Process of slum formation

Its causes and consequences

Approaches for Mass Housing in India

JNNURM & RAY
CONSEQUENCES OF SLUM FORMATION
 OVERCROWDING
CONSEQUENCES OF SLUM FORMATION
 Approaches for Mass Housing in India
JNNURM & RAY

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

RAJIV AWAAZ YOJNA

Background of JNNURM - JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

(1)Need for Urban Sector Development:

According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million
with approximately 28 per cent or 285 million people living in urban
areas.

As development in Urban areas is expected to increase, the share of

the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total
population by the year 2021.

It was estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute
about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). In turn it is
dependent on infrastructure.
The Mission

Mission Statement: The aim is to encourage reforms

and fast track planned development of identified cities.
Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and
service delivery mechanisms, community participation,
and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies
towards citizens.
Objectives of the Mission are:
(a) Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure
services in cities covered under the Mission;.
(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-
management through a slew of reforms
(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban
infrastructural services;.
(d) Planned development of identified cities and peri-urban areas,
(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with
emphasis on universal access to the urban poor;.
(f ) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas
to reduce congestion;
(g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of
tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and
sanitation, health and social security.
Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance under the Sub-Mission
Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance
The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM assistance would be as follows:
(1)Urban renewal, that is, redevelopment of inner (old) city areas [including
widening of narrow streets, shifting of industrial and commercial establishments
from non-conforming (inner city) areas to conforming (outer city) areas to reduce
congestion, replacement of old and worn out pipes by new and higher capacity
ones, renewal of the sewerage, drainage, and solid waste disposal system etc.] ;
(2) Water supply (including desalination plants) and sanitation.
(3) Sewerage and solid waste management.
(4) Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
(5) Urban transportation including roads, highways, expressways, MRTS, and metro
projects.
(6) Parking lots and spaces on PPP basis.
(7) Development of heritage areas
(8) Prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion and landslides only in cases of
special category States where such problems are common; and
(9) Preservation of water bodies.
Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance under the Sub-Mission
The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM assistance in eligible cities would be
as follows:
(1) Integrated development of slums, housing and development of infrastructure
projects in slums in the identified cities;.
(2) Projects involving development, improvement, and maintenance of basic
services to the urban poor.
(3) Slum improvement and rehabilitation of projects.
(4) Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets, and baths
(5) Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban poor,
(EWS) and (LIG) categories.
(6) Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
(7) Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management.
(8) Street lighting.
(9) Civic amenities like community halls, child care centres etc.
(10) Operation and Maintenance of assets created under this component.
(11) Convergence of health, education & social security schemes for urban poor
NOTE: Land cost will not be financed except for
acquisition of private land for schemes and projects in
the North Eastern States and hilly States, namely
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu and
Kashmir
Hon’ble Prime Minister in his address to the Nation on
15th Aug 2009 stated “We had started the JNNURM for
the urban areas. We will accelerate this programme also.

Today, lakhs of our citizens live in slums which lack basic

amenities. We wish to make our country slum free as
early as possible. In the next five years, we will provide
housing facilities to slum dwellers through a new
scheme, Rajiv Awas Yojana.”
In pursuance of this vision of “Slum free India”,
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was launched in June 2011
in two phases; the preparatory phase for a period of
two years which ended in June 2013 and
implementation phase. Central Government has
approved the implementation phase for the period of
2013-2022
Mission
Encourage States/Union Territories (UTs) to tackle slums
in a definitive manner, by focusing on:

Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified

(including recognised and identified) within the formal
system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities
that is available for the rest of the city/UA;

Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie

behind the creation of slums by planning for affordable
housing stock for the urban poor and initiating crucial
policy changes required for facilitating the same.
• Improving and provisioning of housing, basic civic infrastructure
and social amenities in intervened slums.
• Enabling reforms to address some of the causes leading to
creation of slums.
• Facilitating a supportive environment for expanding
institutional credit linkages for the urban poor.
• Institutionalizing mechanisms for prevention of slums including
creation of affordable housing stock.
• Strengthening institutional and human resource capacities at
the Municipal, City and State levels through comprehensive
capacity building and strengthening of resource networks.
• Empowering community by ensuring their participation at
every stage of decision making through strengthening and
nurturing Slum Dwellers’ Association/Federations.
Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) Scheme:

In order to increase affordable housing stock, as part of the

preventive strategy, AffordableHousing in Partnership (AHP) will
be implemented as part of the scheme. Central support will be
provided at the rate of ` 75,000 per EWS/LIG DUs of size upto 40
sqm. for housing and internal development components in
affordable housing projects taken up under various kinds of
partnerships. A project size of minimum 250 dwelling units will
be considered under the scheme. The DUs would be a mix of
EWS/LIG-A/LIG-B/Higher Categories/Commercial of which at
least 60 percent of the FAR/ FSI will be used for dwelling units of
carpet area of not more than 60 sqm. Detailed Guidelines for
AHP scheme are issued by MoHUPA separately.
Innovative Projects: States/UTs are encouraged to come up
with innovative projects for which fund is earmarked. The key
objective is to incentivize innovation and encourage new
approaches and solutions to improve the quality and quantity
of shelter and services for the urban poor/slum dwellers. The
innovative approaches may include: Innovations in planning,
demonstrating integrated livelihoods, shelter and services or
convergence Innovative or cost effective and green building
design and technologies Financial innovation in the delivery of
city/state wide programmes (e.g. community fund,
incremental savings etc.)Funding pattern and process involved
would be similar to those applicable under RAY.
Incremental housing: During the assessment of housing
needs, it may bedetermined that the existing dwelling units
built by the slum dwellers may need improvement i.e. if the
dwelling unit is a pucca construction but having less than the
desired minimum floor space or rooms, additional provision
of rooms, toilets etc. should be considered to meet the
minimum criteria so as to facilitate housing unit up-
gradation. In case land is not available for expansion, vertical
development may be considered. Provision of individual
water supply, sanitation etc. should also be considered,
where so required. As specified in the para above, for
incremental housing also the central support shall be limited
to the carpet area of 21-27 sqm.
In-situ development of selected slum would be preferred to
ensure that development does not lead to loss of livelihood
linkages or additional commuting hours leading to loss of income.
Interventions in selected slums can be on the following lines:

Redevelopment: Development of entire slum by providing

adequate housing and infrastructure (civic and social) to the slum
dwellers after demolition of the existing built structures.

Upgradation: Development of the entire slum by filling gaps in

housing and infrastructure (civic and social) to the slum dwellers
without complete demolition of the existing structures.
THANKS