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DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Final Report
Solid Waste Management
Detailed Project Report
Prepared by: Prepared For:

AIILSG Pune Town Municipal Council Sankeshwar
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PROJECT BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 9
1.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9

1.2 PROBLEMS DUE TO SOLID WASTE 10
1.3 CURRENT STATUS OF SWM IN INDIA 10
1.4 INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE SWM IN INDIA 10
1.5 PROJECT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES 14
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY 14
1.7 REPORT OVERVIEW 16
1.8 WORK DONE IN THIS STUDY 16
1.9 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 19
2 TOWN PROFILE ......................................................................................................... 20
2.1 BACKGROUND 20
2.2 PROFILE OF THE CITY 20
2.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 20
2.2 POPULATION OF THE CITY 22
2.3 SLUM POPULATION 25
2.4 FLOATING POPULATION 25
2.5 COMMERCIAL AREA 25
2.6 MAJOR TOURIST CENTERS 25
2.7 SANKESHWAR TOWN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL 26
3 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................................ 27
3.1 THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF SWM SYSTEM IN SANKESHWAR 27

3.2 POPULATION PROJECTION 29
3.3 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION 31
3.4 WASTE COLLECTION 31
3.5 TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES 32
3.6 STREET SWEEPING 35
3.7 TOOLS USED 35
3.8 STAFF INVOLVED IN SWM 35
3.9 PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES 36
3.10 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 37
3.11 PRESENT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 39
4 ISSUES AND GAPS IN THE PRESENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF MSW ........................ 40
4.1 GAPS AND ISSUES IN SANKESHWAR 40
5 POTENTIAL STRATEGIES SUGGESTED FOR MSWM ...................................................... 41

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5.1 PROPOSED CONCEPT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT 41

5.2 PROPOSED WASTE FLOW PROCESSES 45
5.3 STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE 46
5.4 SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE 46
5.5 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION AND ROUTING PLAN 47
5.6 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE 51
5.7 BIOMEDICAL WASTE 51
5.8 DRY WASTE AND E WASTE COLLECTION CENTERS 51
5.9 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE 54
5.10 ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT 54
6 PROPOSED PROCESSING FACILITY.............................................................................. 56
6.1 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 56

6.2 AEROBIC COMPOSTING 57
6.3 PROCESSING DECOMPOSED GARBAGE 61
6.4 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE AT LANDFILL SITE 61
6.5 DESIGN OF RECOMMENDED PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS 64
6.6 VERMI COMPOSTING 72
7 DESIGN OF LANDFILL ................................................................................................. 73
7.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY 73

7.2 BIO REMEDIATION AT PREVIOUS ENGINEERING SITE 73
7.3 LEACHATE FROM LANDFILL 84
7.4 TREATMENT OF LEACHATE –PHYTORID TREATMENT PLANT 85
7.5 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR SANITARY LANDFILL 86
7.6 OPERATION PLAN OF SANITARY LANDFILL 88
8 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................. 100
8.1 DECENTRALIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION 100

8.2 DELEGATION OF POWERS 101
8.3 WORK NORMS 101
8.4 INDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL/PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS 103
8.5 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 104
8.6 THE ENTIRE ADMINISTRATION OF SWM DEPARTMENT TO BE UNDER ONE UMBRELLA 106
8.7 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION 107
8.8 ENCOURAGEMENT TO NGO’S AND WASTE COLLECTOR CO-OPERATIVES 108
8.9 IEC AND PUBLIC AWARENESS 109
9 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT ................................................................ 117
9.1 REQUIREMENT OF CAPITAL COST 117

9.2 FUNDING PATTERN 118
9.3 DETAILED BOQ AND ESTIMATES 119

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9.4 REQUIREMENT OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST 144

9.5 REVENUE FROM SALE OF COMPOST & USER CHARGES 145
9.6 FINANCING OF O&M EXPENSES 146
9.7 BREAKUP OF FINANCIAL ASPECT 147
ANNEXURE 1. LEGAL ASPECTS .................................................................................... 148
ANNEXURE 2. SOLID WASTE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................... 157
ANNEXURE 3. WASTE GENERATION ESTIMATION ....................................................... 158
ANNEXURE 4. HH SURVEY ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 161
ANNEXURE 5. EXISTING AND PROPOSED ROUTE MAP FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
VEHICLES ............................................................................................................ 171
ANNEXURE 6. DESIGNS FOR PROPOSED WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY ....................... 172
ANNEXURE 7. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS AT PROCESSING FACILITY ............................ 173
MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 173

VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS – 182
ANNEXURE 8. NORMATIVE STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...

............................................................................................................ 183
ANNEXURE 9. OFFICE MEMORANDUM FOR GOI SHARE .............................................. 185
ANNEXURE 10. MINIMUM WAGES ACT GOK 2017 ...................................................... 186
QUOTATIONS ............................................................................................................... 188

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Indicative Plans for Municipal Solid Waste Management ...................................... 14
Table 1-2Consultant Team’s Field Visit Details ........................................................................ 17
Table 2-1: Population of Sankeshwar ...................................................................................... 22
Table 2-2: Ward-wise population ............................................................................................ 22
Table 2-3: Slum settlements .................................................................................................... 25
Table 2-4: Slum settlements .................................................................................................... 25
Table 3-1: Waste Generation Estimation................................................................................. 27
Table 3-2: Ward wise Waste Generation ................................................................................. 29
Table 3-3: Population Projections ............................................................................................ 30
Table 3-4: population projection for the ulb ........................................................................... 30
Table 3-5: Estimated Solid Waste Generation in Future ......................................................... 31
Table 3-6: Existing Vehicle Details ........................................................................................... 34
Table 3-7 Data of waste delivered to disposal site .................................................................. 34
Table 3-8 Frequency Of Street Sweeping (Existing) ................................................................. 35
Table 3-9Frequency for street sweeping (Proposed) .............................................................. 35
Table 3-10 Man Power employed for Solid Waste .................................................................. 35
Table 3-11 Physical composition of waste in Percentage ....................................................... 38
Table 3-12 Chemical Composition of the Waste ..................................................................... 39
Table 3-13: Revenue INCOME ON SWM .................................................................................. 39
Table 3-14: Expenditure on MSWM ........................................................................................ 39
Table 5-1: Details of Personal Protective Equipments ............................................................ 50
Table 5-2: Vehicles for Collection & Transport ........................................................................ 50
Table 6-1 Details Of Landfill Layout, Sankeshwar .................................................................... 58
Table 6-2 Details Of Common Facilities Proposed At Site ....................................................... 60
Table 6-3 Details Of Civil Structures Proposed ........................................................................ 60
Table 6-4 Material Flow Chart ................................................................................................. 69
Table 7-1: Area at Landfill Site after Bioremediation and Segregation ................................... 74
Table 7-2 Cost Estimate For Sanitary Landfill Site ................................................................... 84
Table 8-1: Training Requirement for Municipal Workers ...................................................... 106
Table 8-2: Action Plan for target groups ................................................................................ 115
Table 9-1 Estimate of Vehicles, Equipments And Machinery ................................................ 117
Table 9-2: Estimated Budget expenditure ............................................................................. 118
Table 9-3: Requirement of Manpower .................................................................................. 144

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Table 9-4: O & M cost Requirement for Manpower .............................................................. 144

Table 9-5: O &M EXPENDITURE ............................................................................................. 144
Table 9-6: Proposed Revenue Generation ............................................................................. 145
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Average rainfall for Belagavi district....................................................................... 21
Figure 2-2 Average Temperature for Belagavi ......................................................................... 21
Figure 2-3 Population Growth Rate of the Town..................................................................... 22
Figure 2-4 Ward Wise Map of the City .................................................................................... 24
Figure 2-5 Organization Structure of the ULB ......................................................................... 26
Figure 3-1 Contour Map for SWM site..................................................................................... 37
Figure 3-2: Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste ................................................... 38
Figure 5-1: Two (2) -bin system for dry and wet waste ........................................................... 42
Figure 5-2: Storage of municipal solid waste in public places/parks....................................... 42
Figure 5-3Proposed Waste flowchart for sankeshwar ............................................................ 45
Figure 6-1 Layout Plan for SWM site ....................................................................................... 59
Figure 6-2 Details of Different Layers in Recharge Pit ............................................................. 64
Figure 6-3: Squeeze test to estimate moisture content .......................................................... 66
Figure 6-4 : SWM Waste Process flow Chart ........................................................................... 71
Figure 7-1: Options for Treatment of Existing MSW Dump on the Site .................................. 74
Figure 7-2: Line Placement at edges of Landfill ....................................................................... 76
Figure 7-3: Line Placement at edges of Landfill ....................................................................... 76
Figure 7-4: Placement of the HDPE Liner over the Clay liner .................................................. 77
Figure 7-5: Placement of the Gravel Drainage Layer and Geotextile over the Clay liner ........ 77
Figure 7-6: Leachate Collection Pipes are to be connected to a sump, through the liner ...... 77
Figure 7-7: Welding of HDPE Geomembrane .......................................................................... 78
Figure 7-8: Welding of Leachate Pipes .................................................................................... 80
Figure 7-9: Support of Leachate Pipes ..................................................................................... 81

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ABBREVIATIONS
ADP Annual Development Plan KM Kilo Meter
AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self Government LS Lump Sum
APL Above Poverty Line M Municipality
ATR Action taken Report M&E Monitoring & Evaluation
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BPL Below Poverty Line M Cubic Meter
CAA Constitutional Amendment Act MIC Mayor in Council
CBO Community Based Organizations MIS Municipal Information System
CDP City Development Plan MLD Million Liters per Day
CDS Community Development Society LPCD Liters per capita per day
CII Confederation of Indian Industries WRD Water Resource Department (GoK)
CMO Chief Municipal Officer KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
Central Public Health and Environment
CPHEEO MSW Municipal solid Waste
Engineering Organization
DCHB District Census Handbook NGO Non Government Organization
DDP Draft Development Plan NH National Highway
DFID Department of International Development NP Nagar Parishad
DLB Directorate of Local Bodies NSDP National Slum Development Policy
DM District Magistrate O&M Operation & Maintenance
DoE Department of Environment OG Outer Growth
DoHFW Department of Health and Family Welfare OHT Over Head Tank
Environmental Planning and Coordination
EPCO OSD Open Sewerage Disposal
Organization
EWS Economically Weaker Sections PHED Public health Engineering Department
GIS Geographical Information System PPH Persons per Hectare
GoI Government of India PPP Public Private Partnership
GoK Government of Karnataka PRA Participatory Rapid Assessment
GSR Ground Structure Reservoir PWD Public Work Department
H&ED Housing and Environment Department SH State Highway
Housing and Urban Development
HUDCO SWM Solid Waste Management
Corporation Ltd
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural
INTACH ULB Urban Local Body
Heritage
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Town and Country Planning
JNNURM TCPO
Mission Organization
Urban Administration and Development
KL Kilo liter UADD
Department

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AIILSG TEAM
Name Degree / Experience Position Held in AIILSG
Mr. Ashish Deosthali B.E Civil, M.E in Environment Engineer Director General
Dr. Abhijeet Khandage Ph.D. Geology GIS Consultant
Mr. Sushil Sapakale DCE GIS Consultant
B. Arch, M. Plan (Environmental
Mr. Nikhil Vaiude Associate Project Director
Planning)
B.A.M.S, M.Sc. (Habitat Policy and Programme Officer
Mr. Gajanan Deshpande
Practice)
CA Tushar Shah Chartered Accountant Municipal Finance Specialist
Mr. Aniruddha Padale Master of Social Work (MSW), Social Development Expert
Mr. Mandar Antrolikar B.Sc, Diploma in GIS Assistant Director
Mrs. Priya Kapole M.sc Environmental Science Programme Officer
B. Sc. Microbiology, PGD Urban

Ms. Anuradha Ambekar Programme Officer
Planning and Development (Pursuing)
Ms. Sayali B Ghogare B Arch, M-Tech (Town Planning) Programme Officer
Mrs. Monali Kachale B.E Civil Programme Officer
Ms. Ranjana Shedage M.A. Geography, M.Sc.Geoinformatics Programme Officer, GIS
Mr. Gaurav Pawar M.Tech Civil Environment Programme Officer
Mr. Onkar Patil B.E. Environment Programme Officer

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1 Project Background
Waste disposal is one of the major problems being faced over the world and India is no
exception. Management of Solid Waste, though an essential service, is given low priority.
This, coupled with lack of financial resources, institutional weaknesses, improper choice of
technology & rapid urbanization, whose ramifications are more pronounced with
uncontrolled growth rate of population, has made this service far from satisfactory, thus
creating serious environmental and health problems.
1.1 Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is an organized process of storage, collection,

transportation, processing, and disposal of solid refuse residuals in an engineered sanitary
landfill. It is an integrated process comprising several collection methods, varied
transportation equipment, storage, recovery mechanisms for recyclable material, reduction
of waste volume, and quantity by methods such as composting; refuse derived fuel (RDF),
waste-to-energy, and disposal in a designated engineered sanitary landfill.
The selection of a suitable SWM process is driven by the source and quality of waste
produced. Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include households
(kitchen and yard), commercial areas (shops, hotels and restaurants), industries (raw
material and packaging), institutions (schools, hospitals and offices), construction and
demolition sites, wild and domesticated animals (carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks
(fallen branches, leaves from trees), and streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt,
residues from air deposition, and dust).
Analysis Collection
Recycling /
Transportation
Disposal
Recovery

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1.2 Problems Due To Solid Waste
Accumulation of solid waste in open areas is an eyesore, diminishing real estate and
property value, a breeding ground for insects, and other vectors (rats and mice, wild and
domesticated animals). It also causes odour nuisance, reflects the unorganized nature of the
community, and creates a poor environment for growing children.
Improper and unorganized disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in open areas and
landfills have a negative impact on the living conditions of human beings as well as the
overall environment. It results in spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases
among human beings and animals, thus affecting the welfare, livelihood, and economic
productivity. In addition, it causes contamination of soil, surface water, ground water and
generation of toxic and greenhouse gases. However, using adequate information, resources,
and efficient management practices, one can turn solid waste into a useful resource.
1.3 Current Status of SWM in India
Management of Solid Wastes is of growing concern to the general public at large, local
authorities and business communities in cities and towns across India. The problem is
exacerbating in urban areas due to rapid strides in population growth, coupled with an
economic boom that encourages the consumption of goods and, hence, wastes generation.
As per Census 2011, the urban population accounts for 31.16 percent of the total Indian
population.
The Local Governing Bodies (LGBs), viz. municipalities and municipal corporations, are
responsible for providing SWM services in the urban areas. In most of the urban areas,
insufficient funds, use of obsolete/ inefficient technologies, lack of public
awareness/training, and improper infrastructure have resulted in a state of poor SWM.
1.4 Initiatives to Improve SWM in India
In recent years, the Government of India has taken several initiatives to improve existing
SWM practices in the country. Some of the key initiatives and recommendations are
discussed below:

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1.4.1 Municipal Solid Wa ste Management Rules
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, published

“Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2016” (MSW Rules 2016). These
rules were developed in conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment
Protection Act, 1986 and aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM practices in the
urban sector. They dictate that, “Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area
of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules
and infrastructure development for collection, storage segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes”. In addition, “the CPCB shall coordinate
with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the
matters of MSW disposal and its management and handling”.
1.4.2 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is a notable initiative
undertaken by Government of India. JNNURM provides funding for urban infrastructure
development in 67 cities and towns of the country. This mission was initiated in 2006 and is
slated to continue until 2011.
1.4.3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Mediu m

Towns
The primary objective of this scheme is to improve the urban infrastructure in towns and
cities in a planned manner and to promote public–private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure
development. This scheme was introduced in the year 2005-06 and will continue for seven
years. This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns as per 2001 census, except the
cities/towns covered under the JNNURM. One of the components of this scheme is to renew
the old sewerage and solid waste disposal systems in inner (old) areas.
1.4.4 Swachh Bharat Mission
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2nd of October, 2014 with a vision to
achieve a clean India as a tribute to the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th
birth anniversary, in 2019. SBM is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban

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Development (M/o UD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for
urban and rural areas with a given set of guidelines for improved sanitary services and
capacity building initiatives.
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) a major component of the SBM (urban)-
“refers to a systematic process that comprises of waste segregation and storage at source,
primary collection, secondary storage, transportation, secondary segregation, resource
recovery, processing, treatment, and final disposal of solid waste.”
Under the provisions of SWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in
consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation
Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment.
The DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008,
SWM rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M
practices and Service-level Benchmark advisories released by M/o UD and Manual on
Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016.
States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central
Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the urban
population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)
covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to
promote projects of waste to energy.
1.4.5 Finance Commission Recommendations
Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance
Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union

and the States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the
73rd and 74th constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance
Commission for providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening
decentralization.
The 13th Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies
namely (1) General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be
released on furnishing the U.Cs for the last releases and the General Performance Grant will

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be released on fulfilment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in

paragraph 10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular
financial year. Performance-related funds under the 13th Finance Commission have been
linked to improvements in SLBs including SWM.
Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic
municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states
and across 1700 ULBs. Performance-related funds under the 13th Finance Commission have
been linked to improvements in SLBs including SWM. The 13th Finance Commission also
recommends that of all grants to be given to the ULBs, 50% should be for SWM (2010-
2015). Moreover, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has funded five Waste-to-
Energy plants for utilization of MSW. The grant recommended to ULBs in Andhra Pradesh is
Rs. 1919.20 crores for the XIII FC period of 2010- 2015. Under such grant every local body is
mandated preparing an Annual Development Plan where in the component integrated solid
waste management under PPP mode (excluding purchase of equipment for collection and
transport of garbage) is to be incorporated.
1.4.6 National Green Tribunal Recommendations
CPCB has framed and notified the “Action Plan for Management of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)” in compliance with the National Green Tribunal order dated 5th Feb-2015 in the
matter of OA No. 199 of 2014. The Action Plan emphasizes on strengthening the planning
exercise at national, state as well as city level by improvising through the waste
management value chain. In addition to that, The Plan suggested the concept of regional
cluster approach as well as technology options on the basis of quantum of MSW generation
which has been re-produced below in nutshell.
The Regional Cluster approach is based on the concept of discouraging setting up of

individual waste processing and disposal facilities leading to mushrooming of innumerable
facilities which are difficult to monitor and sustain. The approach requires a detailed survey
of the study area and identification of location for regional facility with adequate size of land
free from public objections. An indicative distance of say up to 50 km for each local body
may be feasible based on local condition, fixing of criteria by the local body to transport the
waste for common disposal point without causing public nuisance and traffic hurdles.

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However, alternate options can be worked out for smaller local bodies. Common facility
should be ‘integrated’ with facilities for sorting, compost, RDF and energy plant and
followed by inert recycling/re-use. Only a fraction of inert waste should go for land-filling.
The Action Plan has outlined indicative plan based on the quantum of waste generated in
the cluster. The indicative plans have been given for towns in four ranges of waste
generation.
T ABLE 1-1: I NDICATIVE P LANS FOR M UNICIPAL S OLID W ASTE M ANAGEMENT
Range Plan
>500 TPD Modernization/ mechanization of waste storage and transportation facilities
Privatization/ contract with ‘operators’ for collection of waste from various sources and
its transportation
Seeking support of Private entrepreneurship in setting up of waste processing and
disposal facility
Between Modernization/ mechanization of waste storage and transportation facilities
100-500 Privatization/ contract with ‘operators’ for collection of waste from various sources and
TPD its transportation
Seeking support of Private entrepreneurship in setting up of waste processing and
disposal facility
Less than Proper system for waste collection, storage and transportation considering the local
100 TPD situation
Aerobic composting ·Such towns can be the member of Cluster/Regional facility
Less than Technological solutions which could be managed without high skill operations ·Proper
50 TPD collection of waste and motivating citizens for segregation of waste
Composting.
1.5 Project Background & Objectives
There is a need to enhance the existing MSWM system for Town Municipal Council (TMC)
and thus improve the health and living standards of its residents. The purpose of this project
is to identify the existing MSWM practices within the town, recognize deficiencies/gaps in
the present system and propose a comprehensive plan for MSWM including segregation,
collection, and transportation and regional/cluster approach for processing & scientific
disposal in Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility in compliance with the
MSW Rules 2016. In addition, analyze options for waste processing for effective and
scientific management of MSW generated.
1.6 Scope of Study
 Realistic assessment of quantity, Characterization and classification of MSW

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 Detailed survey of the prevailing conditions

 Situation/Gap Analysis of the existing condition with respect to MSW Rules, 2016
 Detailed planning for resource requirement & implementation strategy
 Design of MSW management system viz. Collection System (Primary/ Secondary) ,
Transportation & Fleet Management Plan, waste processing system and sanitary
landfill in accordance with MSW Rules 2016 & CPHEEO Manual, Govt. of India
 Techno economic and environmental analysis of various options for MSWM
 Preparation of conceptual and detailed drawings
 Preparation of Bill of Quantities (BOQs)
 Capital and Operation & Maintenance (O&M) cost estimates
 Identification and formation of the clusters on the basis of geographical locations
 MSW management model including privatization aspects
 Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR)
The deliverables will ultimately achieve the following goals:
 100% source segregation of wet & dry waste
 Primary collection of waste
 Secondary collection and transportation of waste
 Creating and sustaining a supply chain for recycled waste
 Streamlining and optimization of transportation system
 Analysis for the need of transfer station and its basic design
 Innovative processes and their enforcement for making the habitations litter free,
bin free and dump free to prevent the health hazard.
 Options for processing the biodegradable waste
 Feasibility study for the exploration of waste to power on the basis of cluster
approach
 Options for using the inert material like construction & demolition material
 Reclamation and bio-mining of old dump sites
 Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation
 Financial model and institutional framework
 Measures for the involvement of all stakeholders

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 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign models and enforcement

plans
1.7 Report Overview
The Sankeshwar Town Municipal Council (TMC) is looking for improving efficiencies in solid
waste management (SWM) practices focusing on improving efficiency of collection,
transportation and processing of the municipal waste generated in the city. This report
brings out the present situation of solid waste management at Sankeshwar and the
proposals to improve the same.
The project activity aims at
 Establishing effective waste collection mechanism with a view point to collect more
than 85% of the solid waste generated in the municipal area.
 Conducting efficient waste transportation mechanism to be able to carry out 100 %
of the collected waste.
 Processing and recycling of the Municipal Solid Waste.
 Environmental consciousness and job creation for the local youth.
The broad scope of work for the project includes development of technical and
economically viable solid waste management plan along with the design of collection,
transportation, treatment disposal infrastructure. The outline of scope of work for the
overall project includes the following activities.
a. Collection & compilation of data

b. Interaction with ULB, local stakeholders and obtaining preliminary information
c. Submission of draft DPR
d. Presentation of the plans and receiving comments and inputs.
e. Submission of final DPR
The structure of the detailed project report has been detailed in the next section.
1.8 Work Done in this Study
To draft the detailed project report for Sankeshwar, the following sets of activities have
been done by All India Institute of Local Self Government.

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1.8.1 Field visits and da ta collection
A team of consultants from All India Institute of Local Self Government had visited the city.
The team visited various parts of the city to understand the existing infrastructure and SWM
mechanism in the city. The team interacted with various stakeholders of SWM system.
Following table gives details of the team’s visit in Sankeshwar.
T ABLE 1-2C ONSULTANT T EAM ’ S F IELD V ISIT D ETAILS
Activities Day Visited Activity

Primary data 16 - 18 Nov The expert team from AIILSG visited the TMC office and
collection 2015 consulted the officers in charge and the primary and
secondary data is collected.
Physical character 23 - 25 Nov 2 samples are to be analyzed using the quartering technique
analysis at Land 2015 for understanding the waste character.
Fill (For 2 Days)
Each sample was segregated to take weights of the
components in MSW.
Waste quantity 23 - 25 Nov Waste Generation for each category of generators is actually
analysis (For 2 2015 weighted for consecutive 3 days and then average rate of
Days) waste generation is calculated.
Hiring of an Weigh Bridge at Sankeshwar for measuring Full
and Empty Vehicles carrying waste to dumping location
Vehicle wise Details to be listed in the annexure and total
waste generated is to be averaged for current scenario
Commercial 26 - 28 Nov The team along with sanitary inspectors needs to visit each
Survey 2015 and every ward and counted the number of different
commercial establishments including shops, hotels, education
Institutions, medical centers and etc.
Determining ward wise type of Waste generator.
Street Sweeping 2 Dec 2015 Categorization of Roads as per there importance during
Survey mapping
Demarcating the current Scenario of Street Sweeping on each
road
Calculating the length of road allocated to each Sweeper
Finalization of Type A, B, C road on basis of the discussion with
sanitary inspector and man power deputation plan for the
future.
Open Dumping 09 - 10 Nov Location of Open dumping areas in the city
areas in the city 2015
Topographical 05 - 06 Nov Topographical Survey Done

Survey 2015

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1.8.2 Primary data collection undertaken
Primary data collected for preparation of this report includes the following key features
 Average waste generated by key waste generators in Sankeshwar,

 Physical character of the waste disposed at Sankeshwar,
 Quantity of the waste collected and transported to the landfill
 Type of roads swept daily, twice a week and once in a week
 Average length of street swept by each SWM staff.
 Waste movement mechanism in the city.
 Location of secondary bins for waste collection
 Approximate estimation of open points in the city.
 Survey on commercial establishments of the city in all wards
1.8.3 Secondary Data Collection & Assessment
Secondary data required for the report like existing ward wise population of the city,
weather information, standard average quantity of waste generated per waste generator,
area of the city, total population of city in the past, other reports on SWM were gathered
from various sources. A review of the available documents about Sankeshwar and the
previous studies on solid waste management systems in Sankeshwar were done. The
gathered data was compiled as per the requirement of DPR.
1.8.4 Design and report preparation:
Using the data collected by the primary resources, secondary resources and interaction with
stake holders and TMC staff a collection, transport DPR is prepared. The DPR has considered
the future population growth and prospective increased growth in the city. A detailed cost
estimation and financial sustainability analysis has been done and presented in the report.
All the designs and estimates are provided along with the report as annexure.
1.8.5 Review process
The draft report, cost estimates, designs and drawings were submitted to TMC for review.
This final DPR document has been prepared by incorporating all the suggestions, comments
and inputs of TMC. The TMC shall further review the report, seek the state government
clearance as required and the final report would be drafted to meet the requirements of
using the document for implementation.

18
1.9 Structure of the Report
Chapter Heading Contents

1 Project The chapter provides an introduction to study, the terms of
Background reference, study methodology and outline of the study.
2 City Profile The City profile brings out the nature and details of the city.
The demography, importance, climate and structure of the
city are brought out.
3 Present system of The existing waste management systems in the city in
Solid Waste presented. The waste assessment undertaken is presented.
Management The strengths and lacunae of the systems are brought out
to enable further planning.
4 Issues and Gaps The analysis of the preliminary information collected of
for MSW town, highlights certain good measures and systems
Management adopted by the town and certain areas that require
improvement and infrastructure development
5 Potential Proposed concept of Solid waste management, proposed
Strategies mechanism and Major efforts required for efficient work of
suggested for SWM is provided in this chapter.
MSWM
6 Proposed This provides detailed design for Operations of Landfill Site
Processing Facility
7 Design of Landfill This provides detailed design for Operations and working of
Compost Plant and sanitation requirements of the city have
been presented in this chapter.
8 Institutional The team for solid waste management, the institutional
Aspects and structure and the capacity building requirements are
Capacity Building presented.
& Public Information Education and Communication is a significant
Awareness component of the solid waste management process of a
city. A concept and operational schema for the public
awareness required has been presented in this chapter.
9 Summary of Detail BOQ, Final Summary for financial requirements of
financial the proposals is presented in this Chapter
requirement
Annexure List of Annexure includes Chemical Analysis Report for Solid
Waste Sample, Legal Aspects, Sample Description for
primary survey,

19
2 Town Profile
2.1 Background
Sankeshwar is a town located in the Hukkeri taluka of Belagavi district in Karnataka. The
town has the famous Shankarling temple (Shankarling Math). There is a sugar factory called
Hirankeshi in Sankeshwar town limit.
2.2 Profile of the city
The Town Municipal Council (TMC) Sankeshwar is situated along Pune - Bangalore National
Highway No.4 at a distance of 50 Kms from Belgaum. Sankeshwar Town is located around
50km north from Belagavi at the banks of the Hiranyakeshi River. It has a population of
34,637 according to the 2011 Census.
M AP 2-1: G EOGRAPHICAL REGIONAL SETTING OF THE TOWN
2.1 Topography and Climate
Being situated in central region of Belagavi district which lies in the rugged terrain of north-
western Karnataka, Sankeshwar is known for its moderately hot climate throughout the year
except for the monsoon.

20
F IGURE 2-1 A VERAGE RAINFALL FOR B ELAGAVI DISTRICT
F IGURE 2-2 A VERAGE T EMPERATURE FOR B ELAGAVI
Humidity - During the rainy season from June to September the humidity is more and varies
between 50% to 85%. The daily variation of humidity is more from June to September.
Wind -The predominant wind direction is from West to East. It is maximum between June to
August and varies between 10 to 13 kms/hour and minimum in November to February i.e., 7
to 8 kms/hour.
Rainfall -The average annual rainfall is about 33.50mm. The rainy season is from June to
September. Maximum rainfall is received in June and July

21
2.2 Population of the city
As per Census 2011 population of TMC Sankeshwar is 34,637. The population of city was
32,511 in year 2001 and 27,244 in 1991. The last two decade showed considerable growth
rate of 19% &7%. The growth rate of the city is varying. There was constant increase since
1961 to 1981 and sudden drop in 1991 and an increase again in 2011. The trend of
population growth is explained in Table 2-1.
T ABLE 2-1: P OPULATION OF S ANKESHWAR
Year Population Decadal Change

1951 13186
1961 15045 14%
1971 18950 26%
1981 24018 27%
1991 27244 13%
2001 32511 19%
2011 34637 7%
Source: Census 2011
F IGURE 2-3 P OPULATION G ROWTH R ATE OF THE T OWN
40000 0.3
35000
0.25
30000
0.2
25000
20000 0.15
15000
0.1
10000
0.05
5000
0 0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population Rate of Growth Per Decade
The town is divided into 23 political wards for the purpose of administration. The ward wise
population as per 2011 census is shown below in Table 2-2.
T ABLE 2-2: W ARD - WISE POPULATION
Ward Number Population Year 2011 HH Year 2011

1 1,188 266
2 1,282 281
3 1,722 407

22
Ward Number Population Year 2011 HH Year 2011

4 1,349 282
5 1,630 358
6 767 153
7 1,716 366
8 1,901 406
9 965 201
10 1,545 272
11 1,038 229
12 1,357 333
13 987 225
14 1,416 294
15 1,698 336
16 1,573 384
17 2,127 477
18 1,812 589
19 1,617 370
20 2,003 437
21 1,635 385
22 1,818 390
23 1,491 332
Total 34,637 7773
Source: Census 2011

23
F IGURE 2-4 W ARD W ISE M AP OF THE C ITY

24
2.3 Slum Population
As per the 2011 census data, there are 5slum settlements in Sankeshwar TMC all of which
are notified, wherein about 720 families stay.
T ABLE 2-3: S LUM SETTLEMENTS
Sr. No. Slum Name Notified No of Households Population

1 Dombar Galli Yes 94 386
2 Wadda Galli Yes 116 495
3 Indira Nagar Yes 235 1056
4 Harijankeri Yes 192 887
5 Samagar Galli Yes 83 338
Total 720 3162
T ABLE 2-4: S LUM SETTLEMENTS
Particulars Nos
No. of slum settlements 5
Slum population 3162
Slum households 720
Source: census 2011
As per census 2011, the population density of the town is 4844 persons per sq km. Most of
the population is concentrated in the core city area in the old town.
2.4 Floating Population
Total floating population of the town at 5% of the total population is around 1847.
2.5 Commercial Area
The central part of the city is mainly commercial area. The Vegetable market, general
grocery shops and main market area is located in the central part of the city.
2.6 Major tourist centers
There are several tourist centers in and around Sankeshwar town. The main attraction of
the town is the Hiranyakeshi River. There are also several temples to be seen that include
the Shankarling temple, Banshanksri temple, Vitthal mandir, Neelagar Ganapati. Other
places that are frequent tourist attractions include Jain Basadi, Kolal-Gutti Gudda and
Hargapurgad.

25
2.7 Sankeshwar Town Municipal Council
The Town Municipal Council (TMC) Sankeshwar was constituted in the year 1973 by the
Government of Karnataka. The TMC has 23 wards and equal number of councilors and 5
numbers of nominee councilors. Sankeshwar TMC stretches to an area of 7.15 sq. kms.
2.7.1 Administrative Wing
The administrative or executive wing is headed by the Chief Officer, appointed by the state
government. The TMC is arranged into 23 wards for effective service delivery and
management. The Executive wing is arranged into functional departments that are
responsible for day to day functioning of the council.
2.7.2 Elected Wing
The Elected wing is represented by the General Body (GB) constituted by 23 elected
members. Apart from General body there are 5 Nominated Councilors. There committees
are formulated to address matters related to Administration / provision of civic services in
most appropriate manner.
F IGURE 2-5 O RGANIZATION S TRUCTURE OF THE ULB

26
3 Present Solid Waste Management

System
3.1 The Present Scenario of SWM system in Sankeshwar
3.1.1 Actual calculation of Solid Waste Generation
A detailed estimate of the MSW generation has been carried out with a sample survey. Actual
waste generation by each category of waste generators is calculated for consecutive 3 days.
Based on the average waste generation by each category total waste generation is estimated.
Sample are selected from each category of waste generators such as households, commercial
shops, hospital and clinics, worship, institutions, markets, meat/chicken shops, hotels and
restaurants and Street Sweeping. The following table shows number of sources and the average
waste generated in each source based on the waste estimation.
T ABLE 3-1: W ASTE G ENERATION E STIMATION
S. N. Waste Generators No of Avg. waste Total Total

Generators / day in Kg waste(Kg) ( Tonnes)
1 Household 7534 0.84 6337 6.34
2 Slums 757 0.59 449 0.45
3 Large Hotels 6 16.16 97 0.10
4 Small Hotels 27 3.33 90 0.09
5 Bhaji Market 3 400.0 1200 1.20
6 Chicken/Mutton Shops 21 3.14 66 0.07
7 Institutions 15 4.1 62 0.06
8 Petty Shops 398 4.28 1703 1.70
9 Street Sweeping
Type A 15.42
Type B 21.39
0.97
Type C 26.42
Type D 1.30
11 Floating population (5%) 0.160 292 0.29
12 Construction & Drainage waste 1 1.50
Total 12.7
The major sources of generating waste in Sankeshwar are households, commercial
establishments, institutions, markets, hotels and street sweeping operations. To arrive at

27
number of waste generators in the city, data like ward wise population, slum and non slum
households and street lengths of all type of roads were obtained from secondary sources.
Households are taken from the census, street length from the TMC. Major markets were
individually assessed by the survey team.
P ICTURE 3-1: E STIMATION OF W ASTE G ENERATION
3.1.2 Normative Waste generation
In the present year 2017 estimated population of the Sankeshwar city is 36,942. Considering
the Solid Waste generation at the rate of 350 gm per capita per day the total waste

28
generated is 12.93 MT/day. The normative waste generation is at higher side and it is
considered for future projections.
T ABLE 3-2: W ARD WISE W ASTE G ENERATION
Ward No of HH projected Projected population Waste Generation in MT (Yr

Number for yr 2017 for Year 2017 2017 @350 gm/capita/day)
1 284 1,267 0.44
2 307 1,367 0.48
3 412 1,837 0.64
4 323 1,439 0.50
5 390 1,738 0.61
6 184 818 0.29
7 411 1,830 0.64
8 455 2,028 0.71
9 231 1,029 0.36
10 370 1,648 0.58
11 248 1,107 0.39
12 325 1,447 0.51
13 236 1,053 0.37
14 339 1,510 0.53
15 406 1,811 0.63
16 376 1,678 0.59
17 509 2,269 0.79
18 434 1,933 0.68
19 387 1,725 0.60
20 479 2,136 0.75
21 391 1,744 0.61
22 435 1,939 0.68
23 357 1,590 0.56
Total 8290 36,942 12.93
3.2 Population Projection
For the Proposed Detailed Project Report, it is necessary that future population growth and
their requirements are estimated to understand the gaps and shortfall in meeting various
requirements.
The planning horizon of 5 years (till 2022) has been considered and population projections
have been made for the 25 years. Three methods; Arithmetic Method, Incremental method

29
and Geometric Progression method have been used to project the population for
Sankeshwar and the projected figures are given below.
The history of Sankeshwar indicates moderate population growth trends in the past. It is
assumed that the growth trends may continue in future and stabilize with the district
average. Incremental Increase gives a negative trend due to negative growth recorded
during 2001-2011. Geometric method gives a prolonged period of high growth rate in the
future years. Hence an average of incremental & geometric method is considered.
The Population projection is presented in Table below. It is expected that total population of
the city will be 40793 in the year 2027 and population will be 46628 in the year 2042.
T ABLE 3-3: P OPULATION P ROJECTIONS
Year Projected Arithmetic Incremental Geometric

population
2017 36,990 36,777 37,060 36,942
2022 38,951 38,437 39,209 38,866
2027 40,912 39,987 41,482 40,793
2032 42,873 41,425 43,886 42,728
2037 44,834 42,752 46,431 44,672
2042 46,794 43,968 49,122 46,628
Source: Analysis AIILSG
T ABLE 3-4: POPULATION PROJECTION FOR THE ULB
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
2011 2022 2032 2042
Arithematic Incremental Method

Geometric Average of Geometric and Incremental
Adopted Method

30
3.3 Waste Generation Projection
The present waste generation will grow from 12.93 TPD to 13.60 TPD in the next 5 years.
The estimated projections for the MSW for 25 years at the rate of 350 gm per capita per day
are presented in the table below.
T ABLE 3-5: E STIMATED S OLID W ASTE G ENERATION IN F UTURE
Year Projected Solid Waste Generated in Tons/Day

Population
Total Solid Biodegradable Recyclable Inert (20%) TPD
Waste TPD (50%) TPD (30%) TPD
2017 36942 12.93 6.46 3.88 2.59
2022 38866 13.60 6.80 4.08 2.72
2027 40793 14.28 7.14 4.28 2.86
2032 42728 14.95 7.48 4.49 2.99
2037 44672 15.64 7.82 4.69 3.13
2042 46628 16.32 8.16 4.90 3.26
3.4 Waste Collection
3.4.1 Primary Waste Collection
Door to Door Primary Collection of waste started by ULB in all 23 Wards- Vehicles &
Equipments Purchased- Primary Collection is being done in 2-4 shifts to improve the
collection efficiency with available vehicles. Collection is done by SHG & TMC. Door to door
primary collection of waste is in practice from 4891 households in the town. To get
maximum primary collection efficiency, door to door collection is being done in 2 shifts from
morning 0600 hrs to 1400 hrs and 1600 hrs to 1800 hrs. Drivers and assistants required on
these vehicles are outsourced. Segregated waste collected from Door to door collection is
directly transported to the dump site.
3.4.2 Secondary Collection of Waste
Due to efficient implementation of Door to door collection the requirement of bins in the
city is grossly reduced and community bins are provided at public and market places and
where HH collection is not possible to avoid littering of waste along road and public places.

31
3.4.3 Hospital and Nursing home wastes
Bio medical waste generated by Hospitals and clinics is separately collected by a Belgavi
based bio Medical Waste Collection Agency. It caters to all the healthcare establishments of
the city and independently handles the process of collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal of healthcare waste from medical establishments.
3.4.4 Hotels and Restaurants Waste
In Sankeshwar there are a small number of restaurants and hotels with lodging facilities.
Most of the hotels and restaurants are located near in the main city. The quantity of waste
generated is relatively small but dispersed. The waste is collected daily by TMC.
3.4.5 Construction Waste
Construction and demolition waste mostly consist of inert and non biodegradable material
such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood etc. These wastes are heavy, having high density
often bulky and occupy considerable storage space either on the road or communal waste
bin/container. Construction waste was sent to low lying area in out skirt of city.
3.4.6 Slaughterhouse Waste
At present there is no separate functional Slaughterhouse in the city. Small scale

Slaughtering activity is undertaken by Chicken Mutton Shops in their private premises. At
present there is no separate facility available for treatment and disposal of Slaughterhouse
waste.
3.5 Transportation of wastes
Transportation of the solid waste generated in the city is being managed by TMC. Primary
transportation refers to transporting of waste generated from waste generators to the
waste storage depot. Primary transportation of waste is practiced Through Ghanta gadi in
Sankeshwar. There are some intermediate storage depots in Sankeshwar i.e. 3-4 container
bins.
Secondary transportation refers to collection of waste from intermediate storage points like
bins and open points to disposal unit. TMC is presently managing the secondary

32
transportation with its vehicles. Tractor trailers and Dumper placer are used as secondary
transportation vehicles.
The following are the vehicle squad available with Sankeshwar Town Municipal Council for
secondary transport of the MSW.
P ICTURE 3-2: T RANSPORTATION OF MSW
Collectively the Sankeshwar Town Municipal Council transports 7.5 TPD of Municipal Solid
Waste. The solid waste dumping site located 6 km away from the Municipal office of
Sankeshwar. To estimate the quantity of waste disposed in the land fill site, a survey of all
the vehicles reaching the dumping site was undertaken for 2 days from 23 Nov to 24 Nov
2015. All the MSW collected and transported from the city is bought and disposed in the
land fill site located at Sr. No. 428. The land is about 6 km away from the city. The
consolidate data is presented in table below.

33
T ABLE 3-6: E XISTING V EHICLE D ETAILS
Sl No Vehicle type Area Vehicle Work for Year of

type(wheeler) purchase
1 Tractor mounted JCB Sankeshwar 4 wheeler Landfill site 2009
2 Tractor trailer Sankeshwar 6 wheeler waste transport 2005
3 Tractor placer Sankeshwar 6 wheeler waste transport 2008
4 Auto tipper Sankeshwar 4 wheeler D2D collection 2013
T ABLE 3-7 D ATA OF WASTE DELIVERED TO DISPOSAL SITE
Type of Vehicles Number Average qty. of No. of trips/ Total qty. of waste
waste / vehicle in day transported to
TPD landfill site in TPD
Auto tippers / Mini 1 0.75 4 3
tippers
Tractor trailers 1 1.5 3 4.5
Total 7.5
Source: TMC Sankeshwar
Based on the study conducted it is noted that Sankeshwar Town waste disposal site receives
an average quantity of waste at about 7.5 tons /day. There is 1 Auto tippers which collected
HH waste. Dumper Placer is used for clearing the waste stored in compactor bins.
Tractor trailers collect and transport wastes from HH and open points and open drainages in
the city. The waste transported in tractor trailers contain more of silt and ash content which
increases ash content. Tractors also collect and dispose street sweeping waste in many
streets.
3.5.1 Timings of waste disposal
Collection and transportation of waste in Sankeshwar town happen from morning 6.00
onwards and continue till 2.00 PM in the afternoon. And continue from 4.00PM to 6.00 PM
in the evening.
The Safai Karmachari starts Street sweeping activity at 6 in the morning. The waste collected
kept is collected in Push Cart and dumped in the container nearby. The same karmacharis
have an added responsibility to clean the open drains in their allotted area. The silt removed
from the drain is kept on the road which is collected by the Auto Tipper.
Tractor placer in the city starts operating at 6.00 AM every day. The tractor placer collects
waste filled container and empties at the land fill site. The placer operations end at around 2
PM in the afternoon.

34
Tractor trailers and Ghanta Gadi start their operation at 6 AM every day. Tractors arrive late
to landfill site as they collect waste from HH and drainages which have to be manually
uploaded to tractors.
3.6 Street Sweeping
The total area of the city is 7.15 sq. Km and total road length 73.15 kms. As per calculations
by AIILSG Total road is 73.15 km.
T ABLE 3-8 F REQUENCY O F S TREET S WEEPING (E XISTING )

Sr. No. Type of Road Length of Road
1 A 15.42
2 B 21.39
3 C 26.42
4 D 1.30
Total 64.53
The proposed road length for street sweeping is given in the next table.
T ABLE 3-9F REQUENCY FOR STREET SWEEPING (P ROPOSED )
Sr. No Type of Road Length of road Frequency of Sweeping

1 Type ‘A’ 7.00 Everyday
2 Type ‘B’ 26.81 Two or three times a week
3 Type ‘C’ 30.72 Once a week
4 Type ‘D’ 0.00 Once in a month
Total 64.53
3.7 Tools Used
Significant amount of waste is disposed on the streets. Most of the main streets consist of
waste materials like plastic covers, paper waste etc. The Sweeping staffs are provided long
hand brooms, metal plates and wheel barrows. The street sweeping staffs are not provided
with, gloves, masks, sweeping carts, gumboots and metal trays. None of the workers wear
jackets or mask to cover themselves from dust while sweeping. Sweepers use their hands
and brooms to collect waste from waste heaps and put into plastic bags. Sweepers in some
areas have been provided with metal plates and pushcarts.
3.8 Staff involved in SWM

T ABLE 3-10 M AN P OWER EMPLOYED FOR S OLID W ASTE
Sr. No. Details No.

1 Department in-charge of SWM in the city Environmental Engineer-1
2 Total no. of supervisory staff 2

35
Sr. No. Details No.

3 Total no. of subordinate staff including sweepers etc 46
Total 49
SOURCE: SANKESHWAR TMC
3.9 Processing and disposal of wastes
The landfill is located at a distance of about 6 kms from the city center. The total area of the
landfill site is about 7.26 Acre. The landfill site is fenced on all sides. There is facility for a
watchman’s room. TMC has not deployed any trip entry recorders for the trips of each
vehicle on all days. The disposal site is not being provided with a 24 hour watch man and
weighing bridge. The waste brought to the depot by dumper placers and tractors is dumped
inside. The waste heaps are not covered with inert material.

36
F IGURE 3-1 C ONTOUR M AP FOR SWM SITE
3.10 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
3.10.1 Physical Composition of waste
The composition of the waste becomes crucial to decide an efficient SWM system. To
understand the waste character disposed in the land fill in Sankeshwar, An analysis of the

37
composition of the fresh waste was conducted for 2 days. 4 samples were selected and
analyzed for 2 consecutive days by using the quartering technique.
40 kg of fresh waste was selected randomly by the waste carrying vehicles for conducting
the quartering technique. About 10 kg of waste from the selected 40 kg of waste was
selected for conducting waste composition analysis. The selected 10 kg sample was
segregated with the help of rag pickers and each segregated material is weighed.
The analysis shows an organic content in the waste is 43 %, 19.85% recyclable materials,
30.65% of silt and stones and miscellaneous items of 10%. The quantity of silt and stone is
high because of collection of waste from roads while sweeping.
The particulars of waste composition and analysis conducted are presented below based on
the analysis conducted at the landfill. The table below gives the average waste composition
of selected samples.
T ABLE 3-11 P HYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE IN P ERCENTAGE
Sr. No Particulars Day 1- In % Day 2- In % Average- In %

1 Plastic Material 4.3 5.1 4.7
2 Paper 8 7 7.5
3 Cloth pieces 6 7 6.5
4 Organic Waste 44 42 43
5 Glass Pieces 0.8 0.6 0.7
6 Wood Pieces 4.6 7.9 6.25
7 Metal Pieces 0.8 0.6 0.7
8 Silt, Stone, & Moisture 31.5 29.8 30.65
9 E – Waste Negligible Negligible Negligible
Total 100 100 100
Source: Analysis by AIILSG
F IGURE 3-2: P HYSICAL C OMPOSITION OF M UNICIPAL S OLID W ASTE
Plastic
Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
Material
4.7% Paper
7.5%
Silt, Stone, &
Moisture Cloth pieces
30.65% 6.5%
Metal Pieces
0.7%
Organic Waste
Wood Pieces Glass Pieces
43%
6.25% 0.7%

38
3.10.2 Chemical Composition of Waste
The chemical composition of waste is conducted. The results of the findings are as below.
Date of Sampling – 30/11/15

Type of Sample – Municipal Solid Waste
Analysis Date- 1/12/15 to 2/12/15
Reporting date- 3/12/15
Sample Location – TMC Sankeshwar, Karnataka
T ABLE 3-12 C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF THE W ASTE
No. Parameters Results Unit

1 Moisture Content 8.36 %
2 pH of 10% Solution 8.9 -
3 Total Nitrogen (N) 0.15 %
4 Total Phosphates (P2O5) 0.19 %
5 Potash (K2O) 1.52 %
6 Organic Carbon 23.34 %
7 Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio (C : N) 228 : 1 -
8 Gross Calorific Value in Cal/gm 915 Cal/gm
3.11 Present Income & Expenditure on Solid Waste Management

T ABLE 3-13: R EVENUE INCOME ON SWM
Particulars Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

% of Property tax reserved towards SWM and cleaning activities
SWM Cess 10.64
Sale of compost, recyclables, RDF etc 0.06
Components of Town planning Fee, advertisement tax, birth / 0.13
death certificate fee etc towards SWM and cleaning activities
Fines and fees available for SWM and cleaning activities 0.00
Others 0.00
Total 10.83
T ABLE 3-14: E XPENDITURE ON MSWM
Activities Expenditure
Salary of permanent PKs 24.71
Wages for outsource PKs+drivers 34.83
Vehicle running and Maintenance cost
36.96
Consumable etc.
Total 96.50

39
4 Issues and Gaps in the present

Management System of MSW
4.1 Gaps and issues in Sankeshwar
The analysis of the preliminary information collected of Sankeshwar town, highlights certain
good measures and systems adopted by the town and certain areas that require
improvement and infrastructure development. Door to door waste collection is undertaken
in most parts of the city. The town has made provision for adequate landfill site and has
constructed a vermicomposting facility.
The preliminary issues identified are:
The preliminary issues and gaps identified are:
 As people do not practice segregation of waste at source, there is need for

awareness generation.
 Although door to door collection is 59%, people also tend to throw the waste on
open ground, which is why the council has provided bins along the streets. Despite
this, there are some points in the town having open dumping.
 Currently all the waste collected is only partially processed at the landfill site without
prior segregation, leading to the remaining waste lying there as it is.
 There is lack of personnel operating at the processing facility.
 The current collection and transportation system is not optimized.
 The entire solid waste management system has to be gradually up scaled to meet
the future needs of the town. The system has to be planned for the increased quanta
of waste which have to be handled properly.
 The Landfill site has to be retro-fitted to become a sanitary landfill site. The
procedures for its operation and maintenance have to be prepared and
operationalized.
 The financial management plans for the Solid waste management system have to be
reviewed and improved to assist in revenue generation and creating a sustainable
and self sufficient system.
 Training for the staff in the solid waste management department to improve
efficiency and safety standards may be required.

40
5 Potential Strategies suggested for

MSWM
5.1 Proposed Concept for Waste Management
The mechanism of solid waste management system in Sankeshwar requires a reorganized

model to meet the requirements of the MSW rules 2016. The major effort required in this
regard is towards the procedural improvements of the waste segregation at source,
transportation and disposal. TMC at present is collecting 59% of waste generated, but public
awareness on the solid waste management is lacking. The strategies are suggested in the
following four areas:
Public awareness: Waste generation is increasing in urban areas as the use of packaged
consumer goods is increasing. The impacts of inefficient solid waste management are
directly related to public health. It is thus very essential that the citizens of the town be
equal partners with the city administration to reduce the problem of waste. Public
participation is thus the cornerstone in a successful solid waste management plan. Public
participation is essential in the following activities.
1. Reduce, Reuse & Recycling (R R R) of waste.

2. Not to throw the waste/litter on the streets drains, open spaces, water bodies, etc.
3. Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste separately at source.
4. Primary collection of waste
5. Community storage/collection of waste in flats, slums, societies, commercial complexes,
etc and other waste source generators.
6. Pay adequately for the services provided.
Generating public awareness on these issues and garnering public participation for an
effective solid waste management in the city requires a sustained approach and efforts by
the administration and the elected representatives.
Collection of waste: Collection from all the waste generators has to be at door step in each
of the existing 23 wards. This would include residential, commercial and institutional
facilities.

41
Door to door collection of waste will reduce the burden of secondary collection system due
to reduced number of open points. The MSW from markets and other common places
would be collected through sweeping teams. The waste collected from door to door system
and by the sweeping teams deployed for market areas and other public spaces will be
disposed in the landfill. Roads sweeping and drain cleaning would be a separate waste flow
from collection to disposal.
It is proposed to provide two bins for wet waste & dry waste at household level in order to
get segregated waste at source.
F IGURE 5-1: T WO (2) - BIN SYSTEM FOR DRY AND WET WASTE
Collection of segregated municipal waste from the source of
its generation is an essential step in solid waste management.
Inefficient waste collection service has an impact on public
health and aesthetics of towns and cities. Collection of wet
and dry waste separately enhances the potential of cost
effective treatment of such wastes and of deriving optimum
advantage from the recyclable material fed into the system.
2 differently coloured bins, 10-15 litres each per household
are recommended to promote and ensure segregation:
• Covered Green Bin: Wet waste
• Covered Blue Bin: Dry Waste
F IGURE 5-2: S TORAGE OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN PUBLIC PLACES / PARKS

Waste Collection bins at optimum
distance(between 25-250 meters)should
be placed at public places to avoid
littering
On site composting of yard waste/ green
waste could also be promoted
The proposed concept requires establishing primary waste collection and transportation
system. This would result in reduced burden of solid waste management on secondary
transportation and will reduce the number of open points in the city. Resource recovery is a
significant component of the new proposal. Dry waste collection centre would be set up as
per design requirements. It is also proposed to integrate the informal and recycling sector
involving rag pickers and kabadiwalas prevalent in Sankeshwar into the formal system by
recognizing their work and by providing required support services.
Role of the Informal Sector in Primary Waste Collection

42
The involvement of the informal sector is also to be examined and integrated into the waste
management system of the city. The informal sector in any city comprises of two systems i.e. the
kabadi system or the rag pickers.
The informal “kabadi system” network forms an important link in the overall waste recycling system
prevalent in the country. They can be compared to micro-entrepreneurs who buy reusable and
recyclable material like newspapers, metal, glass, cardboards, plastics, etc. from households or
commercial areas. Citizens should be encouraged to continue the practice of selling recyclable
wastes to the “kabadi system”, as they constitute the first link in the waste recycling system.
Rag pickers are also an important part of the informal recycling system and are instrumental in
recovering discarded recyclables in disposed municipal waste that have not been bought by the
kabadi system. In an ideal system, rag pickers should be integrated into the system by training and
employing them for door-to-door collection of waste by the RWA’s, NGOs, CBOs and the like. The
rag pickers who work as waste collectors should be allowed to collect recyclables separately
alongside wet and dry fractions.
Rag pickers may also be encouraged to form cooperatives, through the involvement of local
NGOs/Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and may be allowed to collect recyclables from households. Such
initiatives will not only ensure a higher level of income to rag pickers, but will also ensure hygienic
conditions for rag pickers and environmentally safe waste recycling practices. Also, a lot of rag
pickers are usually harassed by the police, property owners, shop keepers in the vicinity. Many of
them have to justify their work to various people and are condemned by society. Many of them are
in fact women, who have to live with the insecurity of harassment and threat to their livelihood.
Organizing them into cooperatives tend to protect their rights thereby retaining their dignity of
labour, work, their right to livelihood and right to access recyclables.
ULBs should make concerted efforts to integrate the informal sector of rag pickers into regular waste
collection operations through the private sector, NGOs, RWAs etc.
Transportation of waste:
The transportation of the waste will be classified into primary and secondary transportation.
 The primary transportation vehicles will be auto tippers, push carts and 4 wheeled
vehicles involved in door to door collection. These primary transportation vehicles
will collect the waste from the generators on a daily basis and dispose the waste at
processing site.
 The segregated wet waste would be directly transferred by twin compartment Auto
tipper to processing facility on landfill site. The waste from the pushcarts shall be
deposited in to the auto tipper assigned in the respective zones
 The secondary transportation of waste from road sweeping and drainage cleaning
will be done by tractor trailers. Tractor trailers will be used to transport drainage
waste and construction and demolition debris.

43
Street sweeping and drain cleaning waste is

to be collected separately and transported
directly to the sanitary landfill facility
Both manual and mechanical street cleaning
are suggested. However manual street
cleaning is preferred in narrow, congested
streets and in streets where the road
carpeting is damaged.
The manual streets cleaning are suggested. However manual street cleaning is preferred in narrow,
congested streets and in streets where the road carpeting is damaged.
Truck mounted with pressure water jetting and suction machine
In order to ensure that sweepers do not

dispose waste into drains, same staff that is
responsible for cleaning street should be
made responsible for cleaning adjacent
drains as well.
Silt removed from surfaced rains and stored
on the shore of the drain should be collected
as soon as possible and transported directly
to the landfill
Disposal of Waste:
The final disposal of the waste has to be through a sanitary landfill site, after removal of the
recyclable and biodegradable waste. This need to be processed separately and only inert
and non biodegradable waste should be taken to the landfill site. The handling of waste and
the landfill site has to be scientific to avoid accidents.

44
5.2 Proposed Waste Flow Processes
The municipal wastes generated in the city will be collected using the following different types of collection systems as follows
F IGURE 5-3P ROPOSED W ASTE FLOWCHART FOR SANKESHWAR

45
5.3 Storage of waste at Source
No waste should be thrown on the streets, footpaths, open spaces, drains or water bodies,
nallas etc. Waste should be stored at source of waste generation in three bins/ bags, one for
food waste/ bio-degradable waste, another for recyclable waste such as papers, plastic,
metal, glass, rags etc, and the third one for wastes such as batteries , containers for
chemical plastics pesticides, discarded medicines and other toxic or hazardous household
waste.
5.4 Segregation of Waste at Source
The TMC has recently conducted many IEC campaigns to achieve waste segregation at
source. The local body may draw up a program of conducting awareness campaign in
various wards of the town utilizing the ward committees, local NGO’s and resident welfare
association. Detailed IEC programme is provided in the annexure. The waste segregated at
source is a resource itself. Segregating waste at source is not an option but our
responsibility.
[Recent Source segregation Promotional activity carried out by Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagaran Palike]

46
46
5.5 Door to Door Collection and routing plan
Collection of municipal wastes from Households and commercial establishments like

provision stores and institutions like colleges, temples, theatres, malls etc would be part of
door to door collection system. The primary transportation vehicles like Push carts, auto
tippers or 4 wheeled tippers will be used for door to door collection. The deployed door to
door collection vehicles would visit each and every waste generator in the deployed area.
The collected waste will be disposed by these vehicles into the landfill site directly. There is
no provision of Secondary Storage proposed. The containers bins used for secondary
storage are not viable or inefficient SWM system.
The collected waste will be disposed by these vehicles to the land fill site for disposal.
Door to door collection of waste would be introduced for collection of waste from
residential and commercial waste generators in Sankeshwar. Sankeshwar Town Municipal
Council would be responsible for conducting door to door collection operations. The TMC
shall provide the man power, vehicles and equipments required for the door to door
collection mechanism.

47
The residents and other waste generators are expected to store the waste and hand over
the waste to the door to door waste collection staff. TMC should insist the waste generators
to dispose the waste only through door to door step mechanism and avoid throwing the
waste into open points and drainages. The door to door waste collection staff would collect
the waste each and every day including national holidays and Sundays.
TMC should make it mandatory to waste generator that waste need to be segregated at
source. Also it has been advised to procure 3 Plastic bins at waste generator, so that waste
can be stored separately. The segregated dry waste and wet waste will be collected by Twin
Compartment Auto Tipper. Auto Tipper or Ghantagadi will carry this waste to Dry Waste
collection centers to deposit dry waste separately and wet waste will be carried to Landfill
site for further processing and disposal. The dry waste or Recyclable material can be
collected at regular intervals as may be convenient to the waste producer and the TMC.
Sankeshwar TMC
Microplanning of Door to Door Waste Collection
No. of HH
End Point
Ward No.
Covered
Vehicle
Route
Zones
point
Start
Trips
2017
Area
No.
Virkat Matt,Sanduddi Galli,Tahsildar

Galli,Parit Galli,Burud Galii,Lajramatti
Auto Galli,Mali Galli,Maddi Galli,Hebbal
22,10, Zone Landfill
tipper 1 1036 TMC Galli,Shinde Galli,Halgadgi Chaal,Shaikh
9 7 Site
1 Badi Chaal,Ankali Road,Kabburi
Chaal,Sarkari Davakhana,Vyanktesh
Nagar,Ankali Road,P.B.Road.
Shivdeep Colony,Ankali Road,Kabburi
Auto
Zone Chaal,Vyanktesh Nagar,Shankar Landfill
tipper 1 21,20 871 TMC
6 Nagar,Midoshi Road,Shivdeep Site
2
Colony,Hudco Colony,State Bank Colony.
Kurankar Chawl, Saudatti Galli, Kolekar
Galli, Nehru Road, Sauoldatti Galli,
Chaukdar Galli, Dhor Galli, Pinjar Galli,
Zone Landfill
1 4,5 713 TMC Shantwada Galli, Gandhi Chowk, Sapkal
1 Site
Galli, Dhor Galli, Mokashi Galli, Kolekar
Auto Galli, Baswan Galli, Karsheti Galli, Falwar
tipper Galli.
3 Hebbal Galli,Halijol Galli,Subhash
Road,Channagaud Galli,Mali
Zone Galli,Sansuddi Galli,Cate Landfill
2 8,7 866 TMC
8 Galli,Duradundehwar Galli, Aavarnal Site
Galli,Patil Galli,Bangar Galli,Samba
Galli,Sansaddi Galli.

48
Sankeshwar TMC
Microplanning of Door to Door Waste Collection
No. of HH
End Point
Ward No.
Covered
Vehicle
Route
Zones
point
Start
Trips
2017
Area
No.
Sanavar Peth,Gawinal Road,Samsetti

Zone Landfill
1 17,14 848 TMC Chaal,Shirkoli Pump Rasta,Hanuman
4 Site
Nagar.
Auto
Upadhyay Chaal,Falwar Galli,Pawar
tipper
Chaal,Namaz Maal,Karjin
4 Zone Landfill
2 23,3 769 TMC Galli,Haswani,Aanant
9 Site
Vidyanagar,Aashram Colony,Tigadi
Galli,Mahadev Mandir.
Zone Bireshwar Nagar,Ganga Nagar,Janta Landfill
Auto 1 16,15 783 TMC
3 Plot,Indira Nagar. Site
tipper
18,19 Zone 821 APMC,KSRTC,Housing Colony,Link Landfill
5 2 TMC
5 Road,Kabburi Shala,PB Road. Site
Kurankar Chawl, Subhash Road,
Bhoseghosh Chaal, Towards Saudatti
11,12, Zone Galli & Nehru Road, Karning Oni, Post Landfill
1 809 TMC
13 2 Road, Chambhar Galli, Shirkoli Pump Site
rasta, Wadar Galli, A. G. Patil Chawl,
Auto
Korvi Galli, Maddi Galli, Halijol Galli.
tipper
Nehru Poad,Chate Galli,Subhash
6
Road,Rodd Galli,Karshetti Galli,Hargapur
Zone Galli,Matt Galli, Sutar Galli,Hargapur Landfill
2 2,1,6 775 TMC
10 Galli,Gurar Galli,Badkatte Galli,Patil Site
Galli,Koti Galli,Belvanki Galli,Hirematt
Galli,Kumbhar Galli,Falwar Galli.
The door to door collection operations will be done using a combination of auto tippers,
push carts. The numbers of each type of vehicles required for door to door collection have
been calculated in the estimates for each individual package.
 One auto tipper is suggested for 1400 HH (Assuming daily two trips to landfill site)
for individual Door to Door collection.
 One push cart is provided for 200 HH (Congested areas)
5.5.1 Streets sweeping
Conducting street sweeping operations, cleaning and removal of waste from public places,
office areas, administrative areas, markets, parks and other general places are considered
for collection of waste using sweeping mechanism. The street sweeping staff would clean
these areas regularly considering the quantity of waste generated in these generators. The
requirement of Push Carts and Tractor for the street sweeping are explained in the section

49
below. The sweepers should be compulsorily given safety equipments. The table below gives
the details of the safety equipments to be given to sweepers
T ABLE 5-1: D ETAILS OF P ERSONAL P ROTECTIVE E QUIPMENTS

S. Safety
Safety against Specifications Picture
N equipment
Protect against
1 Face mask Standard surgical mask
dust/ infection
Full arm Protection against

2 Factory wear uniforms
Uniform dust
Safety shoes&
Minor wounds PVC make, water proof
3 Bulk Waste
while sweeping shoes
Collection
Protection against Standard toilet cleaning

4 Hand gloves
infection gloves
Protection against
5 Eye glasses Transparent factory wear
dust
Protection against
6 Head cover Standard surgical wear
dust
Fan shaped
&bunched (Delhi
7 Brooms
model) filament
brooms
5.5.2 Targeted Waste Collection of Ve getable Market and Hotels
The Bulk Waste generators which generate more waste will be cleaned daily. Separate Auti
Tippers required to be deployed for waste collection from Veg Market, Marriage Halls and
Hotels.
T ABLE 5-2: V EHICLES FOR C OLLECTION & T RANSPORT
Type of Vehicles Proposed (DPR) Existing nos Nos. to be procured

Push carts 24 20 4

50
Type of Vehicles Proposed (DPR) Existing nos Nos. to be procured

Auto tippers / Mini tippers 6 3 3
Tractor trailers 4 4 0
5.6 Slaughterhouse Waste
The ULB should collect all the slaughterhouse waste directly from the Generators and
disposed to the processing site in the windrows for aerobic composting. An alternative
method which can be used is that the Ulb shall treat the slaughter waste in RCC compost
pits of adequate size using bioculture. Good quality manure is produced in 6-8 weeks.
Leachate from the slaughter waste compost pit is collected and treated in a RCC tank and
the treated leachate may be used for spraying on windrows.
5.7 Biomedical Waste
Currently Biomedical waste collection, transportation & Disposal are done by Bio Medical
Waste Collection Agency. It is proposed that this system should be continued in the future
as well.
5.8 Dry Waste and E Waste Collection Centers
Dry waste collection centers are the decentralized units dedicated for collection of in
organic/ dry waste in the urban cities. The TMC can generate revenue by conducting this
operation.
The dry waste collection centers would function as a social enterprise. The collection
centers would buy the recoverable from the waste generators and sell it to the whole sale
scrap dealers. The additional monetary benefits would be used for O & M of the facility.
The TMC should insist on the private parties that the dry waste collection centers should be
set up and operated.
It is suggested that 1 dry waste collection center (DWCC) is needed to be installed at

Ganganagar bear anganwadi. The TMC should construct a second DWCC as soon as
adequate land becomes available in the town. Segregation of garbage into wet and dry
waste is a simple and easy to identify. However, segregating dry waste is more challenging.
Dry waste includes materials such as paper, plastic, glass, wire, cloth, leather, wire,
thermocol, metal, wood, rubber, rexine and fabric.

51
Households will need to encourage separately store dry waste at their premises. The TMC
would collect dry waste from their homes. Once a week, collection vehicle will separately
collect dry waste from homes, which will then be taken to Dry Waste Collection Centers
(DWCCs). Citizens on their own could also take their dry waste directly to DWCS. This waste
will be segregated into different types of dry waste and then sold to recyclers.
However, this will only works if the dry waste is free of any wet or food waste. People will
have to separately store the dry waste in their homes and if it is mixed with wet waste it will
only cause problems to them. The Pourkarmikas will not collect mixed waste from the
citizens and dry waste will be collected using separate collection vehicles, once a week.
Set up Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)
Reduction of waste is also possible by setting up purchase / processing centers for dry
waste, like plastics, paper, etc. Dry waste collection center shall be set up by TMC in all the
wards
Dry waste–shall be stored and delivered to the dry waste collection vehicle which shall be
provided by TMC or to the licensed DWCC set up on municipal / Government / private lands.
NGO’s, RWA’s, SHGs, collectives. Institutions, Trusts, Universities, Companies, licensed
recyclers or scrap dealers may be appointed as the sole Licensed Agents of TMC for
maintaining dry waste collection centers and /or operating such dry waste sorting centers.
SHG’s/Waste pickers need to be identified and encouraged to come forward to maintain the
DWCC. Such centre’s would ensure that the recyclable material is sold through properly
created channels to ensure that the recycled goods are not misused. According to dry waste
the DWCC shall pay the Pourkarmika /Waste-picker or any individual who bring the waste to
the centres as notified by TMC from time to time, this will encourage the public to segregate
the waste at source.
DWCC shall perform secondary and tertiary sorting of the waste, DWCC before finally selling
it to recycling centre’s. Collecting in bulk provides these informal sector workers with larger
returns, and creates more jobs. They aim to keep as much waste out of the landfills/ waste
dumps as possible and to help make waste useful and profitable. In the process they also
educate people about the importance of segregation, and provide safe and hygienic work
conditions to waste management workers.

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It is proposed to procure weigh machine and Plastic Bailing machine at DWCC.
These DWCC will further segregate the dry waste collected and sell them in recycling
market. The plastic waste is reused/recycled for manufacturing various products.
For Collection of E – Waste – E-waste should be collected and transported to the DWCCs
which shall have separate containers for this waste.
As per the guidelines of hazardous waste management division of Central Pollution Control
Board, there is a need to encourage recycling of all useful and valuable material from e-
waste so as to conserve the ever depleting natural resources.

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5.9 Construction and Demolition waste
Construction and demolition waste has been defined as ‘waste which arises from
construction, renovation and demolition activities. Also included within the definition are
surplus and damaged products and materials arising in the course of construction work or
used temporarily during the course of on-site activities. The various streams of wastes to be
considered will include; Excavated materials, Concrete, Tiles, brick, ceramics, asphalt
concrete, Plaster, Glass, Metal and steel, Plastics, Wood, asphalt, and Concrete rubbles, etc.
It is mandatory that every waste generator shall keep the construction and demolition
waste within the premise or get the waste deposited at collection centre so made by the
local body or handover it to the authorized processing facilities of construction and
demolition waste; and ensure that there is no littering or deposition of construction and
demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the public or drains. Currently
Town Municipal council is dumping all C & D waste into a designated area at Bhimnagar
quarry.
5.10 Zero Waste Management
It is proposed that the ULB should begin zero waste practices in 2 wards during the DPR time
frame, and this area should be widened and broadened in a phase-wise manner in the
coming years. The process to achieve the same is explained in the following flow chart.
By definition, zero waste management begins at source, namely by segregating waste
generated into three main categories. These categories are broadly as follows –
1. Wet Waste
2. Dry Waste

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3. Inert Waste
Segregated waste will be collected at source in the designated zero waste ward. The wet
waste will be composted using aerobic composting or vermicomposting as prime methods
or will be deposited in a biogas plant within the ward. The byproducts (compost and/or
biogas) produced after processing of the wet waste will be used for gardening and
plantations within the same wards. Biogas/biomethanation plants of small scale (500kg)
shall be sufficient for each ward. The dry waste produced within the same designated
ward(s) shall be collected by dedicated rag pickers and shall be bailed or sold to scrap
dealers. 2-3 rag pickers are proposed at each ward level for this purpose. Plastic and tetra
packs shall be bailed and the remainder along with metal and paper shall be sold as
recyclables. The quotations provided by a few scrap dealers are attached in the annexure for
further reference. The inert waste or C&D waste generated shall be deposited to low lying
areas and shall be used as filling material in construction of roads (within the wards).
IEC and Public awareness activities play a huge role in the achievement of zero waste
management. The ULB shall employ campaigns, rallies, and leaflet and pamphlet
distribution within the designated ward to educate the common man about the advantages
of zero waste management. Motivational activities should be conducted to promote the
same. Elaborate details for conducting IEC campaigns are given in Chapter 8.9 IEC and Public
Awareness.

55
6 Proposed Processing Facility

The integrated waste management facility at Sankeshwar is proposed to be set up at
existing Landfill area. The area available at the processing and landfill site is 7.26 acres at Sr.
No. 428 is located at distance of 6 kilometers from the city.
6.1 Technology Selection
The moisture content in Indian waste is high due to the high food and other organic content
in waste. In Sankeshwar if the silt wastes are removed from the waste stream the organic
matter is about 40-50%. Such high moisture contents lead to low calorific value on as
received basis. Thermal processing is difficult and would require energy addition. Further as
mixed wastes are received there is always a threat of combusting plastics which can lead to
dioxins and furans release. It is recommended that no thermal processing technologies be
adopted in Sankeshwar.
Compost, vermicompost and Biomethanation plants are working successfully in many places
in India. These technologies recover the organic matter and make them into compost which
is a good soil conditioner and useful for soil management. Biomethanation has many useful
by-products like biogas, compost and potential use of the liquid as pest repellent etc. From
the agrarian environment of Sankeshwar the adoption of organic recovery solutions like
composting and vermicompost are the preferred options. We do not recommend
biomethanation at present as segregation is a primary requirement for successful operation
of biomethanation plants and this is not yet in practice. The Physical processing
technologies are useful to recover some of the non organic matter and should be integrated
into the main technology solution linked to organic waste recovery through composting.
Based on the above analysis it is recommended to have Composting and Vermicomposting

based waste management facility. This would be supported by the recycling of plastics and
other in organics. This technology proposed is simple and easy to implement with potential
to meet the overall objectives of waste management elucidated above. This is cost effective.
The integrated waste management facility would consist of waste receipt and segregation
facility, composting, vermicomposting, plastic recycling, brick making and landfill. The
material flow for the integrated waste management facility for Sankeshwar is given below.

56
6.2 Aerobic Composting
Aerobic Composting is a process of microbial degradation where organic matter is broken

down by a succession of organisms in a warm, moist aerobic environment (controlled
conditions).
Composting is a form of recycling. Like other recycling effort, the composting of municipal
solid waste can help decrease the amount of solid waste that must be sent to a landfill
thereby reducing disposal costs. Composting also yields a valuable product that can be used
by farmers, landscapers, horticulturists, government agencies and property owners as a soil
amendment or mulch. The compost product improves the condition of soil, reduces erosion
and helps suppress plant diseases.
Composting is an age old practice and the word compost is as old as agriculture itself. The
solid wastes of plant and animal origin are utilized for conservation of carbon and
mineralization.
6.2.1 Use of Inoculums
Special inoculum containing several pure strains of developed, laboratory-cultured micro-

organisms, which are essential in the decomposition of organic matter, can be used for
accelerated decomposition and quality improvement.
Microorganism used can be:
 Bacillus sp.
 Trichoderma sp.
 Aspergillus sp.
 Phanerochaete sp.
6.2.2 Layout Planning of Facility
The integrated facilities have been planned at waste site. Detailed layout plan and other
drawing of the waste processing and disposal facilities are given in annexure.

57
T ABLE 6-1 D ETAILS O F L ANDFILL L AYOUT , S ANKESHWAR

Existing Area of Sankheshwar Site 30959 Sq.Mt
Items to be Considered Existing Proposed Area Sq.mt
Site Office and Lab
Landfill Site No 2 Yes 1690
Landfill Site No 1 Yes 1448
Lab Yes 96
Office Yes 48
Toilet yes 37
Security Cabin Yes 23
Compost packaging and Storage Area Yes 117
VCB Shed 1 Yes 346
VCB Shed 2 Yes 346
Vehicle Parking Yes 165
Vehicle Washing area Yes 96
Windrow compost pad (open) Yes 800
Windrow Compost Pad Covered Yes 600
Segregation and Recycling Shed yes 600
Windrow compost pad converted to VDP Yes 767
leachate Collection Tank yes 18
leachate Collection Sump yes 18
Leachate drain (Windrow)length yes 60M
Storm Water Drain yes 471 M
Road Areas Yes 444 M
Compound Wall Yes 808M
Total 7215

58
F IGURE 6-1 L AYOUT P LAN FOR SWM SITE

59
59
The overall concept is to design waste processing and landfill site in coherence with the
existing facilities. It proposed to place the Waste Processing facilities towards the central
side of land. Adjacent to security building and additional office and lab building would be
constructed. Toilet facilities would also be provided. A parking area for vehicles, additional
composting facility, and vehicle cleaning unit is provided.
T ABLE 6-2 D ETAILS O F C OMMON F ACILITIES P ROPOSED A T S ITE
S. No Component Details
1 Boundary Wall 808M brick compound wall is proposed
2 Internal Roads Already Existing
3 Entrance gate Already Existing
4 Weighbridge It is proposed to have 30 tons weighbridge of electromechanical type with 3
m x 7m loading platform at the entry of the waste management facility. The
weigh bridge system would have a vehicle monitoring and staff time
monitoring system.
5 Office building, It is proposed to have office Building 5.9 X 9.3 X 3 M, Lab 9.8 X 9.3 X 3
Lab and toilet M & 4.5 X 3.8 X 3 M two toilet blocks with separate provision for men
block and women.
6 Vehicle Parking It is proposed to have a vehicle parking at landfill site
7 Power facilities Power connection is available at the facility. In addition it also proposed to
have a back up D G set of 60 KV capacity.
8 General Services The general services include the lighting of the facility for minimum 20 lux.
No night operations are proposed and hence limited lighting is adequate. Fire
fighting tools are services are proposed including preparation of a fire
fighting requirement assessment and plan preparation.
9 Plantation around It is proposed to have plantation around the landfill site as a buffer
the boundary area.
T ABLE 6-3 D ETAILS O F C IVIL S TRUCTURES P ROPOSED
Name of the building / civil structure Cost / Sq. M , Cost / Total Cost (Rs. in
RMT Or Unit cost Lakhs)
Compound wall / fencing 1801 14.55
Weighbridge room, accessories and facilities 5.61
Monsoon, Machine shed platform 2629 52.59
Monsoon, Machine shed 4403 52.84
Laboratory 12648 25.14
Workers quarters / Rest rooms / toilets etc
Vehicle shed / garage
Leachate collection and treatment system 3.48
Others (Pl. specify) Work Storm Water Gutter 1289 6.07
Leachate Collection Drain 1805 1.08
Total cost 161.36

60
60
6.3 Processing Decomposed Garbage

The un-segregated garbage when completely decomposed turns into black color, earthy
aroma and free from pathogens. This decomposed material is passed through the process
machineries, which are simple and highly effective.
The contraries that are non-degradable materials like plastics, metals, glass, rubber and
other inert materials are easily separated in four stages of screening. The sieving operations
eliminates bits, sticks, gravels, metals and glass pieces making the end product highly
uniform in size and quality.
Use of inoculum like consortium of degrading micro organisms / cow dung solution has been
recommended mainly to reduce period of decomposition to around 40 to 45 days and also
to prevent foul smell and leachate generation.
6.4 Proposed Infrastructure at Landfill Site
6.4.1 Windrow Platform

This is an area where the entire waste received is turned at regular intervals. This is an
essential infrastructure for preventing contamination of surface/underground source of
water and nearby water bodies. In the instant case the concrete yard is designed in such a
way that the fresh garbage received during the first 30 days is decomposed so that the
volume and weight of the organic matter is considerably reduced. Inertisation is attained
and the stability of organic matter is expected after 30 days. Decomposed matter is
processed to obtain coarse organic manure (semi processed organic manure). The semi
processed organic manure is allowed for stabilization for another 15 days and screened so
that the final end product in the form of organic manure is received after passing through
4mm sieve. Such organic manure is a completely decomposed organic matter which is
sanitized and stabilized.
6.4.2 Leachate Tanks

Leachate tanks are designed in such a way that the leachate generated during the course of
decomposition of organic fraction of waste is collected in the drains leading to leachate
tanks. Leachate tank is not present at the site in order to facilitate further treatment of
leachate. The same of 6 X 3 X 1.8 cum is proposed.

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6.4.3 Office building and Laboratory

Office building with a laboratory and toilet facility is proposed at landfill site.
6.4.4 Tree Plantation

A 3 rows of Plantation is already present at the site. Wind break trees have to be proposed
only on two sides so that the nearby habitation will not disturb the project in future.
6.4.5 Machinery, Monsoon, Compost Packaging Shed and Storage Unit

The shed of 30m X 40m X 5m is proposed for Trommels (35/14/4mm) and their conveyors.
This shed will also be used as a monsoon shed, to accommodate the processing machinery;
provision is made to process the waste even during rainy season as 8 to 10 days material will
be protected from rain water. This shed is also to be used for storing accessories, various
parts of the machineries, processing equipment’s, oil & lubricants etc. Packaging of compost
and its storage will also be carried out in this shed.
6.4.6 DG set
A 60 kv DG set is proposed as an alternative power.
6.4.7 Power Supply

A total power supply of 125 HP is necessary to take care of composting activity including
lighting in the composting area. A transformer with poles and sodium light is also found to
be necessary in order to help continuous supply of power.
6.4.8 Processing Machineries (Mechanical)

Mainly, three machineries are proposed to be present at the landfill site, namely 35mm
sieve trommel, 14 mm sieve trommel, 4 mm sieve trommel. Their respective feeder and
reject conveyors are also proposed.
A tractor trailer shall be used for internal transport of waste in the landfill site. A backhoe
loader is proposed to be used for turning of waste in the windrows. TMC already have JCB at
landfill site.
6.4.9 Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is accumulation & deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather
than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from roofs, and in many places the water

62
collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation.
This water can be used for watering plants, vehicle cleaning etc. The harvested water can
also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as
groundwater recharge.
For Construction of Rainwater Harvesting Project, which would carry rainwater runoff from
rooftops & along the roof lining, buildings for Office and commercial sectors needs specific
requirements as stated below.
• Maximum roof coverage area should be considered, which includes monsoon shade,
machine shade and vermicomposting shades and any other temporary or extended
shades which are along the office building.
• Pipelines carry the water to the recharge pits provided inside the premises.
• Every recharge pit is measuring of 4 x 3 x 3 cum.
6.4.9.1 R E C H A R GE P I T B U I LD I N G
• Dig a pit 4m wide near the office or structure till you reach the water level.
• Dig one more meter deep and put a layer of charcoal and 1/2 meters of river sand
which acts as a strainer. If required, use an iron sheet all around the pit to keep the pit
from collapsing. Remove the sheet after you put charcoal and one and half meters of
river sand.
• Connect one pipe to the DOWNPIPE that comes from the roof.
• A strainer at the top will keep leaves and other wastes from going down along with the
rainwater.
• Rainwater displaces the dense hard water underground. If water comes up to the
surface, put half a meter of ordinary sand on top of river sand. This will prevent the
water from overflowing. Once a week, pour bleaching powder solution through the pipe
on the roof. This will cleanse the pipe thoroughly on regular basis.

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F IGURE 6-2 D ETAILS OF D IFFERENT L AYERS IN R ECHARGE P IT
6.4.9.2 M A I N TE NA NC E OF R E C H A R GE P I T
The Recharge Pits have to be cleaned regularly as it would have clogged with run-off sand,
mud, leaves etc. Clean the recharge pit once a year. Dig out the filler material. And fill it
once again with clean materials.
6.5 Design of recommended processing and disposal options
The detailed drawings of the processing and disposal facilities have been provided in
annexure. The design details are provided for each of the facility below.
6.5.1 Waste Segregation Facility
The waste arriving at the integrated waste management facility should be weighed at the
gate and data recorded. The vehicles arriving are smart segregated. Waste from the markets
and segregated wet waste is sent to the vermicomposting facility (already present at
Sankeshwar of 2 TPD capacity). The balance of the materials will be taken to the windrow
platform and tipped, which is followed by aerobic composting process.
6.5.2 Aerobic composting facility
Aerobic Composting is used for stabilizing organic matter. Composting can be used for
mixed wastes and results in production of stable product- compost which depending upon
its quality can be used as soil conditioner or potting medium. In this section the detailed
design and technical specifications of the compost facility are discussed.

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Aerobic Waste decomposition processes: an overview
Aerobic composting involves the stabilization of the organics into compost by

microorganisms, which require the oxygen in air for their survival and growth. During this
process of conversion heat is released. There are ideal limits for different parameters within
which these microorganisms survive. Adequate moisture is required for the microorganisms
to survive and composting to take place. If these conditions are ensured to be stable the
compost quality and time of composting process can be controlled. In batch conditions the
composting process continues at progressively reducing rate as the oxygen becomes a
limiting factor or organics get consumed. To ensure the survival of these organisms the
availability of oxygen in the waste being composted has to be ensured through provision of
air. For economic reasons the time of composting is restricted till the major conversion is
done and subsequently compost maturing is taken up till the compost is safe for application
to plants. The organics typically have high moisture and in the compost process this is
removed. There are different possible configurations of holding waste and providing air for
aerobic composting. The selection of this is based on economics and competence in
handling technology.
The various parameters that affect the composting process and the compost quality are
organism’s population, carbon Nitrogen ratio, temperature, aeration and moisture. The
above-mentioned controlling parameters need to be monitored in the industrial scale plant.
In large composting operations it is necessary to monitor the wastewater, which comes out
of the organic waste, called leachate. The production of this leachate has to be minimized
and whatever leachate is generated has to be collected and reused for maintaining the
moisture content of the heap and as an inoculum.
Design choices
There are many alternative approaches, which have been adopted for composting of
municipal solid wastes based on the broad principle of aerobic composting. The following
approach has been adopted for Athani.
The waste as received is pre-sorted. The waste is formed into windrows and aerated. Roof is
proposed for the composting yard. The design is based on a 35-day waste composting cycle
with 15-day additional provision in concrete yard for additional waste load and for
management during monsoons.

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Sizing of plant
The composting plant has been grouped into 3 parts. The inertising part, which is the basic
composting process consisting of the wastes windrowing process including aeration so that
a stabilized material is produced. The second part is the compost segregation plant also
called the processing facility where the stabilized wastes are segregated into compost and
rejects and finally maturation and storage part.
The Process Flow
The proposed type of waste processing facility is Windrow Composting system. Turning of
windrows is to be done using front end loader with backhoe. The step-by step process
operations are given below. The various aspects, which come into play at each of the steps,
are also given.
F IGURE 6-3: S QUEEZE TEST TO ESTIMATE MOISTURE CONTENT
Waste processing facility
Step 1: The waste is transferred from segregation facility to the aerobic composting yard.

66
Step 2: The segregated waste is sent to the windrow platform. The windrow is then sprayed
with bio culture slurry.
Step 3: The windrow is maintained for 7 days. The temperature is monitored to ensure that
the composting process is ongoing. The leachate from the windrow comes out and is
collected in the drain. The drain is connected to the leachate tank. The leachate from
leachate tank is used for making the inoculum slurry.
Step 4: At 7 days from start the first windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would have
reduced by 15% compared to start with moisture reduction and degradation. While re-
forming the windrow addition of inoculums slurry and water to maintain the moisture is
done using the trailer mounted slurry tank. The temperature profile in the second windrow
is monitored. The leachate from the windrow may come out and is collected in the drain.
Step 5: At 14 days from start the second windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would
have reduced by about 15% compared to start of windrow 2 with moisture reduction and
degradation. The balance of the waste is reformed into the third windrow. Addition of water
is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in the third windrow is monitored. No
leachate is expected from now on.
Step 6: At 21 days from start the third windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would
have reduced by about 15% compared to start of windrow 3. The wastes are reformed into
the fourth windrow. Addition of water is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in
the fourth windrow is monitored.
Step 7: At 28 days from start the fourth windrow is reorganized. The waste volume would
have reduced by about 5% compared to start of windrow 4. The wastes are reformed into
the fifth windrow. Addition of water is undertaken if required. The temperature profile in
the fifth windrow is monitored. This is the maturing stage of the compost.
Step 8: At 35 days the waste is now composted and it is transferred to the processing line
initial hopper.
Step 9: The aerobic composting waste is fed into the trommel in the processing line. It is
transferred to the conveyor, which lifts it into the first rotary sieve. The rotary sieve has 35
mm punched holes.

67
The waste not passing through the sieve is the reject, which is then transferred using the
belt conveyor to the reject platform. The material passing is then transferred to the second
rotary sieve using belt conveyors. The second sieve has 14 mm holes. A third sieve of 4 mm
punched holes is also provided for fine composting, to be sold as Grade I compost. The
materials not passing through the sieve is transferred out using a chute. The materials
passing through the sieve is transferred using a chute to a heap. The compost at the heap is
further processed with admixtures or directly bagged for sale.
The material of size between 35 mm and 14 mm is sold as grade II compost and the
materials less than 4 mm is grade I compost. Additional products with different admixtures
are made and sold as niche products. The present design does not provide the mixing and
grinding facility for compost upgradation, as this would depend on marketing plans. Space
for provision of these facilities is provided. Bagging is proposed manually.
Step 10: Materials recovery from the rejects is undertaken and the recyclables are stored in
the recyclables shed.
The reject are taken out for disposal in landfill daily. The recyclables are sold when adequate
quantity is available for transport. The compost is sold as per demand.

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T ABLE 6-4 M ATERIAL F LOW C HART
Process Sankeshwar (TMC)

st
I Stage Incoming Waste
Feed Material Town Garbage
Material Properties Mixed MSW TPD Volume Reject
Incoming Garbage Inocuulants Addition 12.93 21.55

Moisture Addition
Ist Heap / Windrow Formation (

o 10.34 14.11
Sanitisation (at 55-65 Moisture : 55 - 65%)
C) for two weeks IInd Heap / Windrow Turning
9.05 12.83
(Moisture: 55 - 62 %)
IIIrd Heap / Windrow Turning 3.88

7.76 9.24
Decomposition (at 55- (Moisture: 55%)
65o C)for two weeks IVth Heap / Windrow Turning
7.11 7.05
(Moisture: 55 - 62 %)
Shifting in Rain shed 6.46 6.41
IInd Stage
Feed Material Digested Compost (from Yard)
Material Properties Moist, Bumpy, Heterogeneous, Sticky
Coarse Segregation Lump breaking, opening up , 6.46 5.83
segregation and screening of fine 1.29
Processing
material. (Below 35 mm)

Screening and Separation of material 5.17 4.20
1.94
(Below 14 mm)

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Process Sankeshwar (TMC)
Oversized Rejections 3.23 2.62

(For recycling or sanitary land filling)
IIIrd Stage
Feed Material Screened material (Below 14 mm)
Material Properties Moist, Lumpy, Sticky
Curing Shifting of material to curing section 2.02 1.64
for further digestion / maturation
&moisture management 0.40
Addition of Rock Phosphate, mixing
1.62 1.31
& turning
Shifting of material to refinement
line.
IVth Stage
Feed Material Screened Material (Below14mm)
Material Properties Moist , Sticky
Refinement Screening and separation below 4 1.29 1.05 0.32
mm, Oversized rejections sent for re-
Compost Refinement Section
sanitisation.
separation of heavy impurities as
0.97 0.79 0.06
sand , glass , stones etc.
Mixing od additives (Liquid/ 0.91 0.73
Standardization and
Granules) to improve quality of end
Quality control. -0.06
products.
Storage Finished good packing and shifting to
storage section. 0.97 0.79
Rejects going into the Landfill 2.00

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F IGURE 6-4 : SWM W ASTE P ROCESS FLOW C HART
T ABLE 6-2: A RRANGEMENT AND T URNING OF W INDROWS

In general, as the average windrow shape is
between an oval and trapezoid a factor of 0.66 is
assumed to estimate windrow volumes, therefore
the equation for volume of the windrow is:
Volume = Height X Width X Length X 0.66
Windrow dimensions should allow conservation of

heat generated during composting process while
also maintaining diffusion of air to the deeper
portions of the
windrow
Windrows should be turned frequently, once a

week over 5 weeks to maintain aeration, porosity
and enhance degradation
Frequency of turning depends upon:

• moisture content,
• porosity of material,
• rate of microbial activity, and
• desired composting time

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6.6 Vermi composting
The mostly organic waste arriving at the facility is directed to the vermicomposting
decomposing yard. The waste is windrowed for a period of 15-20 days to undergo partial
decomposition. The vermi composting process starts with partially decomposed waste. A
separate covered shed with 2 TPD capacities is already present at the site.
The earthworms eat the partially decomposed waste and produce casting. The casting of the
worms is the vermicompost. The degradation process in vermi composting takes places
inside the worm body by microorganisms. The selection of worms to obtain the best yield
per worm is available. The crux in this process is to get the worms to survive. The conditions
for survival of the worms have to be maintained in terms of the food availability, food
quality, moisture content and safety from predators. Another important aspect is that the
vermi castings have to be routinely removed. The whole vermi composting operation has to
be done manually and require more care and effort. In terms of the infrastructure
requirement the vermi composting takes off from the aerobic composting and simple
covered sheds are adequate.

