

CITIES
JNNURM identified 65 mission cities from different three categories i.e. category A,
category B and category C. Category-A contains seven mission cities; all are metropolitan
cities in India. All cities/UAs under category A have population of more than 40 lakh.
Mission cities under Category-B are twenty eight in numbers.
Each mission city/UA’s under category-B has population of more than 10 lakhs but less than
40 lakhs. Identified mission cities under Category-C are thirty. These identified cities are
either of religious, historic, tourist importance or the capital of the State. Cities identified
under this category have population less than 10 lakhs. Though identified mission cities under
category- A are least (only seven) but together they contains highest 54 percent of population
among all the three categories. Identified mission cities under Category-B and Category-C
are more in numbers but respectively counted just 36 percent and 10 percent of the total
population covered under JNNURM.

Mission cities under Category-B have highest number of projects approved (210 projects)
under sub-mission UIG. It is 42 percent of the total projects approved under UIG. Mission
cities under category-A has 201 projects sanctioned under UIG.

Mission cities under Category-C have least number of projects approved (88 projects only).
They counted only 18 percent of the total projects approved under UIG. In sub-mission
BSUP, mission cities under category-B have highest 213 number of projects sanctioned than
91 projects for mission cities under category-C and 65 projects for mission cities under
category-A. Twenty eight mission cities from category-B together counted 58 percent
projects out of the total projects sanctioned under BSUP. It is very interesting to see that
seven metropolitan cities in Category-A counted just 18 percent of the projects out of total
under BSUP.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/188847/13/13_chapter4.pdf
 https://archive.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=70
 https://ccs.in/internship_papers/2008/JNNURM-199.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission