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7 Design of Landfill
7.1 Design and Development of Sanitary Landfill Facility
The construction of landfill facility for all the cells shall be as per the specification and
drawings. Design of each cell of landfill facility is decided as per the topographical conditions
of the site area, subsequently development should be in same sequence. The Design
Fundamentals of Sanitary Landfill site is presented in the table below.
Sr.No. SLF Components Details Units

1 Total Waste to be disposed in SLF for next 25 year 136875 Ton
2 Waste to be disposed in SLF every year 5475 Ton
3 Waste to be disposed in SLF daily 15 Ton
4 Present Available area for SLF activity 2813.5 Sq.m
5 Number of proposed Cells 2 Number
Dimension of Proposed Landfill Cell L1 (Height of Cell 54 Length (M)
6 Total 10 m - 5 M below ground and 5 M above ground
25 Breadth (M)
Level)
Dimension of Proposed Landfill Cell L2 (Height of Cell 41 Length (M)
7 Total 10 m - 5 M below ground and 5 M above ground 36 Breadth (M)
Level)
8 Required Area for next 25 year for SLF + Bund area 4185 Sq.m
9 Existing Area can cater to the requirement for next 17 Years
10 Additional Landfill are Required for ULB after complete 1371 Sq.m
use of Existing Site
11 Bulk density of compacted solid waste 0.8 Ton / M3
12 Waste application height 5 meters (above
ground level)
13 Bottom liner slope (Transversely) 1% % Towards
center of each
cell.
14 Leachate drainage slope (Longitudinal) 1% % Towards
leachate sump.
15 Inner side slopes of Embankment 01:02.5 (V: H)
16 Outer side slopes of Embankment 01:02.5 (V: H)
7.2 Bio Remediation at previous engineering site
Bio-remediation is use biological organism to solve environmental problem. It is the

collective range of cleanup methods by using natural micro-organism (such as bacteria,
plant, Fungi etc) to degrade hazardous organic contaminants to environmentally less toxic.

73
Since this land fill site is non-operational since last 5 years, it is apparent that most of the
degradable waste must have degraded till now. Hence for the treatment of remaining waste
Method of ‘Bio-augmentation’ will be best suited.
F IGURE 7-1: O PTIONS FOR T REATMENT OF E XISTING MSW D UMP ON THE S ITE
Existing New
Dumping Site Sanitary Landfill Site
Bio Remediation For Land

Segregation filling
Compost Recyclables Plastic Paver Block Inert

Construction
Packaged & RDF & Road Debris for Road

Sold Off Construction Construction
Process of Bio-augmentation - Since the treatment is proposed only for the remaining
degradable waste on site, the process of bio-augmentation is very simple and cost effective.
• Step 1 – Loosening of waste using tractor or Backhoe Loader.
• Step 2 – Spraying of Bio-culture on the waste ( for decomposition of remaining

waste)
• Step 3 – Sieving the degraded waste - Sieved out waste can be used as manure.
• Step 4 – Rejected waste will be recyclable and inert. - The recyclable waste will be
recycled and the inert waste will be used for leveling at dumping site.
T ABLE 7-1: A REA AT L ANDFILL S ITE AFTER B IOREMEDIATION AND S EGREGATION

Area of the previous engineering landfill site 5120 sq m
Assuming Depth of previous engineering landfill site 2.5 m
Volume of Waste to be Bio remediated from previous engineering landfill site 12800 cu m
Assuming Density of Waste 0.7 Kg/m3
Total weight of Waste in previous engineering landfill site 8960 Ton
Inert waste (10%) to be resent to landfill 896 Ton
Area required to be deducted (to resent inserts to landfill) 128.0 sq m
Net area available from previous engineering landfill site after Bio
4992 sq m
Remediation
Existing Area can cater to the requirement for next 17 Year
Total area available for landfill site after application of Bio remediation to
Sq.m
previous engineering landfill site 7806
Total Area can cater to the requirement for next 47 year

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The following method of Bio remediation; i.e. Bio Augmentation will be suitable for the
treatment of the existing dumped waste. In Bio Augmentation, the current solid waste has
to be loosened with a tractor or Excavator. After the loosening, the culture will be sprayed
on the solid waste. It will increase the rate of degradation of the waste. After this stage,
sieving of the degraded waste will be done and sieved out waste will be manure and can be
used as compost. The rejected waste which will be inert or recyclable can go into landfill or
into suitable processes for recyclable waste.
Sl. Resource %
Fractions Application Remarks
No. Description recovery
As a soil improver, restoring
Organic matter +
Finest Manure in organic alkaline or saline soils to fertility,
1 fine Soil Bio-Earth 30%
Fraction farming improves soil breathing and water
A grade
retention capacity
Coarse Organics Used to control soil erosions, as a
Manure cum soil
Coarser and sand Bio-Earth organic manure in tree pits,
2 30% aggregate in farm
Fraction B grade improves soil breathing and water
applications
retention capacity
Construction and
Pebbles (Between
3 10% filling in low lying Used for road shoulders
20 and 40 mm)
areas
Construction and
Heavy Pebbles (Between
4 8% filling in low lying Used for road shoulders
Fraction 40 and 80 mm)
areas
Tender cocoanut Used to produce bio-bricks and in
5 2% As a Fuel
shells hydroponic cultivation
Plastic and other Reduces the use of virgin
6 Recycling
Light recyclables materials
10%
fraction Non recyclable P2F (Plastic to Increasing diesel prices making
7
combustibles Fuel) P2F more attractive
Extends the life span of land fill
8 Residuals Inert materials 10% Land filling
sites
On the landfill site of the 10% of inert waste need to be re dumped on landfill after
bioremediation. As explained above, the required area considering the volume to be
deposited on landfill after Bioremediation and segregation along with the volume required
for sanitary landfill site is given.
7.2.1 Construction Procedure
Construction of landfill should be followed in the sequence given below:
S. No. Activity Possible Parallel / Independent Activities

1. Grading and leveling Service road around the site, fencing & green belt area
Power supply, water supply, Workshop, leachate pond,
2. Side soil bund office buildings, compost yard, weigh Bridge, waste
segregation platform

75
S. No. Activity Possible Parallel / Independent Activities

3. Bottom liner system Storm water drain around the side soil bund
Leachate collection and
4. Leachate collection sump
conveying system
5. Side liner system Bottom liner system
6. Leachate collection sump Installation of pumps
Installation of pumps for
7.
Transferring leachate
Storm water drain around the
8. Peripheral service roads, green belt
side soil bund
9. Monitoring wells
10. Approach Road Strom water drain
11. Green belt area
12. Top liner system
7.2.2 Grading, Leveling and Base Formation
Before the construction of landfill facility, site shall be properly cleared from any shrubs and
bushes. A benchmark has to be fixed at an immovable known point. Site shall be leveled and
compacted. As the highest ground water table is at about 1 m from ground level, it is
suggested to have filling by hard murum of 0.5 m thick and compacting the same. The filler
material is leveled to get the desired slope of 1 %.
F IGURE 7-2: L INE P LACEMENT AT EDGES OF L ANDFILL
F IGURE 7-3: L INE P LACEMENT AT EDGES OF L ANDFILL

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7.2.3 Side Soil Bunds
In order to prevent the sliding movement of the waste, earth bunds has to be constructed
over the sides of landfill. The soil bunds are of trapezoidal shape. As per the design, the
landfill is 6 meters above the ground level and 4 meters below groud level. Total hight
considered is 10 meter. The inside slope is of 1:2.5 (V: H). Soil bunds shall be of hard
murrum with required specification. The soil has to be tested as per the parameters
mentioned in Quality assurance plan. During construction of bunds, soil has to be laid in
layers of about 30 cm and each layer has to be well compacted before going for next layer.
During compaction the soil shall be at its optimum moisture content so as to achieve
maximum compaction. Soil bund is of 3 meters height with inner and outer slopes of 1: 2.5
(V: H). the top width of soil bund is 3 meters.
F IGURE 7-4: P LACEMENT OF THE HDPE L INER OVER THE C LAY LINER
F IGURE 7-5: P LACEMENT OF THE G RAVEL D RAINAGE L AYER AND G EOTEXTILE OVER THE C LAY LINER
F IGURE 7-6: L EACHATE C OLLECTION P IPES ARE TO BE CONNECTED TO A SUMP , THROUGH THE LINER

77
7.2.4 Bottom & Side Liner System of Sanitary Landfill Facility
A liner system is the barrier that separates waste from the environment. The bottom and
sideliner system must effectively stop the migration of leachate from the landfill for many
years. In order to prevent the migration of leachate from the landfill facility, the bottom and
side lining system is of minerallic type, with different layers and specifications. First after
grading and leveling the site, filling by hard murum is carried out as per the designed slope.
Over the filled material, 90 cm thick clay liner has to be laid. While laying clay liner, the
permeability of clay should be lesser than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec and the moisture content shall be
at its optimum moisture content. Clay layer of bottom liner shall be laid in layers of about 45
cm thick and should be well compacted with a vibrating Roller of 4 to 5 tons. After
compaction the clay layer shall be left out for natural drying and settlement for at least 5 to
6 days. If any cracks develops in clay liner that has to be grouted with bentonite.
F IGURE 7-7: W ELDING OF HDPE G EOMEMBRANE
Over the clay liner, a High Density Poly- Ethylene (HDPE) liner of 1.5 mm thick has to be
provided. The joints of the HDPE liner have to be welded by Lap joint method. HDPE liner
shall be of two sides textured. Over the HDPE liner, a Geo-textile membrane of 1.5 mm thick
of non-woven type & Poly-propylene (PP) make should be laid. The textile portion of geo-
textile shall be facing upside. The purpose of Geo-Textile is to protect HDPE sheet from any
shock loads, which may be due to vehicle movement. Over Geo-Textile liner, a drainage
layer of thickness of about 30 cm has to be laid uniformly on entire bed of bottom area. This
drainage layer is for effective collection and conveyance of leachate coming out from waste.
Therefore, the permeability of the drainage layer shall be greater than 1 X 10 -2 cm /sec.
The sideliner system should be same as bottom liner.

78
B OTTOM A ND S IDE L INER S YSTEM
7.2.5 Leachate Collection & Conveyance System:
In order to collect and convey the leachate to the collection sump, the leachate collection
channel has been designed. The leachate collection drain, from the middle of each cell as
shown in drawings has to be constructed first. The generated leachate will be collected in
the channel due to bottom transverse slope of 1.0%, and conveyed by gravity to sump due
to longitudinal slope of 1.0%. For collection and conveyance of leachate to sump, a
perforated HDPE pipe of 30 cm ID has to be laid as shown in drawings. The pipes should
have rectangular slots of size 20 mm x 5 mm, placed at spacing of 100 mm/cc in the
longitudinal direction and 50 mm spacing laterally. The slots shall be placed along the length
of the pipe only on the sides with 20 mm side of slot being parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the pipe, in a zigzag pattern as shown figure below:
S CHEMATIC D IAGRAM SHOWING PLACEMENT OF RECTANGULAR SLOTS IN LEACHATE COLLECTION PIPE

79
The leachate collection channels have to be packed with drainage material. The slopes of
the pipe should be such that, the leachate should flow easily into the leachate collection
sump later on the leachate from sump has to be transported for treatment.
F IGURE 7-8: W ELDING OF L EACHATE P IPES
7.2.6 Leachate Collection Sump
RCC sump of 6 X 3 X 1.8 M temporarily covered with RCC slab has been recommended to be
constructed for collection of leachate from “leachate collection system”. The construction of
the sump shall be gradual with the filling of the waste. A clear depth of 1 meter has to be
maintained between the bottom of sump and leachate connection pipe. About 20mm thick
plastering has to be done at the inner and outer side of sump. Epoxy powder (which acts as
water proof agent) has to be used during plastering. The RCC slab has been provided with a
manhole of 1 m x 1 m through with a monkey ladder. The manhole has to be covered with
hinged steel gate in order to avoid the entry of rainwater into the sump. The collected
leachate from sump has to be transferred to leachate pond by pumping. After closure of
Sanitary landfill Facility, appreciable quantity of leachate is not expected to be generated,
however, if any leachate is generated it has to be transferred to leachate pond.
7.2.7 Installation of Pumps for Transferring Leachate
The leachate has to be pumped to the leachate pond. Two pumps (non-corrosive type) of 2
HP each (discharge 25 m3 /hr and total maximum head of 25 m) have to be installed in each
leachate collection sump. These pumps may be installed at the RCC slab of collection sump
with proper rainwater protection. While one will be active the other will serve as standby.
During heavy rainfall, both the pumps can be operated. The sump has to be covered and
protected against rainwater.

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F IGURE 7-9: S UPPORT OF L EACHATE P IPES
7.2.8 Storm Water Drainage System of Landfill
Storm water drainage is one of the main components of landfill facility. The arrangement
shall be such that, the storm water from landfill facility has to be collected effectively in
drainage system and conveyed away from facility with in short time. Storm water drain shall
be of trapezoidal shape with brick lining. The inside part of drain has to be plastered with
cement motor. Storm water drain shall be constructed all along the outer periphery of soil
bund
7.2.9 Monitoring Wells
Monitoring wells have to be constructed around the facility for periodic monitoring of the
quality of ground water. The monitoring wells to be provided along the four corners of
landfill facility. The groundwater at a regular time interval must be monitored for the
specified parameters. The frequency of monitoring can be monthly in the first 5 years of
operation of the facility, thereafter quarterly up to 25 years or till the life of the facility is
exhausted and semi-annually after closure of the facility (for 5 years after closure of the
facility).
7.2.10 Approach Road and Service Road at the Facility:
A main approach road of 6 m wide from the main gate running parallel between the landfill
and compost yard till the southeast end of the facility is suggested.

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7.2.11 Green Belt Development:
The green belt development around landfill facility will ensure the reduction in soil erosion
and air pollution due to dust suppression. This also increases aesthetic value of the area. As
per the design, about 3 m wide green belt along the periphery and shall be developed
accordingly.
7.2.12 Office Building & Laboratory:
In order to manage the operation and maintenance of the facility and to maintain the record
of daily waste disposal, an office with necessary furniture and other facilities has to be
established at the site area. A laboratory will have to be set up in order to analyse waste
samples and to carry out monitoring activities with regard to air and water and some time
soil if required.
7.2.13 Other Infrastructure Facilities:
Apart from above, other facilities such as electricity for lighting arrangement in SLF area,
weighbridge, fire protection equipment, personnel protective equipment, drinking water,
storage area for equipment, shelter for machinery & vehicles and security cabin will be
required during operation and maintenance of SLF. Periodically, crawler dozer will be
required for layer wise compaction of waste. A 300-micron thick LDPE/HDPE sheet, sand
filled bags will also be required for intermediate covering of waste during rainy seas
7.2.14 Final or Top Cover
The prime function of a final cover or the top liner system is to minimize infiltration of
precipitation. Other functions include preventing the contamination of surface run off, wind
dispersion of municipal solid waste and direct contact of the municipal solid waste with
humans and animals. For long-term performance with minimum maintenance, the final
cover is designed to promote surface drainage and minimize erosion. After the operational
life, each cell of landfill facility has to be closed and covered with suggested top cover
system, as shown below:
 Over the foundation layer, 30 cm thick gas drainage layer has to be laid with 16-32
mm size gravel.

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T OP L INER S YSTEM
 The gas outlet pipe should be connected to the gas drainage layer. The gas outlet
pipe is to remove the gas generated from consolidated waste after complete closing.
 Over the gas drainage layer, 60 cm thick clay layer should be laid. The permeability of
clay should be less than 1 X 10-7 cm/sec. During laying of clay layer, the moisture
content in clay should be as per the optimum moisture content in order to achieve
permeability factor shown above. The clay liner shall be laid in two layers each of
thickness 300mm. Each layer of clay shall be well compacted with a vibratory roller
of 4 to 5 tons.
 Over the clay liner, 30 cm thick storm water drainage layer has to be laid with 16-32
mm size gravel. The permeability of drainage layer should be more than 1 X 10-2
cm/sec.
 Over the drainage layer, 45 cm thick native soil should be provided for vegetation in
two layers. The first layer has to be compacted, other two layers has to be left loose
for the growth of vegetation. A vegetation cover has to provide at the top of the soil
in order to prevent the soil erosion due to precipitate and also for better landscaping
7.2.15 Tentative Cost Estimate for Sanitary Landfill
The total cost estimate has been calculated for 25 years, in which 2 sanitary landfill pits are
to be constructed. For the purpose of design period of this project, consider the cost for
12.5 years, i.e. construction of 1 Pit. The tentative cost estimate for development of the
sanitary landfill and other infra-structural facilities is presented in the following tables:

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T ABLE 7-2 C OST E STIMATE F OR S ANITARY L ANDFILL S ITE

Sr. Description of Work Quantity Unit Rate/Unit Cost (Rs in
No. Lakhs.)
1 Grading and leveling 4185 m2 13 0.53
2 Filling material 3382 m3 180 6.09
3 Soil bund 2092 m3 180 3.77
4 Bottom liner system 0.00
5 30 cm thick drainage layer (K=1X10-2 cm/sec) 3139 m2 180 5.66
6 1.5 mm thick geo-textile 3139 m2 135 4.24
7 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner 3139 m2 451 14.14
8 90 cm thick clay liner (K<1 X10-7 cm/sec) 3139 m2 360 11.31
9 Side liner system (same as bottom liner) 502 m2 1171 5.88
10 Leachate collection drain including HDPE pipe 338.5 RM 6307 21.98
11 Leachate collection sump (RCC) & pump for 24 m3 12615 3.03
transferring leachate to ETP
12 Cover liner system 2092 m3 1171 24.51
13 Leachate Pond 12615 m3 102 12.87
14 Sub-total 114.01
15 Adding 10% contingency 11.40
Total for sanitary landfill facility (25 years) – 2 Pits 125.41
Total for sanitary landfill facility (12.5 years) – 1 Pit 62.71
Total for sanitary landfill facility (12.5 years) – 1 Pit – as per 2016-17 DSR 70.23
7.3 Leachate from Landfill
The leachate from the landfill is mainly due to the rain water. Therefore, the leachate
depends on the rainfall in the town.
Sr.No. Particulars Details Units

1 Annual Peak Precipitation 658.4 mm
2 Area of the Land fill 5120 sq. m
3 Monsoon duration 90 days
4 Leachate Generate from the SLF 37 Cum
Leachate from the Waste processing, composting and SLF shall be collected & treated
together in Planted Gravel Filter.
S.N Particulars Units Details

1 Leachate Generate from the SLF 37 cum / Day
2 Windrow and Waste procesing area 3684 Sq M
3 Leachate from Windrow & Waste processing area 27 cum / Day
4 Total Volume of Leachate Generation 64 cum / Day
5 Capacity of the Tank required 71 cum / Day
6 Total required length of the tank 16.5 M
7 Total required Width of the tank 1.7 M
8 Total required Depth of the tank 2.5 M
9 Total Volume of the Tank 71 cu m

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10 Area of Leachate tank 28 Sq m
7.4 Treatment of Leachate –Phytorid Treatment Plant
It is proposed to treat leachate from the landfill site using Phytorid Treatment Technology.
The treatment process has to have low operation and maintenance cost.

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7.5 Material Specifications for Sanitary Landfill
The specifications and quality aspects of the Landfill facility is very important, in order to
achieve designed performance of sanitary landfill facility. Liner system of landfill facility has
been designed in consideration with following points;
 To prevent migration of waste, leachate to the adjacent subsurface soil or ground

water or surface water.
 Material specified for liner has adequate chemical properties, physical properties
and engineering properties to prevent failure on account of loads, climatic
conditions, and contact with waste or leachate.
 Slopes at bottom and sides area designed to withstand Liner material safely without
any sliding movement.
7.5.1 Material Specifications For Liners and Drainage System
7.5.1.1 B O TT O M & S ID E L INE R
1) 1X90 cm thick compacted clay or compacted amended soil with permeability less than
1X10-7 cm /s with the following specifications:
 Permeability to be checked before and after laying

 Free of any stones, kankars and any other foreign material
 Moisture content to be maintained during laying as per OMC. (Optimum Moisture
Content)
 To be compacted so as to achieve Proctor Density
 To be laid in 2 layers each of 30 cm thick
 Permeability & moisture content has to be checked in each layer.
 To be kept covered during installation so that moisture is not evaporated.
2) 1X 1.5mm thick HDPE Geo-membrane of following specification:
 Tensile strength at yield greater than 18 KN / m.

 Tensile Strength at break greater than 30 KN / m.
 Tear Resistance greater than 150 N
 Puncture Resistance greater than 250 N
3) 1 X 1.5 mm thick Geo-textile;

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 Type – Non woven

 Make – PP
 200 GSM
4) 1 X30 cm thick Leachate drainage layer;
 Material – Sand or any other granule with permeability greater than 1 X 10 –2 cm

/sec
 Size Gradation – 16 to 32 mm
 Dust free
 Kankar free
 Rounded gravels
 Free of any angular or sharp aggregates
 To be laid as 30 cm thick uniform layer
7.5.1.2 L E A C H A TE D RA I NA GE S Y STE M
The construction details of leachate drain is as follows:
 Longitudinal slope of leachate collection pipe shall be 1.0%.

 The bottom and sides of HDPE pipe has to be filled with the mixture of cement,
bentonite and sand.
 The HDPE pipe has to be covered with 200 GSM geo-textiles to prevent clogging of
slots by drainage material / other solids.
 Over HDPE pipe Gravel size of 16mm to 32mm has to be laid uniformly.
The specification of material to be used for leachate drain is given below:
1) 1 X 1.5mm thick geo-textile – 200 GSM
2) Mixture of sand, cement and bentonite shall be in ratio
94%: 3%: 3% respectively.
3) Specification for HDPE pipe.
 Internal Dia. –285 mm
 Outer Dia. – 300mm
 Wall Thickness –15mm
 Pressure Rating- 4 Kg/cm2

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7.5.1.3 T OP L I NE R S Y STE M
1) 1 X 60 cm thick compacted clay or compacted amended soil with permeability less than
1X10-7 cm /sec.
 Permeability to be checked before and after laying
 Free of any stones, kankars and any other foreign material
 Moisture content to be maintained during laying as per OMC. (Optimum

Moisture Content)
 To be compacted so as to achieve Proctor Density
 To be laid in 2 layers each of 30 cm thick
 Permeability & moisture content has to be checked in each layer.
2) 1 X 30 cm thick drainage layer
 Material – Sand or any other granule with permeability greater than 1 X 10 –2

cm /sec
 Size Gradation – 16 to 32 mm
 Dust free
 Kankar free
 Rounded gravels
 Free of any angular or sharp aggregates
 To be laid as 30 cm uniform layer
3) 1 X 45 cm, fertile soil for vegetation
 To be laid in two layers; the bottom layer to be compacted mildly and the top
layer to be kept loose for growing vegetation.
 Vegetation cover with Grass, shrubs etc. having root length <30 cm
7.6 Operation Plan of Sanitary Landfill
7.6.1 Construction and Operational Plan
The operation of a landfill shall consist of the following steps:
 Operation before waste is transported to landfill facility

 Operation during disposal of waste into landfill facility
 Closer plan
 Record keeping
 Monitoring

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7.6.2 Operation before Transportation of Waste
7.6.2.1 S I TE D E V E L OP M E N T :
The following construction activities shall be carried out along with construction of landfill
facility before disposal of waste.
 Construction of perimeter fence, entrance gate, weighs bridge and green belt.
 Construction of main access road near the entrance gate with parking area.
 Construction of service road along the perimeter of the site and well as construction
of approach road.
 Construction of waste inspection facility, equipment workshop and garage, vehicle
cleaning area.
 Installation of direction sings, site lighting, fire fighting facilities, communication
facilities.
 Construction of water supply and waste water/sewage disposal.
 Construction of surface water drainage system.
 Construction of main leachate pipe, sump and leachate pond.
 Installation of environmental monitoring facilities.
 Construction of emergency exit gate.
7.6.2.2 S I TE P R OC E D U RE S : R E C O RD K E E PI NG & W A STE I NS PE C T I ON :
Records shall be kept on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. In addition a site Manual shall
be kept at the site office giving all site investigation, design and construction details The
following records shall be maintained during operation of landfill
(i) Landfill Manual: The site manual shall contain the following information:
 Data collected during site selection

 Environmental assessment report
 Site investigation and characterization data
 Detailed topographical map
 Design of landfill components
 Landfill layout and its cells
 Construction plans
 Details of leachate management plan
 Details of gas management plan (optional)
 Environmental monitoring program

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 Closure and post-closure plan

 All permissions / license from concerned authorities.
(ii) Site Reports: The daily, weekly and monthly reports shall comprise of the following:
 Weighbridge data (daily inflow and outflow for each vehicle)

 Waste inspection data (daily)
 Materials, stores etc. (daily)
 Bills/accounts (daily)
 Visitor record (daily)
 Complaints record from nearby areas (daily
 Topographic survey at operating cell (daily/weekly)
 Photographic record at operating cell (daily/weekly)
 Environmental monitoring data (weekly/monthly)
 Waste filling plan and actual progress i.e., cell construction (daily/weekly) and review
(monthly)
 Leachate generation and gas generation (weekly/monthly/extreme events)
 Weather/climatic data (extreme events)
 Accidents etc.
 Others.
(iii) Vehicle Inspection:
Each vehicle carrying the waste shall be checked for:
 Incoming weight (full)

 Outgoing weight (empty)
 Available of relevant documents
 Visual check at weigh-in (if feasible)
 Visual inspection after discharge at tipping area (inspection report to be filed for
each vehicle). A visual inspection checklist must be framed which should list visual
features for identification of unacceptable material. This checklist shall be filled for
every unloading by a vehicle in tipping area at the working cell in the landfill.
7.6.3 Operation during Disposal of Waste into Landfill Facility

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At the design stage, the cells of a landfill are clearly demarcated. Operation of a cell
requires planning and execution of daily activities such as daily waste filling plan and
demarcation, waste discharge & inspection, waste placement, waste compaction, daily
covering of waste, prevention of pollution & fires, etc.
7.6.3.1 D A I LY W A STE F I L LI NG P LA N A ND D E MA RC A T I ON AT S I TE :
On the completion of a cell and before the start of a new cell, a waste-filling plan for daily
cells shall be evolved. A study of the landfill base contour maps and the final cover levels of
the cell allows such a plan to be developed. If a cell is to be operational for 365 days, all 365
cells must be marked in plan and in sectional drawings. These may require revision as a
landfill is constructed because waste quantities may vary in an unforeseen manner. The
area and height proposed to be filled every day should be demarcated at the site on a daily
or weekly basis using temporary markers or bunds.
7.6.3.2 W A S TE D IS C H A R GE & I N SPE C TI O N
Waste shall be discharged by tipping at the working area of a landfill, within the area
demarcated for the cell. A designated operator shall visually inspect every discharged load.
Working area personnel shall be trained and competent at waste identification in order that
they can recognize waste, which may be non-conforming. In the event of reasonable doubt
as to the waste acceptability, the operator shall inform the waste reception facility and/or
the site manager immediately.
7.6.3.3 W A S TE P L A C E M E NT (S P RE A D IN G ) & C O MPA C T I ON
Once waste has been discharged it shall be spread in layers and compacted in a well-defined
manner to ensure that the completed slopes of a daily cell are at the designed gradients.
Waste placement (spreading) can be done by the following methods:
 Face tipping method: Waste is deposited on top of existing surface and spread
horizontally by tipping over an advancing face.
 Inclined layering method (onion skin tipping): Similar to (a) but inclined layering
(gentile slope) done instead of advancing of face.
 Working upwards: Waste is deposited on the lower surface and pushed upwards.

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It is necessary to level and compact the waste as soon as it is discharged at the working
area. Steel wheeled mobile landfill compactors (smooth / cleared / spiked / special wheels)
are generally accepted as the best equipment for this purpose. They have largely replaced
the small crawler tracked machines, which were previously in general use.
7.6.3.4 O P E R A T IO N IN M ON S O O NS :
During the monsoon month, high rainfall results in excessive generation of leachate. Hence,
before the onset of monsoons, the cell must be capped with a monsoon cover. Waste
received during monsoon months shall be disposed off in landfill during dry period by
removing temporary cover.
7.6.3.5 P O L LU TI ON P RE V E NT I ON & S A FE T Y D U R IN G O PE RA T I O N :
The following measures are needed to ensure that the landfill operation shall not adversely
affect local environment within and outside the landfill.
 Traffic: Heavy lorry traffic shall give rise to nuisance, damage to road surface and
verges and routing problems. The following measures are helpful.
o Routing to avoid residential area.
o Using one-way routes to avoid traffic conflict in narrow roads.
o Carrying out road improvements, for example strengthening or widening
roads, improved provision of footpaths, improvement of sight lines, provision
of passing places, provision of new roads.
o Limiting the number of vehicle movements.
o Restrictions on traffic movement hours, which are staggered with respect to
peak traffic hours.
 Noise: Adverse impacts on the local community from noise may arise from a number
of sources including: throughput of vehicles and fixed and mobile plant for example
compactors, generators at the site. Peripheral noise abatement site measures shall
be adopted.
 Odour: Offensive odours at landfill sites may emanate from a number of sources,
including waste material, which have decomposed significantly prior to land filling,
leachate and leachate treatment systems, and landfill gas. Good landfill practices

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shall greatly reduce general site smell and reduce impact from odours, which could
lead to complaints from the local community, site users and site staff.
 Good practice includes: (a) adequate compaction; (b) speedy disposal and burial of
malodorous wastes; (c) effective use of appropriate types of daily cover, (d)
progressive capping and restoration; (e) effective landfill gas management; (f)
effective leachate management and (g) consideration of prevailing wind direction
when planning leachate treatment plants, gas flares, and direction of tipping.
 Litter: Poor litter control both on and off site is particularly offensive to neighbors.
Good operational practice shall be adhered to in terms of temporary fencing, waste
discharge, placement, compaction and covering to minimize the occurrence of
windblown litter.
 Bird Control: Birds are attracted to landfill sites in large numbers where sites receive
appreciable amounts to bio wastes. Measures, which can be used to mitigate birds’
nuisance, include good landfill practice, working in small active areas and progressive
prompt covering of waste, together with the use of bird scaring techniques.
 Vermin and Other Pests: Landfills have potential to harbour flies, rodents and
vermin, particularly where the waste contains biomaterials. Modern land filling
techniques including prompt emplacement, compaction and covering of wastes in
well-defined cells are effective in the prevention of infestation by rodents and
insects.
 Dust: Dust from landfill operations is mainly a problem during periods of dry weather
but can also arise from dusty waste as it is tipped. Dust is generally associated with
(a) site preparation and restoration activities, (b) the disposal of waste comprising of
fine particles, for example powders, and (c) traffic dust. Dust suppression can be
effected by (a) limiting vehicle speed; (b) spraying roads with water and (c) spraying
site and powder type waste with water; (d) covering powder type waste with daily
soil cover.
 Mud on the Road: Mud on the public highway in one of the most common causes of
public complaint. It is therefore, in the interest of the landfill operator to provide
adequate wheel cleaning facilities to ensure that mud is not carried off site by
vehicles.

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 Landfill Fire Management: Fires in waste on landfill sites are not uncommon and it is
important for site operators to be aware of the dangers, how to treat fires and to
address the problems associated with them. All fires on-site shall be treated as a
potential emergency and dealt with accordingly.
 Landfill Safety Aspects: Training of employees shall include: site safety, first aid and
the handling of dangerous materials where appropriate. Since landfill sites can pose
dangers to both site operator and users, emergency plans shall be laid down. Landfill
sites shall be regarded as potentially hazardous locations and the operator shall have
a written safety plan for the site. Safety hazards present at landfill sites may include;
(a) moving plant and vehicle; (b) steep slopes; (c) bodies of standing water; (d)
contaminated, putrescible, toxic flammable or infective material and (e) noxious,
flammable, toxic or hazardous gas. All employees and visitors to the site shall be
made aware of the potential hazards and the safety procedures to be implemented
including fire safety.
7.6.4 Closure and Monitoring Plan of Landfill Facility
As each cell is completed and as the final cover level is reached in successive cells, the
following interconnectivities are established:
(a) The leachate collection system of each cell is sequentially connected (if so designed)
The surface water; drainage system at the cover of each cell is sequentially connected (of so
designed)
(b) Upon completion of all cells a final check is made of the proper functioning of all inter
connected systems.
An access road is provided on the landfill cover to enable easy approach for routine
inspection of the landfill cover.
7.6.4.1 P O S T C L O SU RE V E GE T A T IV E S TA BI L IZ A TI ON (L ON G T E RM )
If a landfill cover is intended to be used for a specific purpose e.g. park or vehicle parking
area, then the cover shall be stabilized in such a manner that the end-use is achieved.
However, if no specific end-use is envisaged, then long-term vegetative stabilization shall be
undertaken to return the land to its original and natural vegetative landform.

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Vegetation is by far the most common and usually the preferred stabilization option after
closure of landfills. If a self-perpetuating vegetative cover can be established, not only can
wind and water erosion be minimized, but also the landfill can be returned to some
semblance of its original appearance and land use. In favorable climates, re-vegetation may
require only modest effort or may occur by natural process during a reasonably short period
of time. However, in arid climates or a harsh environment, establishment of vegetation may
be a difficult and costly process and alternative techniques may be examined for vegetative
stabilization.
While the specific procedures are unique to each landfill and climatic regime, the following
representative elements of the process shall be adopted in all procedures.
(a) Short-term Vegetation: It is common practice, in both humid and dry environments, to
rely largely on grasses for the primary initial source of short-term land cover. Usually several
species are included in the initial seeding mixture to increase diversity and reduce the
chance of total community failure. Short-term vegetation is usually assisted by irrigation.
(b) Long-term Vegetation: To achieve the ultimate goal of attaining a self-sustaining and
stable community, a transition between short term and long-term vegetation must occur. In
some cases, this may be left to invasion by native species after short-term vegetation is
assured and soil development is well under way. In other cases – for example, when
irrigation has been used temporarily to establish the short-term community, it may be
necessary or desirable to enhance the natural succession process by replanting with a more
diverse mix of species suited to the next stage of community succession. The need for
artificial enhancement of the successional process shall depend on the success of previous
short-term efforts and on the ultimate intended land use. All vegetation efforts, however,
shall work toward self-generation and minimum management in the long term.
7.6.5 Record Keeping
7.6.5.1 D U R IN G C O N ST RU C TI O N OF L I NE R S A ND C OV E R S
 During the construction of liners and covers, inspection shall be carried by

independent agency / KSPCB (or its nominee) at least twice during each cell to
ensure that construction procedures and quality assurance plan are being followed.

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 Immediately upon the completion of construction of a liner in each cell, the

complete set of construction records and quality control test results shall be
provided by the TMC to the KSPCB for verification and record keeping. The same will
also be done upon the completion of cover system in each cell.
7.6.5.2 D U R IN G O P E RA T I ON
 The owner/operator shall monitor and keep a record of the following in the
operation period:
o Functioning of the leachate management system (including levels in leachate
holding tank) (weekly).
o Functioning of the surface water run-off system (weekly)
o Functioning of the gas management system (weekly)
o Waste filling records shall be kept on daily basis.
o Leachate sampling and monitoring shall be done 1 to 2 times a month. The
results shall be recorded and compared with the permissible limits provided
by the KSPCB.
o After a major storm, the occurrence of the storm and functioning of various
systems shall be recorded.
 The KSPCB (or its nominee) shall inspect all facilities at least twice a year. The
owner/operator shall provide a copy of the environmental monitoring record to the
KSPCB on a yearly basis.
7.6.5.2.1 D U R I N G C L OSU R E A N D P OST C L OSU R E P E R I OD :
Period inspection and routine maintenance at a closed landfill site shall be carried out for a
period of 15 years after closure. The KSPCB shall inspect all facilities during the closure and
post closure period at least once a year. The owner/operator shall provide a copy of the
environmental monitoring record to the KSPCB once a year. The following components of a
closed landfill shall be inspected visually after landfill closure to confirm that all functional
elements are working satisfactorily and inspection report will be recorded. A maintenance
schedule with specified reporting formats is drawn up after each inspection.
(a) Cover System:

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The final cover is inspected 2 to 4 times a year (a) to check that vegetation growth is
occurring satisfactorily and that plants are not showing stunted growth (b) to detect if any
erosion gullies have been formed thereby exposing the barrier layers, (c) to earmark
depressions that may have developed with time and (d) to identify pounding of water on
the landfill cover. At least one inspection shall be carried out during or immediately after
the peak of the monsoon season.
Closed landfills show significant settlement. Rectification measures shall not only re-
establish the initial slope of the cover (for proper surface water run-off) but shall also ensure
that all the components of the landfill cover system continue to perform as originally
envisaged. TMC shall have sufficient equipment and funds to periodically carry out
maintenance work in the form of soil filling, re-grading the cover and re-vegetating the
landfill cap.
In areas where extensive erosion gully formation is observed, filling of cover material,
regarding of cover slopes and re-vegetation must be routinely undertaken.
(b) Surface Water Drainage System:
The surface water drainage system is also inspected 2 to 4 times a year (i) to identify cracks
in drains due to settlements. (ii) to delineate clogged drains requiring immediate clean up
and (iii) to study the level of deposited soil in the storm water basin and initiate excavation
measures. Broken pipes and extensively cracked drains may require replacement after
filling soil beneath them to establish slopes for gravity flow. In extreme cases where long-
term settlement shall be excessive, it shall become necessary to make sumps and operate
storm water pumps for removal of accumulated water in the drainage system.
(c) Leachate Management Systems:
A weekly operating record of leachate management systems shall be kept in the post-
closure period. Periodic inspection of the leachate collection systems (2 to 4 times a year) is
undertaken to identify broken pipes, leaking gas (if any) and damaged or clogged
wells/sumps. Repair work requires skilled manpower and shall be carried out by the
agencies operating the gas treatment and leachate treatment facilities. One may often have
to install new gas extraction wells and leachate collection wells if the damaged / clogged
facilities are inaccessible and irreparable.

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7.6.6 Environmental Monitoring Systems:
Ground water monitoring wells, air quality monitoring systems shall be periodically carried
out to check that all systems are functioning satisfactorily and that well caps sampling ports
are not subjected to damage due to excessive settlement or vandalism.
Environmental monitoring systems have to be maintained during the entire post-closure

period. Wherever possible, monitoring instruments must be periodically re-calibrated.
Sampling devices shall be routinely detoxified and also regularly checked for proper
functioning of the opening and closing of valves or spring-loaded mechanisms.
The activities to be carried out under environmental monitoring plan are as follows:
Sl. Activities to be Duration of

Parameters to be Monitored
No. Carried Out Monitoring
pH, TDS, Cl, Sulphates, Nitrates,
Monitoring of groundwater Total Hardness (as CaCO3), Phenolic
1 quality at up and down Compounds Monthly
streams in monitoring wells (as C6H5OH), Fe, Zn, As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, CN, Pb,
Hg & Ni
Monitoring of ambient air Suspended Particulate matter, CH4, SO2,
2 Bimonthly
quality at landfill NH3& CO
pH, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Ammoniacal
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl Nitrogen, CN, Nitrates,
Total Hardness Monthly
Monitoring of leachate
(as CaCO3), during rainy
3. quality before and after
Cl, F, Sulphates, Kjeldahl N, BOD, COD, season
treatment
Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), Heavy
Metals such as As, Hg, Pb, Cd, total Cr, Cu,
Zn, Ni, CN etc.
Monitoring of landfill gas
4. CH4, CO2 & CO Monthly
quality
Monitoring of surface water Monthly
-
5. quality from drain channel BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Cl & Heavy Metals during rainy
at the exit of landfill season
7.6.7 Post-Closure Criteria:
 After closure of the landfill, the owner/operator of the landfill shall maintain the
integrity of the final cover systems including making repair, as necessary to rectify
the settlement, subsidence or erosion of the cover.

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 After closure of the landfill, the owner/operator shall continue to operate all
leachate, gas and surface water management systems as well as continue
environmental monitoring of the landfill for a period of 15 years or until such time
that harmful leachate is not produced for 5 continuous years.
The landfill shall be abandoned after 15 years of closure, if concentrations of contaminants

in all liquid and gaseous emissions from the landfill are observed to be below prescribed
limits. However, if the emissions continue to be hazardous, the landfill management
strategy shall have to be evolved.

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8 Institutional Aspects and Capacity

Building
The subject of solid waste management has remained neglected for the past several
decades with the result that the level of service is highly inadequate and inefficient. For
improving the solid waste management services it is essential to adopt modern methods of
waste management, have a proper choice of technology, which can work in the given area
successfully. Simultaneously, measures must be taken for institutional strengthening and
internal capacity building so that the efforts made can be sustained over a period of time
and the system put in place can be well managed. Institutional strengthening can be done
by adequately decentralizing the administration, delegating adequate powers at the
decentralized level, by inducting professionals into the administration and providing
adequate training to the existing staff. It will also be necessary to fix work norms for the
work force as well as for supervisory staff and the output expected from the vehicles and
machinery utilized. NGO/private sector participation also needs to be encouraged to make
the service competitive and efficient
8.1 Decentralization of Administration
In the City of Sankeshwar, the SWM services can be performed effectively by

decentralization of administration. The SWM functions are proposed to be decentralized as
under:
8.1.1 Ward Level administration
The ward level administration should be fully responsible for ensuring storage of segregated
waste at source, primary collection of waste, street sweeping and taking the waste to bulk
community waste storage sites clearing debris and cleaning surface drains and public
spaces. The cleaning of each street, lane, by-lane, markets and public space should be
regularly supervised by the ward-level supervisors. Qualified supervisors having a diploma
of sanitary inspectors should be appointed as a ward level supervisor and he could be
designated as sanitary sub inspector. He should work under a sanitary inspector who should
supervise at least three wards under him having a population of nearly 50000 people.

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8.1.2 Town Level Administration
The town level administration should supervise and support the zonal level administration.
The central SWM Department should be responsible for upkeep of vehicles and for
managing the disposal sites in an environmentally acceptable manner.
The central SWM department should also be responsible for the procurement of vehicles,
equipment, and land for processing and disposal of waste. As a head office it should take
policy decisions and co-ordinate the activities of all the zones and the wards and be
answerable to the chief executive officer and elected body for the efficient functioning of
the department. It should look after the recruitment of manpower, human resources
development, training etc.
8.2 Delegation of Powers
Authority and responsibility should go hand in hand. For fixing accountability there should
be adequate delegation of fiscal and disciplinary powers to the officers and the supervisory
staff responsible for managing solid waste and carrying out all day-to-day functions
smoothly.
The Head of the SWM department should also have the power to punish subordinates
including supervisory staff. Adequate in-built checks may be introduced to ensure that the
delegated powers are not misused.
8.3 Work Norms
Norms of Work for Street Sweepers
The sweepers may be assigned “Pin point” individual work assignments according to the
density of the area to be swept. The yardsticks given earlier may be adopted.
As per Normative standards of GOK 1 sweeper is allotted for every 1000 M of Road length.
The norms of work for the supervisors may also be prescribed and monitored by the
Municipal Corporation, for the extent of sweeping areas and the number of garbage
collection points to be inspected each day by the various levels of supervisors and
inspection of processing and disposal sites etc. to ensure adequate output of the
supervisory staff.

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All Supervisory Officers right from sanitary sub-inspectors to Health Officer and Engineer in-
charge of SWM department must remain on the field for 4 hours in the morning between
the time of street sweeping and lunch break. The timings for the middle level supervisor
could be from 7.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and for senior levels from 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon or
8.30 to 12.30 in the morning. The junior level supervisors should supervise there till the end
of the working hours of the street sweepers and transport staff. This supervision will have a
direct impact on the quality of service.
For capacity building of the department, senior officials should be frequently exposed to
developments taking place in various parts of the State and country by sending them out on
City visits and to attend seminars, workshops and training courses. They should also be
involved in all decision making processes.
The sweepers may be directed to sweep the roads and footpaths in the area allotted to
them as well as to collect the domestic, trade and institutional wastes in their handcart from
the households, shops and establishments situated on the road/street allotted to them. The
above sweeping norms are for cleaning the streets in the first 4 hours of the working day. In
the remaining hours of the day, if there is a continuous 7/8 hours duty, or in the evening
session, if there is broken duty, the sweepers should be assigned pin point work for cleaning
the streets in slums and unauthorized settlements to ensure hygienic conditions in the city
and prevent the problems of health and sanitation arising in such areas.
The roads, which have a central verge or divider, should be considered as two roads. In such
cases, the length of the road allotted for sweeping should be reduced to half or alternatively
separate sweepers may be engaged for sweeping two sides of the road.
The yardstick for cleaning open spaces should be prescribed looking to the local situation.
However, 30,000 sq. of open space can be given to a sweeper for cleaning per day.
Similarly work norms can be prescribed for variety of vehicles used depending upon the
distance to be traveled and the places to be covered. These norms may be prescribed after
conducting time and motion study. Normally one vehicle carrying containers could make 7 -
8 trips to the processing and disposal site if the distance is less than 5 kms. If the distance is
between 5 and 10 Kms, 5 trips could be made. In cases where the distance is beyond 10
kms, the no. of trips could reduce to 3 or 4 per shift depending on the distance to be
travelled.

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Norms of work for supervisors may be prescribed and monitored by the local body for
inspection of sweeping done, clearance of waste storage depots, transportation of waste
carried out, etc. Inspection of processing and disposal sites by various levels of supervisors
may also be prescribed to ensure adequate output of all the supervisory staff.
The first level supervisors could be asked to inspect the work of all the sweepers at least
once in two days. The sanitary sub-inspectors should inspect all the beats twice a week and
the sanitary inspector at least once a week. All temporary waste storage depots must also
be inspected by the same level of supervisors with the same frequency. All Supervisory
Officers right from Sanitary Sub Inspector to Health Officer/Chief Engineer in-charge of
SWM department must remain on the field for 4 hours in the morning between the time of
street sweeping and lunch break. The timings for the lower and middle level supervisor
should extend beyond the duty hours of the sanitation workers in the afternoon/evening to
verify whether work has been done properly. This supervision will have a direct impact on
the quality of service.
For capacity building of the department, senior officials should be frequently exposed to
developments taking place in various parts of the State/ country by sending them out on
city visits and for attending seminars, workshops and training courses. They should also be
involved in all decision making processes
8.4 Induction of Environmental/Public Health Engineers
The subject of solid waste management, so far being handled by Health Officers, and now
handled by environmental engineers or public health engineers with the support of
mechanical/automobile engineers to handle the workshop facilities. Qualified engineers
should, therefore, be inducted as under.
i. Public Health/Environmental Engineers of the level of Executive Engineer to

head the SWM department.
ii. Qualified Sanitation Diploma holder/Sanitation Officer @ 1 S.O. per Zone.
iii. Qualified Sanitation Diploma holder Sanitary Inspector (S.I.) @ 1 S.I. per
50,000.
iv. Qualified sanitation diploma holder Sanitary Sub-inspector. per 25,000
population or part thereof.

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8.4.1 Need of Manpower
A. Professionals and supervisors for Collection and Transportation
Sr No Grade PresentRequired as per Norm (till

2022*)
1 Environmental Engineers 1 1
2 Sanitation Officer 2 1
3 Sanitary Inspector 1 1
4 Sanitary Sub-inspector 1 2
5 Pourkarmikas 44
46
6 Drivers 11
7 Security Person at Landfill site 1
8 Processing Plant Manager 1
*After yr 2022 numbers would require to be updated as per prevailing norms in yr 2022.
8.5 Human Resource Development
Human Resource development is very essential for internal capacity building for any
organization. Training, motivation, incentives for outstanding service and disincentives for
those who fail to perform are essential for human resources development.
Concerted efforts should be made by the Municipal Corporation to inculcate among its
officers and staff a sense of pride in the work they do and to motivate them to perform and
give their optimum output to improve the level of services of the City and the image of the
Municipal Council.
8.5.1 Training
Solid Waste Management has been a neglected subject for the past several decades.
Systems have, therefore, not developed to improve the service. Knowledge of new
technology and methods coupled with training at all levels is necessary. No specialized
courses have so far been designed to meet need of different levels of staff. Short and
medium term courses should, therefore, be designed for the sanitation workers and
supervisory staff. Special training and refresher courses may also be conducted as under:-
8.5.2 Special Training to Unqualified Staff

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Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in service training to qualify for supervising
sanitation works. They may be sent out for training to the All India Institute of Local Self
Government or such similar institutions which designs special courses for sanitation
supervisors.
8.5.3 Refresher Courses for All Levels of Staff
Refresher courses should be conducted for the sanitation workers as well as supervisory
staff at least once in every 5 years, or they should be sent for training to get an exposure to
advance in this field.
8.5.4 Exposure to Municipal Commissioner/ Chief Executives
It is necessary to give an orientation to the Municipal Commissioners/Chief Executives of the

local bodies and make them aware of this important aspect of Urban Management. They
may therefore be given exposure to SWM through short training programs.
8.5.5 Exposure to Elected Members
Whereas the Municipal Commissioners or the Chief Executives are responsible for day-to-
day affairs of the urban local bodies, the elected members are the policy makers and their
sanctions are essential for any major investments or improvements in SWM services. It is,
therefore, necessary that the members of the elected wing such as the Mayors/Presidents
of the Corporations/Municipalities and other important office bearers of the local bodies
are given appropriate orientation towards the need of modernization of solid waste
management practices in the urban areas and the importance of the same in terms of
health and sanitation in the cities/towns. If these members are given an appropriate
exposure, they would automatically support adequate financing for solid waste
management services and strengthen the hands of chief executives in the implementation
of modern methods of waste management and they would also help in getting public
support through their network of field workers.
8.5.6 Design SWM Courses

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SWM courses may be designed and regularly updated for Engineering, Medical and applied
science disciplines. Academic institutions at the national and state levels should be involved
in this exercise by the concerned departments of Central and State Governments
respectively. The syllabus of the engineering colleges, medical studies as well as sanitary
inspectors’ diploma courses should lay adequate emphasis on solid waste management.
Following Table Summarizes the training requirement for specific category of Solid Waste
Management workers
T ABLE 8-1: T RAINING R EQUIREMENT FOR M UNICIPAL W ORKERS

Sr No Designation Training Requirement
1 Municipal Commissioner / Chief Training on Public Private Partnership, Project Finance
Officer / President of ULB Exposure Visits to Best Practices in MSWM
2 Environment Engineer Training on Staff Management, Operation and
Maintenance of Solid Waste Management Facilities
Exposure Visits to Best Practices in MSWM
3 Sanitary Inspector Training on Collection, Transportation, Processing and
disposal practices of MSWM
Training on IEC Practices
4 Pourkarmikas / Street Sweeping Training on Health and Safety during MSWM
Workers
8.5.7 Promotional Opportunities
Adequate promotional opportunities should be available in the decentralized SWM

hierarchy to maintain the interest of the supervisory staff to remain in the department.
 Special Training to Unqualified Staff

 Unqualified supervisory staff should be given in service training to qualify for
supervising sanitation works.
 Refresher Courses for Supervisory Staff
 Refresher courses should be conducted for the supervisory staff at least every 5
years, or they should be sent for training to get an exposure to advance in this field.
8.6 The Entire Administration of SWM Department to Be Under

One Umbrella
With a view to avoid the problems of lack of coordination and passing of responsibility to
others, it is necessary to have one person exclusively in charge of SWM in the City. The

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overall control in relation to collection, transportation, processing and disposal of all waste,
including workshop facilities, should lie with him. He should also be responsible for the
cleaning of open drains under 24” depth, collection of silt, construction waste and debris
and vehicle deployment and maintenance. This work should not be left to the Engineering
Department, which should however continue to be responsible for the removal and
transportation of silt from the underground drains, storm water drains or surface drains
exceeding 24” depth, and the left over waste material from their Engineering and major
road works.
8.7 Inter Departmental Co-Ordination
Since the SWM department depends greatly upon the support of various departments of
the Municipal Corporation, more particularly the Engineering department, the Municipal
Commissioner may hold regular monthly co-ordination meetings to sort out problems faced
by the SWM department such as expeditious repairs of roads, drains, water-supply pipe-
lines etc. which cause hindrance to street and City cleaning. The reinstatement of roads dug
up by utility services should also be given priority.
The procurement procedures for the SWM equipment also need to be expedited and
simplified in such meetings. A Rate-contract system should replace time consuming
tendering procedures.
There should be an Apex Committee comprised of representatives of various utility services,

headed by the Municipal Commissioner to co-ordinate the laying of underground services in
the City by various utilities and the reinstatement of the roads as soon as the underground
services are laid. The Apex Committee should ensure that repeated digging of road is
avoided for laying of services by various utilities at time. The works to be carried out by
various utilities on a particular road should be coordinated to prevent frequent digging of
roads.
Laying and maintaining of services in slums, provision of public health engineering services
and water supply for public toilets and road construction in the slums to improve overall
health and sanitation in the City may also be regularly reviewed in the co-ordination
committee meetings.

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8.8 Encouragement to NGO’S and Waste Collector Co -Operatives
NGOs may be fully involved in creating public awareness and encouraging public
participation in SWM planning and practice.
The Municipal Corporation may also encourage NGOs or co-operative of rag pickers to enter
this field and organize rag pickers in doorstep collection of waste and provide them an
opportunity to improve their working conditions and income. The Municipal Corporation
can give incentives to NGOs in their effort of organizing rag pickers in primary collection of
recyclable and/or organic waste, and provide financial and logistic support to the extent
possible.
8.8.1 NGO/Private Sector Participation
SWM services are highly labour intensive on account of increased wage structure of the
Government and municipal employees this service is becoming more and more expensive.
Besides, the efficiency of the labour force employed in the Municipal Corporation is far from
satisfactory. High wage structure and inefficiency of the work force results into steep rise in
the cost of service and yet the people at large are not satisfied with the level of service
being provided by the Municipal Corporation. Efforts to increase the efficiency by H.R.D. and
institutional strengthening will, to some extent improve the performance but they may not
be enough. It is, therefore, necessary that the Municipal Corporation seriously consider
augmenting NGO/private sector participation in solid waste management.
Private sector participation or public private partnerships may be considered by Municipal

Corporation keeping in mind the provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulation and
Abolition) Act 1970 of the Government of India under which state governments can prohibit
contracting out the services already being provided by the Municipal Corporation.
Therefore, while considering any measure of privatization it is necessary to keep in mind the
provisions of the above law, the directions that may have been issued by the state
government under this law in those areas which are not prohibited and where Municipal
Corporation is not currently providing a service. This will check growth in the establishment
costs, bring in economy in expenditure and introduce an element of healthy competition
between the private sector and the public sector in solid waste management services. There

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should be a right mix of private sector and public sector participation to ensure that there is
no exploitation of labour as well as of the management.
NGO/private sector participation can, therefore, be considered in newly developed areas,

under-served areas and particularly in areas where Municipal Corporation have not been
providing service. Some examples are given below:
NGO/private participation is recommended in the areas of door to door collection of

domestic waste, door to door collection of commercial waste, door to door collection of
hospital waste, hotel waste, construction waste, and yard waste, and in the area of
awareness and creating public participation. The private sector may also be brought in for
the operation and maintenance of compost plants and other treatment plants and O& M of
engineered landfill facility.
Major repairs and maintenance of vehicles at a private garage may also be considered
seriously.
8.8.2 Incentives to the NGO/Private Sector
Solid waste management, processing and disposal are an area where the private sector has
still not shown much interest. The private sector has, therefore, to be given some incentives
by way of long term contract, assured supply of garbage at the plant site, lease of land at
nominal rates for entering this field.
NGO as well as Private sector participation may be encouraged in such a way that it does
not affect the interests of the existing labour; it does not violate the provisions of the above
law, does not exploit the private labour and yet reduces the burden of the Municipal
Corporation. This will substantially help in improving the quality of service of the Municipal
Corporation, effect economy in expenditure and also give scope to the private sector to
enter the waste management market.
8.9 IEC and Public Awareness
8.9.1 Introduction
Everyone is concerned with the growing problems of waste disposal in urban areas with the
scarce availability of land for processing and disposal of waste and environmental

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remediation measures becoming ever more expensive. It is therefore necessary to not only
think about effective ways and means to process and dispose of the waste that we generate
each day, it is also essential to seriously consider how to avoid or reduce the generation of
waste in the first place and to consider ways to re-use and recycle the waste, so that the
least quantity of waste needs to be processed and disposed off. Ideally waste should be
minimized at source. Waste that can be avoided stops being a burden for the municipality.
8.9.2 Reduce Reuse Recycle (R -R-R)
In Sankeshwar there is very negligible action on Reduce, Reuse and Recycling of waste. The
quantity of packaging waste material and non-bio-degradable waste is going up alarmingly
every year. This increases the burden on local bodies to deal with the problem of non
biodegradable and non-recyclable components of waste landing up at processing and
disposal sites.
8.9.2.1 R E C OV E RY O F W A S TE BY A L L C O NC E RNE D :
All manufacturers producing a variety of domestic and non-domestic products, food as well
as non-food should be persuaded to seriously endeavor to use re-usable packaging
materials so that after the delivery of goods, the packaging materials could be collected
back and used over and over again. They could also consider minimizing or avoiding use of
unnecessary packaging materials by innovative methods.
Incentives & product discount should be given to consumers for the return of packaging or
bottling materials in good condition, to the waste producers or retailers to promote re-use.
The cost of packed articles and article without packaging material could be kept different
with a choice to consumers to take the article without the packaging material at low cost.
In this era of excessive packaging materials being used, a lot of recyclable waste material is
generated. All-out efforts are necessary to retrieve recyclable material from the households,
shops and establishments and fed to the recycling industries through intermediaries such as
waste purchasers, waste collectors/NGOs, etc.
Recycling means the reprocessing of used materials that would otherwise become waste. It
breaks materials down to its main component and produces new products. Recycling is most
common for valuable material or materials that are costlier if produced from virgin raw

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material (such as metal, plastic, glass, and electronic waste). Recycling of organic matter
produces compost, which can be used as a soil enricher in gardens and horticulture and
which contributes to improved agriculture production.
8.9.2.2 R E U SE :
Efforts should be made to encourage collection of re-usable material through waste

collectors, waste producers, NGOs and private sector instead of allowing reusable waste to
land up on the disposal sites. Bottles, cans, tins, drums and cartons can be reused.
8.9.2.3 R E C OV E RY :
Recovery relates mainly to energy recovered from waste. Waste that can not be reused or
recycled can be, for example, incinerated to generate heat or electricity. Another option for
organic waste is anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The appropriateness of such
recovery strategies depends on the composition and calorific value of waste,
8.9.3 Public Participation
Public participation is the basis for improving the solid waste management. This requires lot
of effort. Public participation is essential in the following activities.
a. Reduce, Reuse & Recycling (R R R) of waste.

b. Not to throw the waste/litter on the streets drains, open spaces, water bodies,
etc.
c. Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste separately at source.
d. Primary collection of waste
e. Community storage/collection of waste in flats, slums, societies, commercial
complexes, etc and other waste source generators.
f. Pay adequately for the services provided.
The local body should decide the methodology to be adopted for reaching the community
and seeking their cooperation and effective participation in SWM services. This is a very
difficult area of activity and unless this is done meticulously, desired results will not be
achieved.
The essential steps in this direction is to select representative samples of the community
and go through a consultative process to ascertain the perceptions of the people about the
SWM services being given to them, their expectations and extent to which they are willing

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to support and participate in the process. Their choice of technological options available
also needs to be ascertained.
There is a need to interact with the community to Identify problems of waste management
through site visits and consultation with local population at the time when the community is
generally available for interaction. It may either be in early morning or late evening. The
areas may be selected by following the method of drawl of representative samples.
Situation analysis may be done by the persons who know the subject reasonably well, know
local language and can communicate with local population effectively. Such persons may be
Non-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organisations or knowledgeable
individuals. They should try to find out the prevalent situation of waste management in the
area under observation and ascertain the perceptions of the people about the services
provided. In this exercise the local councilors, local leaders, NGOs, etc., may be invited to
participate
8.9.3.1 F IND IN G OU T OP TI O NA L S OLU TI O N S
Having identified the deficiencies in the system and known the public perceptions, the next
essential step is to think of optional solutions to tackle the problems, workout the cost
implications and level of public participation needed.
8.9.3.2 C O NSU L T C O M M U NI TY O N OP TI ON S A V A IL A B LE :
There should be second round of consultative process where the options worked out may
be discussed with the community along with cost implications and their support required.
Their suggestions may be sought on each solution proposed. The community may be
encouraged to give their views. If we ask the people straight away the solutions of the
problems they may not be able to give right kind of suggestions as they have no exposure of
various technological options. Therefore, they must be first appraised of the options
available and then asked to give their considered opinion on what will work in their area and
how much they are willing to cooperate.
8.9.4 IEC & Capacity Building
There is a need for capacity building to promote the concept of waste segregation at source.
A detailed plan for capacity building has to be developed. An overview of the concepts, mass

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awareness program involved and training is presented here. A budget for the mass
awareness campaign has been included in the estimates. The success of the segregation
concept is based on the consistent follow up over a long period of time.
In Solid Waste Management (SWM) the people, partnerships, coalitions, resources and skills
very are essential to its successful implementation. Multiple approaches have to be adopted
for creating awareness and participation including.
 Conducting IEC campaigns

 Providing access to repositories of information and resources (e.g. databases,
libraries
 and web sites)
 Trainings (public, customized or on-line)
 Consultation (e.g. coaching, facilitating, expert advice and conducting research)
 Publications
 Coordinating alliances
 Web based forum for interaction among different players
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns are critical for working with
individuals, communities and societies to promote positive behaviors. The IEC strategies
should combine approaches and methods that enable individuals, families, groups,
organizations and communities to play active role in achieving, protecting and sustaining the
desired behavioral change. Solid Waste Management is an activity in which volunteerism
and public participation are the keys to success. It is not only the technology but public
attitude and behavior that are going to make the difference. A participation model for
implementation of Segregation and a table giving details of activities to be practiced are
presented below.
Target Group Area covered in brief Topics

Technical Aspects:
4R Concept-Reduce, reuse, recover, recycle
Institutional Aspects:
Collection & Storage
General Orientation on:
Elected Transportation
Solid Waste Management-
Representatives- Transfer Stations
Technical, Institutional,
Group 1 Role of NGOs/ CBOs
Financial and legal aspects
Financial Aspects:
Budgeting for SWM
Cost recovery for SWM services
Legal Aspects:

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MSW(M&H) Rules, 2000
MSWM in Kerala Municipalities Act
Byelaw
Interactive process for Strategic thinking (by
communities, NGOs, professionals& ULB) to
prioritize SWM issues and to identify
Mobilization for Action,
resources to address them.
Human Resource
Interactive process for improving the
Development
efficiency, effectiveness and the
performance of local SWM systems.
(iii) Steps for Improving SWM
Need for Planning-present inadequacies and
shortfalls.
General Orientation on SWM
How to prepare an SWM Plan (preliminaries
Plan Preparation and
like quantitative and qualitative survey of
Implementation including
MSW , Identification of technology options,
technical & technological
community mobilization, facilitating alliances
aspects
Implementation of SWM Plan Different
technology options Role of different players
Budgeting for SWM
Financial Management
Cost recovery for SWM Services
Legal Policy aspects MSW(M&H) Rules, 2000
What is Monitoring?
What is Evaluation?
Senior Officers Monitoring & Evaluation Record keeping and Documentation
Importance of Monitoring& Evaluation
Monitoring Tools
Human resource for SWM- Capacity
Assessment
Human Resource Development For
SWM(developing personal and organizational
skills, knowledge, abilities of staff;
Human Resource opportunities for employee training,
Management for SWM employee career, performance, coaching,
mentoring, succession planning, key
employee identification etc )
Human Resource Management System for
SWM(payroll, work time, benefits, recruiting,
training, performance
Different Types of MSW
Orientation on Effective
Handling of Hazardous/dangerous items
Field Workers Collection, Segregation and
Primary Collection and Transportation
Transportation of Solid Waste
Tips for effective collection and

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transportation
Source : AIILSG Analysis
As part of this project a budget for awareness creation has been included with the following
objectives.
a) To undertake an awareness campaign to reach about 80,000 household, commercial

establishments and institutions on a door to door basis using Pamphlets and one to
one interaction over a period of 3 months.
b) To undertake a campaign for organizing awareness days at about 150 schools,
educational institutions and other centers across the city.
c) Carrying out 'Waste Management waste Day Events' once a week for a period of 6
months.
These activities would be carried after the procurement of the vehicles and setting up of the
integrated waste processing management facility with scope for processing segregated
waste and recovering resources from the collected segregated waste. The message in the
IEC would be communicate the action taken by the SMC and the expectations from the
community for ensuring that an segregation based integrated waste management facility
becomes a reality.
T ABLE 8-2: A CTION P LAN FOR TARGET GROUPS
S.N. Target Target Group Details Action Plan

Groups
1 Waste Residential Areas (Women Holding locality-wise meetings, seminars,
Generator (household), Maids, targeted community meetings with self-help
children and Youths). groups, through street plays, technical and
Commercial Areas pictorial presentation along with aware them
(Shopping areas, about health hazards and remedial measures
Vegetable markets, and sanitation improvement.
Offices, Hotels, Informing and suggesting them about the
Restaurants). segregated waste management and their
Institutional Areas (Jr. important role.
High Schools, Colleges)
2 Waste Sweepers They all should be involved and sensitize about
Collector Rag pickers the need of segregated waste collection and
Waste loaders sanitation Improvement.
Truck drivers The waste collection, transportation and
Landfill supervisors disposal of the waste in proper timing so that
waste could not be overflow.
The waste collector should be trained about the
collection of segregated waste.
3 Waste Administrators and Presenting them about the Rules and Regulation
Managers supervisors and updating them about the ongoing activities

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S.N. Target Target Group Details Action Plan

Groups
Control and monitoring and techniques for MSW management.
team Training programmes for the technical staffs
Complaint handlers Providing the reviews of progress and
Computer software monitoring activities
operators and specialists
4 Leaders Political Leaders (Local These leaders can be motivated to
MLA, MP) participate actively in promotional efforts of
Religious Leaders community involvement in
Community Leaders segregated solid waste management.
5 School Primary Schools School teachers can be informed and involved in
Teachers Jr. High Schools the segregated solid waste management scheme
and Public Schools and can be motivated to educate the children
Students for the sanitary improvement.
The students can be educated and trained for
the segregated waste management system and
they can be great awareness creators for the
societies.
Some groups of students can be created as
monitoring and awareness team for sanitation
improvement which will make a great impact on
societies and communities.
6 Media Print Media Launching mass campaign for educating and
Electronic Media motivating local communities and families about
the need of segregation of Solid Waste and its
management for sanitation and hygienic
improvement.
7 Elite NGOs, Societies Sensitize and motivate local influential people
groups or CBOs like Sr. citizens, leading businessmen, social club
social Sr. citizens Association members, NGOs and CBOs etc. to undertake or
organizatio Rotary Clubs/ Lions Club sponsor such activities for solid waste
ns management for effective strategy of public
participation and awareness.

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9 Summary of Financial Requirement

The summary of financial requirement for proposed Solid Waste Management DPR is given
in this section. It is recommended to set up and operate an efficient solid waste
management system in the town.
9.1 Requirement of Capital Cost
The table below gives details of the financial requirement as capital expenditure for
improving efficiency of waste management.
T ABLE 9-1 E STIMATE OF V EHICLES , E QUIPMENTS A ND M ACHINERY
Vehicles/Equipment (2017 – 22) Cost / Vehicle Total Cost

Plastic Bins (2 nos.) for Door-to-door collection
Gross Requirement No.s 16580
available at present No.s 4,295
To be Procured No.s 12285 Rs. 0.00121 Rs. 14.86
2.0 Cum Box Tipper for Door-to-door collection
available at present No.s 3
Push Carts with 6 bins for Street sweeping by ULB
Push Carts with 6 bins for Door to Door Collection in Congested Areas
407 for Road Sweeping Waste Collection
Tractor Trailer for Targeted Bulk Collection (Veg Market & Hotels)
Jetting and suction machine for Drain Cleaning

117
Vehicles/Equipment (2017 – 22) Cost / Vehicle Total Cost

Tractor Trailer at Landfill Site
Backhoe Loader at Landfill Site 75 HP
available at present No.s -
Amount required for Vehicles/Equipment 55.21
T ABLE 9-2: E STIMATED B UDGET EXPENDITURE
Sl. Description Total Estimated Continge Grand

No. Amount ncy - 3% Total
1 Collection & Transport 55.21 1.66 56.87
2 Processing Facility 162.14 4.86 167.00
3 Sanitary Landfill & associated facilities 70.23 2.11 72.34
4 Mechanical Component at Processing Facility 5.00 0.15 5.15
5 Leachate Treatment Cost - {Phytorid Technology} 6.09 0.18 6.27
6 Recycling facilities 5.05 0.15 5.20
7 Social Forestry 6.00 0.18 6.18
8 Dry Waste and E Waste Collection Centre 2.41 0.07 2.48
9 BioMining/Bioremediation 4.46 0.13 4.60
10 Rain water Harvesting 10.00 0.30 10.30
11 Existing VCP pits & Shed Repair 5.00 0.15 5.15
Total Estimated Amount 331.59 9.95 341.53
9.2 Funding Pattern
S. No. Government Project contribution source Amount in Rs. % share by Govt.

Lakhs entity
1 Central SBM Grant 119.54 35.00%
2 State Grant towards its share in project 79.68 23.33%
3 Committed contribution by the TMC 102.46 30.00%
4 Deficit 39.86
Total 341.53

118
9.3 Detailed BOQ and Estimates
Name of the work : Civil Work for Windrow Platform @ Sankeshwar

Sr Description of Item Unit No. Length (m) Width Height (m) Qty. Total Final Amount
No (m) Qty Rate
1 Earth work excavation by mechanical means in
hard/ordinary soil involving an average horizontal throw
upto 2 mtrs and average lift upto 0.5mtrs. Excavated
surface levelled and sides neatly dressed etc. the disposed
earth to be levelled neatly after the breaking of clods
completed as per specification MORTH clause 301 Ref. DSR
2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No.19.2.1 pg.no.142
Cum 1 50 40 0.15 300.0 300 32 9450
2 KSRRB M300-59.1. Loosening of the ground upto a level of
400mm below the sub grade level, watered, graded and
compacted in layers ( which includes watering charges and
compaction by vibratory roller)Ref. DSR 2016-17 North
Karnataka Sl No. 19.65, pg.no. 149
Cum 1 50 40 0.15 300.0 300 55 16380
3 KSRRB M400-6.2 Construction of granular sub- base by
providing close graded material , spreading in uniform
layers with motor grader on prepared surface , mixing by
mix in place method by rotavator at OMC and compacting
with vibratory power roller to achieve the desired density ,
complete as per specification.(Grade 2) Ref. DSR 2016-17
North Karnataka KSRB 20.5.2, pg.no. 155
Cum 1 50 40 0.125 250.0 250 1636 408975

119
119

No (m) Qty Rate
4 KSRRB M600-1 Construction of dry lean cement concrete
mix CC1:5:10 with OPC cement @ 160 Kg, with 25 mm
down size graded granite metal coarse aggregate at 0.86
cum and fine aggregates @0.58 Cum Sub-base over a
prepared sub-grade with (coarse and fine aggregate
conforming to IS : 383) aggregate cement ratio not to
exceed 15:1Aggregate gradation after blending to be as per
Table 600-1 cement content mot to be less than
160Kg/Cum, optimum moisture content to be determined
during trial length construction, concrete strength not to be
less than 10 Mpa at 7 days, mixed in a batching plant,
transported to site, laid with a paver with electronic sensor,
compacting with 8-10 tones vibratory roller, finishing and
curing complete as per specifications Ref. DSR 2016-17
North Karnataka KSRB 22.1, pg.no. 176
Cum 1 50 40 0.15 300.0 300 4129 1238580

120

No (m) Qty Rate
5 Construction of un-reinforced plain cement concrete
pavement (PQC)thickness as per design, over a prepared
sub base with OPC cement at 360Kg per cum coarse
aggregate @ 0.69cum and fine aggregate @ 0.46cum, with
superplastisers @3lts conforming to IS9103-1999
Reaffirmed-2008, mixed in a concrete mixer of not less than
0.6cum capacity and appropriate weigh batcher as per
approved mix design, laid in approved fixed side form work
(steel channel, laying and fixing of 125 micron thick
polythene film, wedges, steel plates including levelling the
form work as per drawing) and spreading the concrete with
shovels, rackers compacted using needle, screed and plate
vibrator and finished in a continuous operation including
provision of contraction, expansion, construction and
longitudinal joints, including groove cutting charges, joint
filler, separation membrane, selent primer, joint sealent,
admixtures as approved, curing compound, finishing to
lines and grades as per drawing complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. 22.6
pg.no.177
Cum 1 50 40 0.2 400.0 400 6128 2451120

121

No (m) Qty Rate
6 KSRB 4.9.2: Providing TMT Fe-500 steel reinforcement for
R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending,
hooking, placing in position, lapping and/ or welding
wherever required, tying with binding wire and anchoring
to the adjoining members wherever necessary complete as
per design (laps, hooks and wastage shall not be measured
and paid) cost of materials, labour, HOM of machinery
complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North
Karnataka Sl. No. 4.46.2 pg.no.17
Tonne 4113.3333 12640 16753.333 17.6 18 63453 1116194
7 KSRRB M300-54 Construction of Earthen shoulders with
approved materials obtained from excavation from
departmental land or other sources with all lifts & leads,
spreading, grading to required slope and compaction
complete as per specifications(Which includes watering
charges & compaction by vibratory roller) Ref. DSR 2016-17
North Karnataka Sl. 19.61 pg.no. 148
2 50 0.5 0.45 22.5 0
2 40 0.5 0.45 18.0 0
Cum 40.5 41 445 18031
Total Amount Rs. 52,58,729

122
Name of the work : Civil Work for Monsoon, Machine Shed @ Sankeshwar
Dimensions 40X30 M
Sr Description of Item Unit No Length Width Height Qty. Total Qty Final Amount
No Rate
1 Earth work excavation in hard soil for foundation of
structures by mechanical means as per drawing and
technical specification, including setting out,
construction of shoring and bracing, removal of stumps
and other deleterious matter, dressing of sides and
bottom, backfilling the excavation earth to the extent
required and utilising the remaining earth locally upto 1
km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North
Karnataka Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no. 7
Foundation F1 18 2.05 1.95 1.65 118.7
Foundation F2 9 1.95 1.85 1.65 53.6
Cum 172.3 172.3 56 9588
2 KSRB 4-2.1 Providing and Laying in position plain cement
concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and bedding with
OPC cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm and down size
graded granite metal coarse aggregates @ 0.892cum and
fine aggregates @0.465 cum machine mixed, concrete
laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms. thick, well
compacted, in foundation, including cost of all materials,
labour, machinery, curing complete as per specifications.
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 4.2 pg.no.12
Foundation F1 18 2.05 1.95 0.15 10.8
Foundation F2 9 1.95 1.85 0.15 4.9
Cum 15.7 15.7 5637 88301

123
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
3 KSRB 4.2.2 Providing and Laying in position Reinforced
cement concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @
320 kgs, with 20mm and down size graded granite metal
coarse aggregates @0.69 cum and fine aggregates @
0.460 cum, with superplasticisers @ 3 liters conforming
to is 9103-1999 reafirmed-2008, machine mixed,
concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15 cms thick,
vibrated for all works in foundation for footings, columns
and plinths etc., including the cost of all material, labour,
HOM of machinery, compacting, curing complete but
excluding the cost of reinforcement as per specifications.
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka KSRB 4.2.2,Sl.No.4.11,
pg.no. 13
Foundation F1 18 1.9 1.8 0.45 27.7 0
Foundation F2 9 1.8 1.7 0.45 12.4
Columns upto Plinth Level 27 0.3 0.45 1.525 5.6 0
Cum Total 45.7 45.7 6540 298595
4 KSRB 4.2.8: Providing and laying in position Reinforced
cement concrete of design mix M20, machine mixed,
concrete laid in layers not exceeding 15cms thick,
vibrated for beam, Roof slab including cost of all
materials, labour, machinery, curing complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka
Sl.No.4.13, pg.no. 14
Plinth Beam 24 4.7 0.23 0.38 9.9 0
Columns above plinth level 27 0.3 0.45 4.525 16.5 0

124
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
Cum Total 26.4 26.4 6473 170585
5 KSRB 2.3: Filling available excavated earth in sides of
foundations upto plinth in layers not exceeding 20 cms.
In depth, compacting each deposited layer by ramming
after watering with lead upto 50m. and lift upto 1.5 m.
including cost of all labour complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.no.
2.10, pg.no. 6
Foundation F1 18 2.05 1.95 1.5 107.9
Foundation F2 9 1.95 1.85 1.5 48.7
Filling below Plinth Beam 24 4.7 0.23 0.07 1.82
156.6
Deduction
Foundation F1 18 1.9 1.8 0.45 27.7 0
Foundation F2 9 1.95 1.85 0.45 14.6
Columns upto Plinth Level 27 0.3 0.45 1.525 5.6
47.9
Total 108.8 108.8 133 14504
6 KSRB 4-6.1: Providing and removing centering,
shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of form
work for foundations, footings, bases of Columns for
mass concrete including cost of all materials, labour
complete as per specifications.
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka,Sl.No.4.28, pg.no. 15
Footing F1 18 7.4 0.45 59.9 0
Footing F2 9 7 0.45 28.4

125
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
Columns below plinth 27 1.5 1.525 61.8 0
150.1 150.1 237.3 35607
work for columns, pillars, post and struts, square/
rectangular/ polygon in plan including cost of all
materials, labour complete as per specifications.
Specification No. 4.6.2
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.No.4.35, pg.no. 16
Columns above plinth level 27 1.5 4.525 183.3 0
483.4 483.4 384 185758
work for sides and soffits of beams, beams haunching,
cantilever, girders, bressumers and lintels etc not
exceeding 1 M in depth including cost of all materials,
labour complete as per specifications. Specification No.
4.6.2
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.No.4.34, pg.no. 16
Plinth Beam 24 9.86 0.38 89.9 89.9 269 24171
R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending,
hooking, placing in position, lapping and/ or welding
wherever required, tying with binding wire and
anchoring to the adjoining members wherever necessary
complete as per design (laps, hooks and wastage shall
not be measured and paid) cost of materials, labour,

126
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
HOM of machinery complete as per specifications. Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 4.46.2 pg.no.17
Tonne 5.08 5.08 63453 322022
6 Fabrication supplying and erecting M.S. Angular trusses
of all spans as per approved drawing and design. The
entire trusses is anchored in RCC column by using 4 nose
of M.S. anchor bolts at each support with 10mm thick
base plate and shoe plate. The work includes cutting,
straightening, placing in position of M.S. angles and
welding wherever necessary and applying one coat of red
oxide primer coat to all the members including cost of all
materials, labour charges, and hire charges of
machineries for cutting, welding, grinding and erection
equipments, with all lead and lift, transportation, etc.,
Karnataka Sl.No. 7.30, pg.no. 41
Kg 26802 26802 128 3433336
7 KSRB 8.3-2 Providing and laying to required line and
slope roofing with semi-corrugated (Trafford) asbestos
cement sheet 6mm.thick fixed with galvanized iron J or L
hooks, bolts and nuts 8mm dia. C.I. plain and bitumen
washers, over the existing purlins, rafters and trusses
including cost of materials, labour, complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka
Sl.No.8.6, pg.no. 46
Sqm 4 40 5.85 936.0 936.0 414 387223

127
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
8 KSRB 8.3-4 Providing and fixing Ridges and hips with
asbestos cement sheet roofing with G.I. J or L hooks,
bolts and nuts 8 mm. dia. G.I. plain and bitumen washers,
serrated or plain wings, adjustable ridges, including cost
of materials, labour, complete as per specifications. Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.No.8.8, pg.no. 46
M 2 36.1 72.2 72.2 340.2 24562
9 Providing and laying to required line walls with GI sheet
fixed with hook, bolts and nuts 8mm. Dia. GI plain and
bitumen washers, at the existing angle section including
cost of materials, labour, complete as per spections. Ref.
As per Market rate
2 37 3 222.0
1 30 3 90.0
1 27 3 81.0
Sqm 393.0 393 515 202199
10 KSRB 15-18.1 Applying red lead ready mix priming coat
over new steel or other metal surface including preparing
the surface after thoroughly cleaning oil, grease, dirt and
other foreign matter, and sourced with wire brushes, fine
steel wool, sand papers including cost of materials,
labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17
Belgaum circle Sl. No. 15.73 pg.no.121
Sqm 786.0 786 29 22833

128
Dimensions 40X30 M
No Rate
11 KSRB 15-18.2 Providing and applying enamel metal paint
two coats (excluding priming coat) over new steel or
other metal surface brushing to give an even shed after
cleaning oil, grease, dirt and other foreign matter
including cost of materials, labour, complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 Belgaum circle Sl. No.
15.74 pg.no.121
Sqm 786.0 786 82 64373
Name of the work : Civil Work for Storm Water Gutter @ Sankeshwar
Length of Storm Water Gutter 471 M
Sr Description of Item Unit No. Length Width Height Qty. Total Final Rate Amount
No Qty
1 Earth work excavation by mechanical means in hard/ordinary
soil involving an average horizontal throw upto 2 mtrs and
average lift upto 0.5mtrs. Excavated surface levelled and sides
neatly dressed etc. the disposed earth to be levelled neatly after
the breaking of clods completed as per specification MORTH
clause 301 Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No.19.2.1
pg.no.142
Cum 1 471 0.75 0.65 229.61 230 32 7233

129
No Qty
concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and bedding with OPC
cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm and down size graded granite
metal coarse aggregates @ 0.892cum and fine aggregates
@0.465 cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms. thick, well compacted, in foundation,
including cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing
Karnataka Sl. No. 4.2 pg.no.12
cum 1 471 0.75 0.1 35.325 35 5637 199143
3 KSRB 4.2.2 Providing and Laying in position Reinforced cement
concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @ 320 kgs, with
20mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates
@0.69 cum and fine aggregates @ 0.460 cum, with
superplasticisers @ 3 liters conforming to is 9103-1999
reafirmed-2008, machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for all works in foundation for
footings, columns and plinths etc., including the cost of all
material, labour, HOM of machinery, compacting, curing
complete but excluding the cost of reinforcement as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka KSRB
4.2.2,Sl.No.4.11, pg.no. 13
cum 1 471 0.65 0.1 30.615 31
2 471 0.1 0.45 21.195 21
52 6540 338861

130
No Qty
4 KSRB 4.9.2: Providing TMT Fe-500 steel reinforcement for R.C.C. 629.65 297.67 927.32 0.97 0.97 63452.55 61783
work including straightening, cutting, bending, hooking, placing
in position, lapping and/ or welding wherever required, tying
with binding wire and anchoring to the adjoining members
wherever necessary complete as per design (laps, hooks and
wastage shall not be measured and paid) cost of materials,
labour, HOM of machinery complete as per specifications. Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 4.46.2 pg.no.17
Name of the work : Civil Work for Leachate Collection Tank @ Sankeshwar
Sr Description of Item Unit Total Qty. No. Length Width Height Qty. Final Rate Amount
No.
structures by mechanical means as per drawing and technical
specification, including setting out, construction of shoring
and bracing, removal of stumps and other deleterious matter,
dressing of sides and bottom, backfilling the excavation earth
to the extent required and utilising the remaining earth
locally upto 1 km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts) Ref. DSR 2016-17
North Karnataka Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no. 7
Cum 68 1 7.2 4.2 2.25 68.04 56 3786
concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and bedding with OPC
cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm and down size graded granite

131
No.
metal coarse aggregates @ 0.892cum and fine aggregates
@0.465 cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms. thick, well compacted, in foundation,
including cost of all materials, labour, machinery, curing
Karnataka Sl. No. 4.2 pg.no.12
Cum 3 1 7.2 4.2 0.1 3.024 5637 17048
3 KSRB 4.2.8 Providing and Laying in position reinforced cement
concrete of design mix M20 with OPC cement @ 320kgs, with
20mm and down size graded granite metal coarse aggregates
@ 0.69cum and fine aggregates @ 0.46cum,with
superplastisiser @ 3lts conforming to IS9103-1999
Reaffirmed-2008,machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms thick, vibrated for Footing, Retaining walls,
return walls, walls(Any thickness), including attached
pilasters, bed blocks, etc., including the cost of all materials,
labour, machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka, Sl.No.4.13, pg.no. 14
Footing 1 7.2 4.2 0.35 10.584 0
Tank Walls 1 2 6.2 0.2 1.8 4.464 0
Tank Walls 2 2 3.2 0.2 1.8 2.304 0
Cover Slab 1 6.4 3.4 0.125 2.72 0
Hauch 1 2 6 0.007 0.084 0
Hauch 2 2 3 0.007 0.042 0
Cum 20 20.198 6378 128823
4 KSRB 4-6.5: Providing and removing centering, shuttering,
strutting, propping etc., and removal of form work for
columns, pillers, post and struts, square/ rectangular/

132
No.
polygon in plan including cost of all materials, labour
complete as per specifications. Specification No. 4.6.2Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.No.4.35, pg.no. 16
Footing 1 22.8 0.35 7.98 0
Tank Walls 1 2 12.8 1.8 46.08 0
Tank Walls 2 2 6.8 1.8 24.48 0
Cover Slab 1 19.6 0.125 2.45 0
Cover Slab sides 2 12.014 24.028 0
Hauch 2 6.014 12.028 0
Sqm. 117 117.046 384 44981
R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending, hooking,
placing in position, lapping and/ or welding wherever
required, tying with binding wire and anchoring to the
adjoining members wherever necessary complete as per
design (laps, hooks and wastage shall not be measured and
paid) cost of materials, labour, HOM of machinery complete
as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.
No. 4.46.2 pg.no.17
Tonne 2 2.335 63453 148162
6 Providing Internal Cement Plaster 12mm thick in a single coat
in cement mortar 1:4 to brick masonry including rounding off
corners wherever required smooth rendering,: providing and
removing scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour,
curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17
North Karnataka Sl. No. 15.10 pg.no.113
Tank Walls 1 2 6.2 1.8 22.32
Tank Walls 2 2 3.2 1.8 11.52

133
No.
Sqm. 34 33.84 162 5482
Name of the work : Civil Work for Leachate Collection Drain @ Sankeshwar
Length of Leachate Collection Drain 81 M
Sr No Description of Item Unit Total Qty Final Rate Amount
1 Earth work excavation in hard soil for foundation of structures by mechanical
means as per drawing and technical specification, including setting out,
construction of shoring and bracing, removal of stumps and other deleterious
matter, dressing of sides and bottom, backfilling the excavation earth to the extent
required and utilising the remaining earth locally upto 1 km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts)
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no. 7
Cum 20 56 1102
2 KSRB 12.3.1 Providing and Laying in position plain cement concrete of M 7.5 using
40 mm down size graded granite / trap metal for haunching of 300mm internal
diameter half circular stoneware pipes, concrete machine mixed laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms thick, well compacted, including cost of all materials, labour,
HOM of machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref. As per Market Rate
M 60 762 45720
Total Amount Rs. 46,822

134
Name of the work : Civil Work for Compound Wall @ Sankeshwar

Length of Compound Wall 808 M
Sr Description of Item Unit No. Length (m) Width Height (m) Qty. Total Final Rate Amount
No (m) Qty
construction of shoring and bracing, removal of
stumps and other deleterious matter, dressing of
sides and bottom, backfilling the excavation earth
to the extent required and utilising the remaining
earth locally upto 1 km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts) Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no.
7
Foundation 808 0.8 0.8 0.8 414
Cum 414 413.7 56 23022
2 KSRB 4-2.1 Providing and Laying in position plain
cement concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and
bedding with OPC cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm
and down size graded granite metal coarse
aggregates @ 0.892cum and fine aggregates
@0.465 cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers
not exceeding 15 cms. thick, well compacted, in
foundation, including cost of all materials, labour,
machinery, curing complete as per specifications.
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 4.2
pg.no.12
For Foundation 808 0.8 0.8 0.15 77.57
For Fencing 224 0.36 0.36 0.3 8.73
Cum 86.29 86.3 5637 486480

135

No (m) Qty
shuttering, strutting, propping etc., and removal of
form work for sides and soffits of beams, beams
haunching, cantilever, girders, bressumers and
lintels etc not exceeding 1 M in depth including cost
of all materials, labour complete as per
specifications. Specification No. 4.6.2
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.No.4.34,
pg.no. 16
a 808 0.69 0.15 83.628 0
b 808 0.46 0.15 55.8 0
c 808 0.36 0.35 101.81
wall 727.2 0.23 1.8 301.06
column 224 0.36 0.36 1.8 52.36
Deduction of PCC for fencing 224 0.36 0.36 0.3 8.73
Cum Total 585.9 585.9 269 157485
4 Providing Internal Cement Plaster 12mm thick in a
single coat in cement mortar 1:4 to brick masonry
including rounding off corners wherever required
smooth rendering,: providing and removing
scaffolding, including cost of materials, labour,
curing complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR
2016-17 Belgaum circle Sl. No. 15.10 pg.no.113
Sqm 2 808 1.8 2908.8 2909 162 471225.6
5 Angle iron 40x40x6mm Code No. 0019, pg. No. VII Weight /M
Kgs 224 0.9 3.5 707 707 38 26866

136

No (m) Qty
6 Providing barbed GI wire fencing of 12x12 gauge
drawn into stone pillars or iron pillars including in
holes wherever necessary excluding the cost of
pillars but including the cost of barbed wire and
binding wire etc., complete. Ref. DSR 2016-17
Belgaum circle,Sl.No.37.5, pg.no. 262
M 4 808 3232.0 3232 28 89203
7 Providing and finishing external walls in two coats
with waterproof cement paint of approved brand
and shade to give an even shade after throughly
brooming the surface to remove all dirt and loose
powered material, free from mortar drops and
other foreign matter including cost of materials,
labour, complete as per specifications. Ref. DSR
2016-17 Belgaum circle Sl. No. 15.53.1 pg.no.118
Sqm 2 808.0 1.8 2908.8 2909 69 200707.2
Summary of Cost Estimates

Sr No Component Cost in Rupees Cost in Lakhs
1 Civil Work for Common Facilities @Sankeshwar 25,14,369 25.14
2 Civil Work for Compost, Monsoon, Machine Shed Platform @ Sankeshwar 5258729 52.59
3 Civil Work for Monsoon, Machine Shed @ Sankeshwar 5283660 52.84
4 Civil Work Storm Water Gutter @ Sankeshwar 607019 6.07
5 Civil Work for Leachate Collection Tank @ Sankeshwar 348281 3.48

137
Summary of Cost Estimates

Sr No Component Cost in Rupees Cost in Lakhs
6 Civil Work for Leachate Collection Drain @ Sankeshwar 108277 1.08
7 Civil Work for Compound Wall @ Sankeshwar 1454989 14.55
8 Weigh Bridge 700000 7.00
Total 1,62,75,326 162.75
Name of the work : Civil Work for Dry Waste Collection Centre at Sankeshwar
Area of DWCC 40 Sqm
Sr Description of Item Unit No Length Width Height Qty. Total Final Rate Amount
No Qty
construction of shoring and bracing, removal of
stumps and other deleterious matter, dressing of
sides and bottom, backfilling the excavation earth to
the extent required and utilising the remaining earth
locally upto 1 km lead.(Depth upto 3 Mts) Ref. DSR
2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 2.23.1 pg.no. 7
Foundation 6 0.5 0.5 1 1.5
Cum 1.5 2 56 83

138
Area of DWCC 40 Sqm
No Qty
3 KSRB 4-2.1 Providing and Laying in position plain
cement concrete of mix 1:3:6 for Foundation and
bedding with OPC cement @ 220 Kgs, with 40 mm
and down size graded granite metal coarse
aggregates @ 0.892cum and fine aggregates @0.465
cum machine mixed, concrete laid in layers not
exceeding 15 cms. thick, well compacted, in
foundation, including cost of all materials, labour,
machinery, curing complete as per specifications. Ref.
DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 4.2 pg.no.12
Cum 6 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 5637 8456
2 KSRB 2.3: Filling available excavated earth in sides of
foundations upto plinth in layers not exceeding 20
cms. In depth, compacting each deposited layer by
ramming after watering with lead upto 50m. and lift
upto 1.5 m. including cost of all labour complete as
per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka
Sl.no. 2.10, pg.no. 6
Filling in plinth 1 5 8 0.3 12 0
Cum 12 12.0 133.35 1600
4 Providing and laying flooring with M15 cement
concrete 40 mm thick using broken granite 20 mm
and down size laid to line and level in one layer and
finish with a floating coat of neat cement, including
cost of materials, labour, curing complete as per
specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl.
No. 14.8 pg.no.101

139
Area of DWCC 40 Sqm
No Qty
Sqm 1 5 8 0 40.0 40.0 333 13320
5 Fabrication supplying and erecting M.S. Tubular
trusses of all spans as per approved drawing and
design with prefabricated steel applications using
quality material and are durable, reliable and
corrosion and abrasion resistant. Welding shall
conform to latest structural welding code. Quality
shall be on various parameters like shape, size, design
gauge and polish. The entire trusses is anchored in
RCC column by using 4 nose of M.S. anchor bolts at
each support with 10mm thick base plate and shoe
plate. The work includes cutting, straightening,
placing in position of M.S.pipes and welding wherever
necessary and applying one coat of red oxide primer
coat to all the members including cost of all materials,
labour charges, and hire charges of machineries for
cutting, welding, grinding and erection equipments,
with all lead and lift, transportation, etc., complete as
per specifications. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka
Sl.No. 7.29, pg.no. 41
Kg 1610 1610 110 177100
6 Providing and laying to required line walls with GI
sheet fixed with hook, bolts and nuts 8mm. Dia. GI
plain and bitumen washers, at the existing angle
section including cost of materials, labour, complete
as per specifications. Ref. As per Market rate
Top 1 5 8 40.0 0

140
Area of DWCC 40 Sqm
No Qty
Short Side 2 5 3 30.0
Long Side 2 8 3 48.0
Sqm 121.9 122 490 59731
7 Providing chain link fencing 50 mm size of 8 gauge
properly stretched between existing rectangular poles
and fixed with suitable bolts & nuts, the free ends
shall be welded to the pole and block pipe at top and
bottom as required including cost of all materials,
labour, lead and lifts and as per the directions of the
Engineer-in charge of the work and including
providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over one
coat of shop painting. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North
Karnataka Sl. No. 37.3pg.no. 262
W1 1 8 1.5 12.0
W2 1 8 1 8.0
W3 2 6.25 12.5
Sqm 32.5 33 657 21353

141
Length of Fencing for DWCC 41 M

No (m) (m) (m) Qty
3 Supplying and fixing M.S. Rectangular poles made out of 2

equal angles of 65x65x6 mm welded together and fixed in
CC (1:2:4) with 2 nos 16 mm dia. M.S. hold fast rods each of
leangth 25 cms. Including cost of all materials, cutting,
bending scaffolding wherever necessary, nicely finishing
the welded joints with all lead lifts and as per the directions
of the Engineer-in charge of the work and including
providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over one coat of
shop painting. ( excluding cost of earthwork and concrete )
Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka Sl. No. 37.2 pg.no. 262
RM 26 3.5 91.0 91 920 83720
4 Providing chain link fencing 50 mm size of 8 gauge properly
streched between existing rectangular poles and fixed with
suitable bolts & nuts, the free ends shall be welded to the
pole and block pipe at top and bottom as required including
cost of all materials, labour, lead and lifts and as per the
directions of the Engineer-in charge of the work and
including providing 2 coats of approved quality paint over
one coat of shop painting. Ref. DSR 2016-17 North
Karnataka Sl. No. 37.3pg.no. 262
Sqm 26 2 52.0 52 657 34164

5 Providing barbed GI wire fencing of 12x12 gauge drawn
into stone pillars or iron pillars including in holes wherever
necessary excluding the cost of pillars but including the cost
of barbed wire and binding wire etc., complete. Ref. DSR
2016-17 North Karnataka,Sl.No.37.5, pg.no. 262
M 3 26 78.0 78 28 2153

142
Length of Fencing for DWCC 41 M

No (m) (m) (m) Qty
6 KSRRB M300-8.1. Planting and maintaining of flowering
plants and shrubs in central verge MORTH Specification No.
307 (Duranta) Ref. DSR 2016-17 North Karnataka,
Sl.No.19.86, pg.no. 151
M 26 22 579
7 Providing and fixing M.S. Gate as per Chief Architect
Drawing, using 50mmx50mm 14 gauge M.S. hollow pipe
frame work bent to ornamental shape as shown in the
drawing and 35mm x 6mm and 16mm x 16mm square rods
for verticls alternatively spaced at 4cms c/c in two halves
and 40mm x 6mm M.S. flats for horizontal member and at
the top cast iron spikes are provided at alternate vertical
members as the shown in the drawing etc., complete. All
the steel surface should be thoroughly clean free of dust
and painted with anti corrosive paint (shop paint) etc.,
complete. The work includes cost of all materials, labour
charges for all items of work, hire charges for welding,
cutting and grinding equipment, and electricity charges
with lead and lift, loading and unloading charges, etc.,
Karnataka, Sl.No.7.37, pg.no. 43
Sqm 1 3 1.6 4.8 5 2947 14146
Bio-digester Toilet as per SBM Guidelines including fitting, 30,000
1 30000
Transport
Total Amount 4,46,405

143
9.4 Requirement of Operation and Maintenance cost
The table below gives details of required Operation and Maintenance cost for collection and
transportation of proposed Solid Waste Management System.
T ABLE 9-3: R EQUIREMENT OF M ANPOWER

Man power requirement Required
Collection & Transportation, Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning
Drivers for Door to door collection - Auto Tipper 6
PKs for door to door collection Auto Tipper 6
PKs for door to door collection Push Cart ( Congested Areas) 4
Drivers for street sweeping and C&D collection (Tractor Trailer) 2
PKs for street sweeping and C&D collection (Tractor Trailer) 6
PKs for street sweeping (Sweeper) 20
Drivers for Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste Collection 1
PKs for Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste Collection 3
Driver for Jetting and Suction Machine 1
PK for Jetting and Suction Machine 1
DWCC
PK at DWCC 2
Processing Site
Driver for Tractor Trailer and backhoe loader at Landfill site 1
PK for Tractor Trailer at Landfill site 1
Processing Plant Manager at Landfill Site 1
PK at Landfill Site 2
Security Guard 1
T ABLE 9-4: O & M COST R EQUIREMENT FOR M ANPOWER
Total Perm Contract/ Salary / Monthly Yearly

required anent outsource month/ person expenses expenses
Drivers – Auto tippers and
10 0 10 12150.6 151,883 1822590
Tractor Trailer
JCB operator 1 0 1 12700.6 15,876 190509
Pourkarmikas 44 15 29 14025.6 508,428 6101136
Processing Plant Manager at 0
1 1 15765.6 19,707 236484
Landfill Site
Security Guard 1 0 1 11204.6 14,006 168069
Total salary of permanent 39.37
staff (existing) in Lakh Rs.
Total Salary of Proposed Staff
57 42 12456188
(in Lakhs)
Total Salary of Proposed
124.56
Staff (in Lakhs) in Lakhs Rs.
Total Salaries of Staff 124.56
T ABLE 9-5: O &M EXPENDITURE
Fuel (Rs. 60/ Lit.) No of Fuel Required Monthly Annual

Vehicles (Lit. / Day) Expense Expense
Auto tipper 6 4 43,200 518,400
Tractor Trailer for street Sweeping 2 8 28,800 345,600
Loaders vehicle at land fill site 2 14 50,400 604,800

144
144
Fuel (Rs. 60/ Lit.) No of Fuel Required Monthly Annual

Vehicles (Lit. / Day) Expense Expense
Jetting and Suction machine 1 8 14,400 172,800
Tractor Trailer for Bulk Waste 1 8 14,400 172,800
Bio-culture @ Rs. 60/- per Kg, plus 800 gms At rate of Rs.
12,243 146,912
transportation cost. per tonne 60/- per Kg
Power No. of Rate per Unit
Units (Rs.)
Power 100 15,000 180,000
AMC Charges
AMC for vehicles @ 5% 600923
AMC for Machinery & Equipments @ 5% 250000
Water Charges
Water Supply 15 4,500 54,000
Other No of staff Rs per year
Baggage and packing cost Lumpsum 8,000 96,000
Transportation Lumpsum 5,000 60,000
Office cost Lumpsum 4,000 48,000
Additives Lumpsum 5,000 60,000
Misc Lumpsum 3,000 36,000
Total Salaries of Staff Rs. 1,24,56,188
Total Proposed O & M Expenditure Rs. 1,58,02,423
9.5 Revenue from sale of compost & User Charges
The requirement of charges to be collected from residential households and commercial

entities and revenue from sale of compost to run Solid Waste Management Facility is
explained in the table below.
T ABLE 9-6: P ROPOSED R EVENUE G ENERATION
Waste Generators No of Generators

Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Population 36942 37327 37711 38096 38481 39251
Total HH / Properties 8290 8539 8795 9059 9331 9611
Non Slum HH Total 7534 7760 7992 8232 8479 8733
Non Slum HH big 2260 2328 2398 2470 2544 2620
Non Slum HH small 5273 5432 5595 5762 5935 6113
Slum HH 757 780 803 827 852 877
Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 3 3 3 3 3 3
Hotels – big 6 6 6 7 7 7
Hotels - small 27 27 27 27 27 27
Meat shops, Slaughterhouse 21 22 22 23 24 24

145
Waste Generators No of Generators

Bulk Generators (a+b+c) 57 58 58 60 61 61
Petty Shops 398 410 422 435 448 461
Institutions 15 15 16 16 17 17
Other Commercials (d+e) 413 425 438 451 465 479
User Charges (Rs / Month)
Non Slum HH big 35 40 46 53 61 70
Non Slum HH small 30 35 40 46 52 60
Slum HH 25 28 30 33 37 40
Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 400 500 600 700 800 900
Hotels big 300 400 500 600 700 800
Hotels small 200 300 400 500 600 700
Meat shops/Slaughterhouse 80 60 70 80 90 100
Petty Shops 50 60 70 80 90 100
Institutions 100 110 120 130 140 150
Total Recovery from User Charges
Non Slum HH big 0.67 0.80 1.00 1.18 1.48 1.75
Non Slum HH small 1.34 1.59 2.00 2.37 2.96 3.50
Slum HH 0.16 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.30 0.34
Veg. Markets + Marriage Halls 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
Hotels big 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Hotels small 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.19
Meat shops/Slaughterhouse 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Petty Shops 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06
Institutions 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.69
Total Monthly 2.71 3.19 3.93 4.63 5.67 6.64
Revenue from User Charges (in
Lakhs) 32.46 38.29 47.20 55.53 68.08 79.70
Compost Sale
Total Compost Generated
(MT/Year) 707.91 715.27 722.64 730.01 737.39 752.14
Sale Value of Compost (Rs/ Kg) 2.50 2.50 2.66 2.84 3.02 3.22
Revenue from Sale of Compost 17.70 17.88 19.24 20.70 22.27 24.19
Revenue from Recyclable waste 1.65 2.00 2.36 2.73 3.10 3.48
Total Revenue 51.81 58.17 68.81 78.95 93.44 107.36
O&M Expenses Proposed 158.02 168.30 179.24 190.89 203.29 216.51
Recovery Proposed 32.79% 34.56% 38.39% 41.36% 45.97% 49.59%
9.6 Financing of O&M expenses

Sl.
Description Rs. In Lakhs
No
1 O&M Expenses Proposed 158.02
2 Revenue by sale of compost and by-products (A) 17.70

146
Sl.
Description Rs. In Lakhs
No
3 Revenue by way of User Charges (B) 32.46
4 Revenue from sale of recyclables (C) 1.65
Total revenue proposed (A + B + C) 51.81
Deficit = Proposed total O&M cost – Proposed total revenue generated 106.21
5. 75% of Proposed Labour cost to be obtained from untied grants such as SFC etc. 45.76
6. 100% SFC grant for permanent staff member 39.37
9.7 Breakup of Financial Aspect

Sl. Particulars Capital Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) O&M
No. Cost (Rs.
Civil Vehicles & In Lakhs)
Components Machineries
a Door-to-door collection & transportation 29.40 5.18
b Street sweeping & other cleaning activities and
2.54 5.18
transportation
c Dry waste collection centre 4.60 5.20
d Secondary collection & transportation 1.73
e Waste Processing (Aerobic Composting (organic
167.00 5.15 11.12
waste) Including civil works total capital cost)
f Waste disposal and Leachate treatment 78.61 24.92 7.85
g Bio-mining if considered 10.30
h Others (Social Forestry, Rain Water Harvesting) 13.81 2.40
i Salaries of Staff 124.56
274.32 67.22
Total Cost 341.53 158.02
Cost / Ton Rs 26.41 lakhs Rs. 3183

147
Annexure 1. Legal Aspects
The legal framework for solid waste management stems from the Municipality Act, the state
policy on solid waste management and the MSW rules 2016 and associates rules. It is
advisable to incorporate in the responsibilities of the various stakeholders to enable
enforcement of proper solid waste management.
The following legal provisions may be incorporated in the ULB by-laws
Duties of waste generators.-

(1) Every waste generator shall,
(a) segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely
bio-degradable, non bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and
handover segregated wastes to authorized waste pickers or waste collectors as per the
direction or notification by the local authorities from time to time;
(b) wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc., in the pouches
provided by the manufacturers or brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping
material as instructed by the local authorities and shall place the same in the bin meant for
dry waste or non- bio-degradable waste;
(c) store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his
own premises and shall dispose off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste
Management Rules, 2016; and
(d) store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately in
his own premises and dispose of as per the directions of the local body from time to time.
(2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on
streets, open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified
in the bye-laws of the local bodies.
(4) No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at
any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days in
advance and such person or the organizer of such event shall ensure segregation of waste at
source and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified by
the local body.
(5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated

148
148
during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers,
coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such waste at waste
storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
(6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of
notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of
waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of
segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the
authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be
processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the
premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or
agency as directed by the local body.
(7) All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within one
year from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body,
ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules,
facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material
to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorized recyclers. The bio-degradable
waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation
within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste
collectors or agency as directed by the local body.
(8) All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the date of notification of these
rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source as
prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams,
handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised
recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through
composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste
shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.
Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village Panchayats of census towns and
urban agglomerations.-
The local authorities and Panchayats shall,-

(a) prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid

149
waste management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and
strategy and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or Union
territory Administration or agency authorised by the State Government or Union territory
Administration;
(b) arrange for door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households
including slums and informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other non
residential premises. From multi-storage buildings, large commercial complexes, malls,
housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other designated
location;
(c) establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste
collectors and promote and establish a system for integration of these authorised waste-
pickers and waste collectors to facilitate their participation in solid waste management
including door to door collection of waste;
(d) facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter
encourage integration in solid waste management including door to door collection of
waste;
(e) frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules within one year from the
date of notification of these rules and ensure timely implementation;
(f) prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect the fee from
the waste generators on its own or through authorised agency;
(g) direct waste generators not to litter i.e throw or dispose of any waste such as paper,
water bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit peel, wrappers, etc., or burn
or burry waste on streets, open public spaces, drains, waste bodies and to segregate the
waste at source as prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated waste to
authorised the waste pickers or waste collectors authorised by the local body;
(h) setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space
for sorting of recyclable materials to enable informal or authorised waste pickers and waste
collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and provide easy access to waste pickers
and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal,
glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; Bins for
storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable
wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed black;

150
(i) direct street sweepers not to burn tree leaves collected from street sweeping and
store them separately and handover to the waste collectors or agency authorised by local
body;
(j) provide training on solid waste management to waste-pickers and waste collectors;
(k) collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry and fish market on day to
day basis and promote setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation plant
at suitable locations in the markets or in the vicinity of markets ensuring hygienic
conditions;
(l) collect separately waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on
alternate days or twice a week depending on the density of population, commercial activity
and local situation;
(m) transport segregated bio-degradable waste to the processing facilities like compost
plant, bio-methanation plant or any such facility. Preference shall be given for on site
processing of such waste;
(n) transport non-bio-degradable waste to the respective processing facility or material
recovery facilities or secondary storage facility;
(o) involve communities in waste management and promotion of home composting, bio-
gas generation, decentralised processing of waste at community level subject to control of
odour and maintenance of hygienic conditions around the facility;
(zc) educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door to door
collection of segregated waste and
transporting the unmixed waste during primary and secondary transportation to processing
or disposal facility;
(zd) ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment
including uniform, fluorescent
jacket, hand gloves, raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers handling solid
waste and the same are used by the workforce;
(zf) frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of spot fine for persons who litters or
fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and delegate powers to officers or local
bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and
(zg) create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign
and educate the waste generators on the following; namely:-

151
(i) not to litter

(ii) minimise generation of waste;
(iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible;
(iv) practice segregation of waste into bio–degradable, non-biodegradable (recyclable
and combustible),
(v) practice home composting, vermi-composting, bio-gas generation or community
level composting;
(vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in the pouches provided
by the brand owners or a suitable wrapping as prescribed by the local body and
place the same in the bin meant for non- biodegradable waste;
(vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different bins;
(viii) handover segregated waste to waste pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or
waste collection agencies; and
(ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors or local bodies or any other
person authorised by the local body for sustainability of solid waste management.
Legal Provisions related to Solid Waste Management and Sanitation under Karnataka
Municipal Act 1964
Clause Sub clause Provision
Compulsory acquisition of land -Whenever a municipal council
requires any immovable property for the purposes of this Act, the
Government may, at the request of the municipal council procure
75
the acquisition thereof under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and
the immovable property shall be transferred to the municipal
council and shall thereafter vest in such council.
Chapter V Obligatory and Discretionary Functions of Municipal Councils
Obligatory functions of municipal councils related to Sanitation –
cleansing public streets, places and sewers, and all spaces not being
private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public,
87 C
whether such spaces are vested in the municipal council or not,
removing noxious vegetation and abating all public nuisances
e regulating or abating offensive or dangerous trades or practices
providing covered metallic receptacles and covered metallic
receptacles mounted on wheels for use by servants employed by the
municipal council for the removal of night soil and rubbish and
r
disposing of night-soil and rubbish and, if so required by the
Government, preparation of compost manure from such night-soil
and rubbish
Discretionary functions of municipal councils related to Sanitation –
Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes
91 k and other appliances whatsoever on or for the use of private
premises for receiving and conducting the sewage thereof into a

152

sewer under the control of the municipal council
Chapter IX Powers and Offences

Powers connected with Drainage and Water Works
193 Municipal control over drains, etc.
194 Powers for making drains
195 Sufficient drainage of houses
Power of owners and occupiers of 1[buildings or vacant lands]1 to
196
drain into municipal drains
Right to carry drain through land or into drain belonging to other
197
persons
199 Provision of privies, etc
201 Power to close existing private drains
203 Encroachment on municipal drains, etc
206 Power of carrying water mains, etc
Powers for the prevention of nuisance
Depositing dust, etc. - Whoever deposits or causes or suffers any
member of his family or household to deposit any dust, dirt, dung or
ashes, or garden, kitchen or stable refuse, or filth of any kind, or any
224 1
animal matter or any broken glass or earthenware or other rubbish
or any other thing that is or may be a nuisance, shall be punished
with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Except with the permission of the municipal council, disposal of any
nightsoil into any sewer, drain, culvert, tunnel, gutter or water-
2
course, same, shall be punished with fine which may extend to
twenty-five rupees.
Discharging sewage, etc - Whoever causes or allows the water of
any sink or sewer or any other liquid or other matter which is or
which is likely to become offensive, or causes or allows any offensive
matter from any sewer or privy to run, drain or be thrown into a
225
surface drain in any street, without the permission in writing of the
municipal council or who fails to comply with any condition
prescribed in such permission, shall be punished with fine which
may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Removal of nightsoil
The municipal council may from time to time fix the hours during
which only it shall be lawful to remove any night-soil or other such
offensive matter.
(b) at any time, whether such hours have been fixed by the
227 1
municipal council or not,-
(i) uses for any such purpose any cart, carriage, receptacle or vessel
not having a covering proper for preventing the escape of the
contents thereof and of the stench therefrom, or
(ii) wilfully or negligently slops or spills any such offensive matter in

153

the removal thereof, or
(iii) does not carefully sweep and clean every place in which any
such offensive matter has been slopped or spilled, or
(iv) places or sets down in any public place any vessel containing
such offensive matter, or
(v) drives or takes or causes to be driven or taken any cart, carriage,
receptacle or vessel used for any such purpose as aforesaid through
any street or by any route, other than such as shall from time to
time be appointed for that purpose by the municipal council by
public notice,
shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Provision of bathing facilities -The municipal council may set apart
233 1 sufficient public places for the purpose of being used as bathing
places
Fouling water.—Whoever, bathes in any stream, pool, tank,
reservoir, well, cistern, conduit and aqueduct belonging to the
municipal council, or washes, or causes to be washed therein any
234
animal or anything whatever, or throws, puts or casts or causes to
enter therein any animal or anything, shall be punished with fine
which may extend to fifty rupees.
Regulation of washing of clothes by washermen.— The municipal
council may, by public notice, prohibit the washing of clothes by
235 1
washermen in the exercise of their calling, except at such places as it
shall appoint for this purpose;
2 The municipal council shall provide suitable places for the exercise
Abatement of nuisances from wells, etc.— If, in the opinion of the
municipal council, any pool, ditch, quarry excavation is or is likely to
236 1 become a breeding place of mosquitoes or in any other respect a
nuisance, the municipal council may, by notice in writing, require the
owner thereof to fill up, cover over or drain off
Using offensive manure, etc - Whoever, except with the written
permission of the municipal council, and in the manner, if any,
238 enjoined in such permission stores or uses nightsoil or other manure
or substance emitting an offensive smell shall be punished with fine
which may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Tethering cattle, etc.—Whoever tethers cattle or other animals, or
causes or suffers them to be tethered by any member of his family
or household, in any public street or place so as to obstruct or
239
endanger the public traffic therein, or to cause a nuisance, or who
causes or suffers such animals to stray about without a keeper, shall
be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Feeding animals on filth.—Whoever feeds any animal which is kept
for dairy purposes or is intended for human food on excrementitious
240 matter, stable refuse, filth, or other offensive matter, or permits
such animal to feed or to be fed on such matter, shall be punished
with fine which may extend to fifty rupees.

154

Consumption of smoke - (2) If any person shall, after such direction,
use or permit to be used, any such furnace not so constructed,
supplemented, or altered, or shall so negligently use, or permit to be
used, any such furnace that the smoke arising there from shall not
be effectually consumed or burnt as far as may be practicable, every
241 2
person so offending being the owner or occupier of the said works
or buildings or being an agent or other person employed by such
owner or occupier for managing the same, shall be punished with
fine which may extend to fifty rupees and upon any subsequent
conviction with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees:
Prohibition of nuisance.—Whoever, carries meat exposed to public
242 iv view, shall, be punished with fine which may extend to one hundred
rupees
Regulation of markets, sale of goods, etc.
Licensing markets, slaughter houses and certain businesses -
Whoever uses or permits the use of any place contraty to the
direction, or without the licence required by sub-section (1), or in
243 2
contravention of any of the conditions or during the suspension of
the licence shall be punished with fine which may extend to twenty-
five rupees
Opening, closing and letting of markets and slaughter houses - Any
person who, without the permission or licence of the municipal
244 2 council, sells or exposes for sale any articles in the said markets, or
uses the said slaughter houses, shall be punished with fine which
may extend to twenty-five rupees.
Slaughter houses, etc., beyond municipal limits.—It shall be lawful
for the municipal council with the sanction of the Deputy
Commissioner, to establish slaughter houses, or places for the
246 disposal of carcasses of animals beyond the limits of the 1[municipal
area]1 and all provisions of this Act and of bye-laws in force
thereunder relating to such places within municipal limits shall have
full force therein, as if such places were within the municipal limits.
Chapter XIII Rules and Bye - Laws
Power to make bye-laws - Subject to the provisions of this Act and
the rules made thereunder, every municipal council may from time
to time make, alter or rescind bye-laws –
(a) for the regulation and inspection of markets, all public places
used for the sale of articles, and slaughter houses and all places used
324 1 by or for animals which are for sale or hire or the produce of which
is sold, and for the proper and clean conduct of business therein, for
regulating the sale of fruits, flowers and vegetables, or meat, fish,
eggs and animals in the municipal markets or other specified places,
and for fixing the rents and other charges to be levied for the use of
any of them which belong to the municipal council

155

(l) for the regulation of advertisements and their display
In making any bye-laws under sub-section (1), the municipal council
2
may provide that a contravention thereof shall be punishable,—
Every bye-law made by a municipal council under this section shall
not have effect until it has been approved by the Government; and
5 every such bye-law shall be submitted to the Government along with
a copy of the notice published under sub-section (4) and of every
objection or suggestion received with respect to the draft bye-law.
Every bye-law as approved by the Government shall be published in
the prescribed manner and shall come into force from such date as
7
may be specified by the municipal council and where no date is
specified on the date of such publication.
Power of Government to make model bye-laws and adoption of such
bye-laws by municipal councils. –
(1) In respect of any of the matters specified in section 324 the
325 1 Government may, after previous publication of the draft for not less
than one month, make model bye-laws, and such bye-laws may be
different for different classes of 1[municipal areas]1. 1. Substituted
by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.
A municipal council may by resolution adopt the model bye-laws in
respect of any matter, and such bye-laws shall come into force in
2 such 1[municipal area]1 from such date as the municipal council may
specify in a notice published in the prescribed manner. 1.
Substituted by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.
If a municipal council proposes to adopt the model bye-laws in
respect of any matter subject to any modifications, the procedure
specified in sub-sections (4), (5) and (6) of section 324 shall be
followed as if the modifications were bye-laws proposed to be made
3 by the municipal council. The modifications as approved by the
Government shall be published in the prescribed manner and the
model bye-laws shall subject to such modifications come into force
from such date as may be specified by the municipal council and
where no date is specified on the date of such publication.
a) The Government may by order direct any municipal council to
adopt the model bye-laws in respect of any matter, within such
period not being less than three months from the date of receipt of
the direction by the municipal council. (b) If the municipal council
fails to take any action for adopting the model bye-laws with or
4
without modifications, the Government may by notification declare
that the said model bye-laws shall come into force in the said
1[municipal area]1 from such date as may be specified in such
notification, and such bye-laws shall come into force accordingly. 1.
Substituted by Act 36 of 1994 w.e.f. 1.6.1994.
The provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding
5
anything contained in section 324.

156
Annexure 2. Solid Waste Chemical Analysis

157
Annexure 3. Waste Generation Estimation
Waste Generation from Households Samples

Daily Survey Report Survey Location Residential (Household)
Avera
Ward Name of the ge
S.No. Street Name Weight in kg
No. respondent
Day 1: Day 2: Day 3:
1 10 Mddi galli Sadashiv Gurling Sundle 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 9 Mddi galli Ram Gadakari 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ramchandra Shivaji
3 9 Mulli gali Kunde 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.6
Balasaheb Subhaj
4 9 Tahsildar Gali Jandhle 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7
Shankar Dindapa
5 8 Sansudi gali Sansud 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.6
6 19 Varigadi gali Sunil Kurne 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.3
7 Hanuman nagar Mahendra Kulpa Koli 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5
8 Hanuman nagar P. N. Chandare 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6
9 Hanuman nagar Laxmi Patil 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
10 Hanuman nagar Desai 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7
11 Hanuman nagar Pravin Ramane 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7
12 Hanuman nagar Maruti Bhargali 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.1
13 Hanuman nagar Kushal Patil 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.4
14 Anant Vidya nagar Maruti Naynuvar 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3
15 Anant Vidya nagar Imabu Segadi 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7
16 Anant Vidya nagar Niyaj Makandar 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
17 Anant Vidya nagar Shankar Dinde 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.7
18 Anant Vidya nagar Chidanand Vadkar 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.7
19 Anant Vidya nagar Naikavadi 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.7
20 Anant Vidya nagar Parasram Kolikitar 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7
Total 0.7
Waste Generation from Slum Households Samples

Ward Name of the
S.No. Street Name
No. respondent Day 1: Day 2: Average
Weight in kg
1 Vadar galli Rajasri Manovudar 1.5 1.5 1.0
2 Maddi galli Mahesh Milke 0.5 0.5 0.3
3 Mali galli Maruti Bhore 0.2 0.5 0.2

158
4 Marketyard Dhenpal Chougule 0.5 1 0.5

5 Marketyard Shankar Labrek 1 2 1.0
0.6
Waste Generation from Commercial Establishments Samples

S.No. Street Name Name of the respondent Weight in kg Avera
Day 1: Day 2: Day 3: ge
1 Near Bus stand/ST Stand Apsara Bekary 1 1 1 1.0

2 Near Bus stand/ST Stand Dhanlaxmi Medical 0.5 1 0.5 0.7
Co-operative printing
3 press Dhanlaxmi Medical 9 8 9 8.7
4 S. G. Road, near TMC Bharat Automobile 3 3 2 2.7
5 Housing colony Sanjay Furniture 5 4 6 5.0
6 S. R. Nagar Sankeshwar Vitthal Kirana Shop 0.5 1 0.5 0.7
7 S. R. Nagar Sankeshwar Swami vivekanand Co-op 3 2 2 2.3
8 Gurundeshwar Complex Ashok Thakkar 2 1 2 1.7
Old Tedi Road,
9 Sankeshwar Maruti Medical 2 2 1.5 1.8
10 Dhundeshwar complex M. S. Gariji 3 2 3 2.7
11 Burud galli, Sankeshwar Ingale Kirana state 0.08 0.1 0.05 0.1
Balasi multipurpose
12 Maddi galli, Sankeshwar society 0.5 1 0.5 0.7
13 Post road, Sankeshwar Karnataka Urban Bank 2.5 3 2 2.5
14 Sankeshwar road HP Gas 2.5 2 2.5 2.3
College road,
15 Sankeshwar Nadimar Bakery (S Kumar) 3 3 2 2.7
2.36
Waste Generation from Large Hotels Samples
S.No. Street Name Name of the respondent Weight in kg

Average
1 Sankeshwar Bus stand Ravi Mandan 35 40 37 37.3
2 Nandi Delux Anand Shetti 26 28 25 26.3
3 P. B. Road Lalit Hotel 19 20 19 19.3
4 P. B. Road Prashant Shetti 28 30 35 31.0
5 P. B. Road Sudhakar Shetti 20 25 22 22.3
27.27

159
Waste Generation from Small Hotels Samples

Average
1 ST Stand Kakade Hotel - 2 2 1.3
2 Maddi galli Suryakant Hotel 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4
3 P. B. Road Shanti Sagar 2 2 1.3
4 Hotel New Shirin Shinde Bhaji Centre 1.5 1 1 1.2
5 ST Stand Subhash Tisdol 2 2 2 2.0
6 Old P. B. Road Rajvardhan 3 5 5 4.3
Total 1.1
Waste Generation from Institutions Samples

Average
APMC, Sankeshwar State Government Day 1: Day 2: Day 3:
1 Atmadevi Kanya School 8 8 7 7.7
2 Sahakari girls' school 5 4 5 4.7
3 Sahakari boys' school 6 5 5 4.1
Total 5.5
Waste Generation from Vegetable Markets

Average
1 Dhundeshwar road Dhundeshwar Bhaji market 700 700 700 700
Waste Generation from Meat Shops Samples

Average
1 Old P. B. Road Sagar Chicken Centre 6 4 7 5.7
2 Old P. B. Road Star Chicken Centre 9 10 10 9.7
3 Old P. B. Road Bidar Mutton shop 4 4 5 4.3
6.6

160
Annexure 4. HH Survey Analysis

Questionnaire Format
1. City 11. No of members in the House

2. Name of Surveyor 12. Who gives the waste in your
house?
Male
3. Name of City Female
Any
Nippani CMC
Gokak CMC
Sankeshw ar TMC 13. Age of Person Giving waste
Chikkodi TMC 14. At What time are most people at
Bailhongal TMC
Saundatti TMC home
Ramdurg TMC in Afternoon from 10am to 1 pm
Mudalgi TMC Morning up to 10 Am
Athani TMC
Khanapur TP
15. Daily Waste Generated in kg
4. Ward Number 16. Frequency of Door to Door Waste
collection
Daily
5. Locality Weekly
Once in 2 Days
Not Collected
6. Date 17. Reasons for Door to Door Waste

collection not Happening
No one is coming for D2D connection
7. Location of City Our area is not accesible for D2D collection vehicle
I am not at home w hen they come, time does not match
Latitude (decimal degrees, e.g. -42.454):
They do not come at a fixed time
Did not know about the system
Not Applicable
Longitude (decimal degrees, e.g. 115.55):

18. Do you know what is wet waste
and dry waste
Personal Information
Yes
8. Name of Respondent No
19. Do you segregate waste as wet

9. Age waste & dry waste
Yes
10. Highest Educational Qualification No
of the Family head
20. Why don't you segregated Waste
Primary Education
Secondary Education No time
Higher Secondary Do not w ant to /or have separate bins
Graduate Get confused on w hat to throw w here
Post Graduate

161
21. If given separate bins will you 28. If not paying are you willing to pay
segregate for improved Services
Yes Yes
No No
22. Do you think your neighborhood is 29. How much you are willing to pay
kept clean by the municipality for improved SWM system /
Yes Month
they do not collect w aste regularly
they do not sw eep roads properly Up to 20
People throw garbage on road 21 to 30
31 to 50
51 to 70
23. Are there adequate Municipality
container bins in the locality 30. Exposure to IEC
Yes 31. Do You Own A TV
No
Yes
No
24. Frequency of Waste Collection
from Municipality Container Bin 32. Do you take daily newspaper
Tw ice a Day Yes
Daily No
Once in 2 Days
Weekly 33. What Kind of Awareness program
Randomly
do you prefer
25. Willingness to Pay & Contributions Community meeting
Pamphlet
26. Do you pay for Solid Waste Street plays
Management System Announcements
Advertisements
Yes
No
34. Save Response
27. How much do you pay / month
1. The following pie chart depicts the highest educational qualification of the family
head and the percentage.
Highest Educational Qualification of Family Head
6% 3%
4%
23%
Graduate
Higher Secondary
Post Graduate
Primary Education
Secondary Education
64%

162
This chart shows that majority of the population (family heads) have basic primary
education (64%), many have secondary education and are graduates and very few
having postgraduate education (3%).
2. This pie chart depicts the percentage of who in the family gives waste to waste
collectors
Who Gives Waste in your House
5%
38%
Any
Female
Male
57%
This chart shows that in majority of the households, the waste is given by the
females (57%)
3. This pie chart depicts the percentage of people who are at home at particular time
periods.
Time when people are at home
17%
in Afternoon from 10am to 1 pm

Morning up to 10 Am
83%
In this chart, it is seen that 83% of the population are available up to 10 am to give the
waste, whereas 17% are available between 10 am to 1 pm.

163
4. The following chart shows the frequency of door to door waste collection
Frequency of door to door collection
5%
7%
7%
Daily
Not Collected
Once in 2 Days
Weekly
81%
In majority of the households, namely 81%, the waste is collected on a daily basis and 7% of
the households exists whose waste is not collected via door to door collection.
5. Frequency of people knowing the difference between wet waste and dry waste is
shown in this chart.
Do you know what is wet waste and dry waste
25%
No
Yes
75%
It is seen in this chart that 75% of the city’s population don’t know the difference
between dry waste and wet waste.
6. This chart shows the frequency of people who segregate dry and wet waste at
household level.

164
Segregation of wet waste and dry waste
9%
No
Yes
91%
Out of the above 75% population, only 9% people carry out segregation of wet and dry
waste whereas 91% do not segregate the household waste.
7. This pie chart depicts the reasons for not segregating waste at household level and
the frequency thence.
Reasons for not segregating waste
10%
Do not want to /or have

13% separate bins
Get confused on what to throw
where
No time
77%
Out of the above 91%, when asked the reason for not segregating their household
waste, 77 % of the people said that they do not have time for segregation while the
remaining either do not have separate bins or are not fully aware of the difference
between dry and wet waste.
8. This chart shows the frequency of people who are willing to segregate waste if given
separate bins for dry and wet waste.

165
Count of HH who will segregate if given separate bins
16%
No
Yes
84%
Of the above population, only 16% of the people are ready to segregate wet and dry waste if
provided with separate bins by the municipal council.
9. This chart shows the frequency of people who think that their neighborhood is kept
clean by municipality.
Is your neighborhood kept clean by municipality
5%
10% People throw garbage on road
they do not collect waste

11%
regularly
they do not sweep roads
properly
74% Yes
When asked if their respective neighborhoods were kept clean by the municipality,
74% of the people were of a positive opinion whereas the others said that the waste
was not regularly collected or the roads are not swept properly.
10. Following pie chart depicts the frequency of collection from container bins in
Sankeshwar.

166
Frequency of Waste Collection from Municipality Container bin
10%
Daily
Once in 2 Days
18%
Randomly
Twice a Day
60%
3% Weekly
9%
The waste from municipality container bins is collected daily according to 60% of the
people, 18 % people said the waste is collected twice a day and others are of the opinion
that it is collected either weekly or once in two days.
11. Whether people pay for SWM system is shown in the following pie chart.
Do you pay for SWM system
9%
No
Yes
91%
The above chart shows that 9% of the population pay for the current solid waste
management system, whereas 91% do not.
12. This pie chart depicts the amount paid by people for SWM system.

167
How much do you pay per month
0% 1% 0% 1%
0%
0%
1%
0 1 2
8 10 15
120 240
97%
The above chart shows that majority of the people paying for SWM system pay 0
rupees (97%)
13. This chart shows the frequency of people who are willing to pay (if not already
paying) for improved services.
Are you willing to pay for improved services (if not paying)
5%
No
Yes
95%
Out of the people not currently paying for SWM system, 95% are not willing to pay,
whereas 5% are.
14. This chart shows the amount of money that people are willing to pay for improved
services.

168
Amount willing to pay

1% 0%
21 to 30
51 to 70
Up to 20
99%
Out of the above 5%, 99% of the people are willing to pay 20 rupees or less, and 1% are
willing to pay 21 to 30 rupees.
15. This chart depicts the frequency of people who receive daily newspapers.
Do you take daily newspaper
No
50%
50% Yes
50% of the total population receives daily newspaper, whereas 50% do not.

169
16. This chart depicts the preferred mode of awareness regarding SWM system and its
importance.
Preferred awareness programme

Advertisements
Announcements
Announcements|Advertisements
Community meeting
0% Community meeting|Advertisements
0%
2% Community meeting|Announcements
0% 0%
2% Community meeting|Announcements|Advertisements
1% 2%
0% 0%
Community meeting|Pamphlet
3% 3%
0% Community meeting|Pamphlet|Advertisements
1%
1% 4% Community meeting|Pamphlet|Announcements
2% 33% Community
meeting|Pamphlet|Announcements|Advertisements
1% Community meeting|Street
5% plays|Announcements|Advertisements
Pamphlet
1%
Pamphlet|Advertisements
Pamphlet|Announcements
4%
Pamphlet|Announcements|Advertisements
35%
Pamphlet|Street plays
Pamphlet|Street plays|Announcements
Pamphlet|Street plays|Announcements|Advertisements
Street plays
Street plays|Advertisements
Street plays|Announcements
Street plays|Announcements|Advertisements
The above chart shows that 35% of the population prefers announcements/advertisements
as a medium of awareness regarding SWM, 33% prefer only advertisements whereas the
rest prefer an assortment of ways of awareness such as community meetings, pamphlets
etc.

170
Annexure 5. Existing and Proposed Route

Map for Collection and Transport Vehicles
GIS Based Route Optimization
In the MSWM DPR the digital base map are prepared. The roads are depicted as road
centerlines and respective road flanks as per their widths. The actual physical marking of the
routes of the vehicles is done on the base maps. These digital base map are used as the
input and optimum routes have been identified for Solid Waste collection for door to door
household level.
The digital base map of TMC shows the road network, building footprints, waste dumping
site, and location of bulk generators. The road network comprises of road centerlines and
the road flanks (marked as per the road widths).
For the purpose of optimum route identification, initially all the road junctions (nodes, to be
treated as garbage collection points) are marked. This was followed by manual selection of
nodes to be retained as garbage collection point and discarding the others. The selection of
nodes was based upon the density of buildings in the zone under consideration.
Optimum route for Solid Waste collection was identified using ESRI’s Network Analyst
extension of Arc View GIS. This extension helps the user to use the networks more
efficiently. It gives the facility to find the best route to get from one location to another, or
the best way to visit several locations. It allows the user to either decide the order in which
the locations are to be visited, or the Network Analyst can find the best visiting sequence.
Network Analyst used Direction and Resistance as the minimum parameters for finding the
optimum route. As of now, all the roads have been marked as one way roads or
Bidirectional roads on basis of actual site scenario and the length of individual road segment
as the resistance. Thus, for given source and destination with intermediate nodes to be
visited, Network Analyst finds the existing connectivity and selects the geometrically
shortest route as the ‘Optimum Path’.
Garbage collection typically follows the sequence: from node to dumping site. The optimum
route is identified for Solid Waste collection from nodes. The existing routes and proposed
optimized routes for Solid Waste Collection are presented below.

171
Annexure 6. Designs for proposed Waste

Processing facility

172
Annexure 7. Machine Specifications at

Processing Facility
Machine and Equipment Specifications
Municipal Solid waste Processing plant

Coarse Segregation Trommel 35
This is a rotary screen which separates material on the basis of overall size. Trommel-35 rejects all
material having overall size above 35 mm and all undersized material is forwarded to next
equipment.
Technical Data
Structure : Various rolled steel sections
Viz. ISMC150, ISMC125,
ISMC100, ISMC75 ISA50, etc.
Covers : M.S. sheet 10 , 12 & 14 SWG
Drive: Friction Drive ( Tyre type)
Motor : Hydraulic ( Radial Piston type)
Tyre: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type
Screen : M.S.- 7 SWG with punched hole
of 35 mm
Length – L – 4.5 m
Ring: Fabricated, Heavy duty.
Width – W – 1.8 m
Surface : Blasting & Pickling
Height – H – 4.5 m
Primer : Epoxy Primer
[ These are broad specifications & may vary with
Paint : Epoxy Paint the technological advancements]
Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure
DYNAMICS
Drive mode : Hydraulic *
Power Reqd : (PP- II) ^
Speed : 9 RPM
Capacity : 6.5 TPH (Intake)
* Taking Bulk density to be 1 Tons/m3
^ Connected to Power Pack II (15 HP)
Salient Features :
(1) Fully covered with heavy duty dust covers.
(2) Easily replaceable screens.
(3) Spiral flights to move material faster and prevent choking.

173

Coarse Segregation Conveyor - Process 35
This special conveyor is meant to take material coming through the screens of Trommel-35 and feed
that material to Trommel - 14. This conveyor is of Chain belt type & is specially designed to meet
requirements of MSW management’s plants.
Technical Data
ISMC75, ISA50, etc.
Covers : M.S. sheet 14 SWG
Gear Box : Worm reduction Gearbox
Motor : Hydraulic ( G-Rotor type) Length – L – 6.6 m
Chain : Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller Width – W – 0.8 m

type 3” pitch Height – H – 3 m
Belt : 450 mm wide, 3 ply [ These are broad specifications & may vary with
8mm thick Rubberized the technological advancements]
Sprockets: 3” pitch. Hardened DYNAMICS

Surface : Blasting & Pickling Drive mode : Hydraulic *
Primer : Epoxy Primer Power Reqd : (PP- II) ^
Paint : Epoxy Paint Speed : 12 MPM
Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure Capacity : 6.5 TPH(Intake)
Salient Features :
(1) Typical ‘Z’ shaped Design.
(2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS: 2062.

174

Coarse Segregation Conveyor -reject 35
Reject – 35 serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Trommel – 35, off the process line.
This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed to handle bulky and irregular shaped
material.
Technical Data
ISMC75, ISA50, etc.
Covers : M.S. sheet 12 & 14 SWG
Gear Box : Shaft mounted( SGR)
Motor : Hydraulic ( G-Rotor type) Length – L – 6.6 m


Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure Capacity : 3 TPH(Intake)
Salient Features :
Speed variation is possible.
(1) Shaft mounted gearbox eliminates chances of misalignment.
(2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS: 2062.

175

Coarse Segregation Trommel 14
equipment. The output of Trommel-14 is semi furnished organic manure.
Technical Data
Motor : Hydraulic ( Radial Piston type)
Tyre: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type
Screen : M.S.- 7 SWG with punched hole of
35 mm Length – L – 4.5 m
Ring: Fabricated, Heavy duty. Width – W – 1.8 m
Surface : Blasting & Pickling Height – H – 4.5 m
Primer : Epoxy Primer [ These are broad specifications & may vary with
the technological advancements]
Paint : Epoxy Paint
DYNAMICS
Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure
Drive mode : Hydraulic *
Power Reqd : (PP- II) ^
Speed : 9 RPM
Capacity : 6.5 TPH (Intake)
Salient Features :

176

Coarse Segregation Transfer Conveyor
Transfer conveyor is meant to take material coming through screens of Trommel – 14 and drop the
material in Semi-finish godown. This conveyor is of Chain belt type & is specifically designed to meet
requirements of MSW management plants.
Technical Data
ISMC75, ISA50, etc.
Covers : M.S. sheet12 &14 SWG
Gear Box : Worm reduction Gearbox
Motor : Hydraulic ( Radial Piston type) Length – L – 10 m


Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure Capacity : 6.5 TPH(Intake)
Salient Features :
(1) Typical ‘L’ shaped Design with special guide to prevent side shift.
(2) Length & discharge height can be altered as per site conditions.

177

Coarse Segregation Conveyor -reject 14
Reject – 14 serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Trommel – 14, off the process line.
This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed to handle bulky and irregular shaped
material.
Technical Data
Motor : Hydraulic ( G rotor type) Length – L – 4.5 m
Chain: Specially made , Heavy duty , Roller type Width – W – 1.8 m

with 3” pitch Height – H – 4.5 m
Screen : M.S.- 7 SWG with punched hole of [ These are broad specifications & may vary with
35 mm the technological advancements]
Ring: Fabricated, Heavy duty. DYNAMICS
Hyd. Line : 20mm, High Pressure Capacity : 2 TPH (Intake)

Salient Features :

178

Refinement Section Finishing Reject Conveyor
This conveyor serves the purpose of removing all oversize refuge of Rotary screen, off the process
line. This conveyor is of chain belt type and is especially designed for handling MSW Handling Plant.
Technical Data
Covers: M.S. sheet. 12 & 14 SWG
Gear Box: Worn Reduction Gearbox
Motor : Electrical Length – L – 6 m

type with 3”pitch Height – H – 2.3 m
Belt : 450 mm, Wide, 2Ply [ These are broad specifications & may vary with
8mm thick, Rubberized the technological advancements]
Sprockets: 3” pitch. DYNAMICS

Surface : Blasting & Pickling Drive mode : Electrical
Primer : Epoxy Primer Power Reqd. : 3HP
Capacity : 2 TPH (Intake)
Salient Features :
(1) Length and Discharge height can be varied, depending on site conditions.
(2) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS:2062
Trommel 04
a) Process  To rotate the dry waste into Screening Compartment.

 Screening & Dropping the items below 4 mm on the Discharge Conveyor
for processing
 Rejecting and Dropping the oversized material more than 4 mm on
Rejecting Conveyor
b) Capacity  6.5 tons per hour
c) Material of Construction  M.S. Fabricated body.
 Corrosion resistant paint.
d) Electric Drive  10 HP Electric Motor, 3 phase,
With suitable Reduction Gear Box.
e) Drive  Fiction Drive (Tyre Type)
 Heavy Duty Chain Sprocket
 Heavy Duty Support Rollers 4 Nos. and

179
Thrust Rollers 2 Nos.
f) Screen Holes  M.S. Screen 3 mm thick (10 SWG) with Punched holes Dia 4 mm
g) Screen Size  Screen Size Dia 1000 mm x 3500 mm
h) Screening Compartment  Spiral Flights to move material faster and prevent chocking.
i) Control Panel  On / Off with suitable Dual Contactors

Hydraulic System
Hydraulic system is meant to run all Hydraulic motor driven equipment’s. It consists of Power Pack
which convert electrical energy into Hydraulic energy, which in turn is connected to all the
equipment’s. Hydraulically driven equipment’s supersede electrical driven performance, speed
control and hazard management.
Technical Data
Power Packs Two
(a) P.P. I – 15 H.P.
(b) P.P. II – 15 H.P.
Drive: Electrical
Manifold: Specially designed, MS
Pump : Twin Stage, Heavy Duty (3090 / 3070)
Motors : Radial Piston & Orbit
Line : Heavy Duty 20 mm

Cooling : Forced water circulation in
Cooling tank through radiator.
Controls: Local push button type control panel for each 20 H.P unit
Reservoir: M.S. fabricated, 400lt oil capacity
Working : Servo system 68
fluid
Salient Features :
(1) Cooling coil made from Cu to give better cooling.
(2) All controls at push button type control panel.
(3) All steel used in manufacturing of equipment confirms to IS:2062

180

Control System
equipment. The output of Trommel-14 is semi furnished organic manure.
Technical Data
Body : All MS as per IS : 2062
Sheet 12 & 14 swg,
Control element : All Standard as L&T Siemen etc
& electrical
accessories
Primer: Epoxy Primer
Color: Epoxy Paint
Enclosure: As per IPSS
Display : Temp, Voltage , On ,
Off Mimic display
[ These are broad specifications & may
vary with the technological
advancements]
Salient Features :
(1) All Switches / relays of standard & reputed make.
(2) Rigid enclosure as per specifications with facility of cabinet light.
(3) Emergency shut off switch at various locations.
Backhoe Loader Pallet Trucks
Bag stitching machine Weight Machine (100 kg)

40 ft Conveyor System for output of 4mm compost
Technical Specification: For 40 ft. Conveyor system
Sr. No. Particulars Details

181
1 Motor 2 HP Geared Motor, Foot Mounted, O/p RPM: 51 RPM

2 Conveyor Belt 600X3plyX3mm Top X1.5 mm Bottom X5mm
Nominal X CMR Grade.
3 Idlers 8 No’s
4 Return Rolls 4 No’s
5 Side Guides 4 No’s or as needed.
6 Height of Conveyor Stand 24 Inches.
Bailing Machine
Technical Specification: Bailing Machine Double box
Capacity 25 Ton (Double Box)

Bale Size 30 (L) x 27 (W)x 14 (H) Inch
Bale Weight 50 to 80 kg
Platform Size 30 (L) x 27 (W)x 25 (H) Inch
No. of Cylinder 1 Nos.
Cylinder Size 140*90*1000 (Stroke) mm
Oil Tank Capacity 80 Liters. (oil is to be Brought by Buyer)
Production Rates 10 min. per Bale
Hydraulic System 32 Liters. (B series Gear pump)
Day Light Gap 47 Inch
Operation Hand lever operate
Electric Motor 7.5 HP (3 Phase)
Machine Weight (Approx.) Approx 1700 Kgs
Overall Dimension 96x36x105 Inch
Body Plate 9 + 35 mm
HDPE SMOOTH GEOMEMBRANE LINER OF 1500 MICRONS

PROPERTY TEST METHOD VALUES
Minimum average values
Thickness - mm ASTM D 5199 1.5
Density - g/cm3 ASTM D 1505 0.94
Tensile Properties ( Each direction ) ASTM D 6693
Strength at yield - N/mm width Type IV Specimen 25
Strength at break- N/mm width @ 50 mm /min 52
Elongation at yield - % G.L. 33 mm 15
Elongation at break - % G.L. 50 mm 800
Tear Resistance - N ASTM D 1004 222
Puncture Resistance – N ASTM D 4833 400
Carbon Black Content - % ASTM D 1603 2.3
Carbon Black Dispersion ASTM D 3015 A1 / A2
Vehicle Specifications –
1. TATA Ace BS4 Tipper – 2.0 Cum ACE Box Tipper BS4 Tipper with compartments.
2. Tractor Trailer – 40 HP tractor with 3 Ton Trailer
3. Backhoe Loader – ACE AX130, 2WD, 76 HP Engine, Standard Tyre, Excv Bucket : 0.24
Cu.m, loader Bucket : 1.00 Cu.m
4. Jetting & Suction Machine - Chassis Mounted 3000L sucking cum jetting machine.

182
Annexure 8. Normative Standards for

Municipal Solid Waste Management
Government of Karnataka
Directorate of Municipal Administration
Normative standards for Municipal Solid Waste Management
Name of the SWM
Tools, Equipment Unit requirements per annum Unit Manpower required
and Vehicles
Door to door collection
One command area = 1000 house holds / shops
Push carts with 6
1 no. for 200 households / Shops 1 per pushcart
bins
Tricycle with 8 bins 1 no. for 250 households / Shops 1 per tricycle
1 driver + 1 helper per auto
Auto Tipper 1 no. for 1000 households / Shops
tipper
Street Sweeping
Brooms 4 nos for each sweeper 1 sweeper for every 1000 m
Pushcarts 1 no for every 2 workers of road length
Metal Tray/ 2 nos for every sweeper

Metal plate
Ghamela 1 no for every loaders/sweepers
Hand gloves 4 sets for every loader/sweeper
Face mask 2 nos for every worker
Gum boots 1 set for every worker
Uniforms 2 sets for each worker
Tractor trailers 1 no. for every 25 Kms of street 1 driver + 3 loaders (2 to 3
sweeping with 7 years of life trips/day, 2.0-2.5 tons per
trip, 200 Kgs to 300 Kgs of
waste / Km )
Tipper Trucks 1 no. for every 40 Kms of street 1 Driver+ 4 loaders (2 to 3
sweeping with 7 years of life trips/day, 4.0-4.5 tons per
trip, 200 Kgs to 300 Kgs of

183
waste / Km)
Secondary Collection & Transportation
3.0 cum Containers 1 Container for every 1000
(1.2 Tons Cap.) households or approx. for 1.0 ton
of waste which ever is higher
4.5 cum Containers 1 Container for every 1500
(1.8 Tons Cap.) households or approx. 1.6 tons of
waste which ever is higher
Twin Container 1 no. for every 10 to 14 nos of 3.0 1 Driver + 1 Helper
Dumper Placer / 4.5 Cum Containers – 5 to 7 trips
a day
Cleaning of Markets/Slaughter Houses
Tools & Equipment Requirements are as same as 1 worker / 400 m2 area, for
as same as street street sweeping two time cleaning everyday
sweeping
Tractor trailers 1 no. for every 6 to 8 tons of 1 driver + 3 loaders
waste, 3 to 4 trips a day Unloading distance is less
than 10 Kms,
Tipper Truck 1 no. for every 10 to 14 tons of 1 driver + 4 loaders
waste, Unloading distance is more
3 to 4 trips a day than 10 Kms,
Commissioner
Directorate of Municipal Administration
Bangalore

184
Annexure 9. Office Memorandum for GOI

share

185
Annexure 10. Minimum Wages Act GOK

2017

186

187
Quotations

188

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DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Prepared by: Prepared For:

1 PROJECT BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 9

1.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9

2 TOWN PROFILE ......................................................................................................... 20

3 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................................ 27

3.1 THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF SWM SYSTEM IN SANKESHWAR 27

4 ISSUES AND GAPS IN THE PRESENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF MSW ........................ 40

4.1 GAPS AND ISSUES IN SANKESHWAR 40

5 POTENTIAL STRATEGIES SUGGESTED FOR MSWM ...................................................... 41

Prepared by: Prepared For:

5.1 PROPOSED CONCEPT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT 41

6 PROPOSED PROCESSING FACILITY.............................................................................. 56

6.1 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 56

7 DESIGN OF LANDFILL ................................................................................................. 73

7.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY 73

8 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................. 100

8.1 DECENTRALIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION 100

9 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT ................................................................ 117

9.1 REQUIREMENT OF CAPITAL COST 117

Prepared by: Prepared For:

9.4 REQUIREMENT OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST 144

ANNEXURE 1. LEGAL ASPECTS .................................................................................... 148

ANNEXURE 2. SOLID WASTE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................... 157

ANNEXURE 3. WASTE GENERATION ESTIMATION ....................................................... 158

ANNEXURE 4. HH SURVEY ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 161

ANNEXURE 6. DESIGNS FOR PROPOSED WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY ....................... 172

ANNEXURE 7. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS AT PROCESSING FACILITY ............................ 173

MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 173

ANNEXURE 8. NORMATIVE STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...

ANNEXURE 9. OFFICE MEMORANDUM FOR GOI SHARE .............................................. 185

ANNEXURE 10. MINIMUM WAGES ACT GOK 2017 ...................................................... 186

QUOTATIONS ............................................................................................................... 188

Prepared by: Prepared For:

Prepared by: Prepared For:

Table 9-4: O & M cost Requirement for Manpower .............................................................. 144

Prepared by: Prepared For:

Prepared by: Prepared For:

Mr. Mandar Antrolikar B.Sc, Diploma in GIS Assistant Director

Mrs. Priya Kapole M.sc Environmental Science Programme Officer

B. Sc. Microbiology, PGD Urban

Ms. Sayali B Ghogare B Arch, M-Tech (Town Planning) Programme Officer

Mrs. Monali Kachale B.E Civil Programme Officer

Ms. Ranjana Shedage M.A. Geography, M.Sc.Geoinformatics Programme Officer, GIS

Mr. Gaurav Pawar M.Tech Civil Environment Programme Officer

Mr. Onkar Patil B.E. Environment Programme Officer

Prepared by: Prepared For:

1.1 Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is an organized process of storage, collection,

Prepared by: Prepared For:

1.2 Problems Due To Solid Waste

1.3 Current Status of SWM in India

1.4 Initiatives to Improve SWM in India

Prepared by: Prepared For:

1.4.1 Municipal Solid Wa ste Management Rules

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, published

1.4.2 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

1.4.3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Mediu m

1.4.4 Swachh Bharat Mission

Prepared by: Prepared For:

1.4.5 Finance Commission Recommendations

Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union