READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

“FILM WATCHING OF THE MOVIE EMILIO AGUINALDO”

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the exact title of the movie?

Answer:
The exact title of the movie is General Emilio Aguinaldo the first Philippine President

2. What is the setting of the movie? [Year, place, conditions in which the movie took place]
Answer:

3. What is the movie all about? [The plan or main story that form the study]
Answer:
So, for me the movie is talk about Emilio Aguinaldo which is the first president of the First
Philippine Republic. The movie El President is based on the life of General Emilio It aims to
present a comprehensive narration of his life, achievements and even some controversial issues
about him such as his relationship or conflict with other Filipino hero. Sadly, the battle was won
after three years by the Americans, due to their advanced technology and because of the
Filipinos fighting among themselves.

4. Who are the protagonists? [The main character(s) involved in the conflict]
Answer:
•General Emilio Aguinaldo
•Gregorio Del Pilar
•Don Jose Dagle
•Candido
•Felipe Agoncillo

5. Who are the antagonists? [The characters or persons in the movie who opposes the main
character]
Answer:
•Fr Agustin
•Andres Bonifacio
•Procorpio Bonifacio
• (General Recarte) Artimio Recarte
•Antonio Luna
6. Identify the following personalities in the movie:

6.1 Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer:
 Emilio Aguinaldo, (born March 22/23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon, Philippines—died February
6, 1964, Quezon City), Filipino leader and politician who fought first against Spain and later
against the United States for the independence of the Philippines.

6.2 Andres Bonifacio

Answer:
Andres Bonifacio, (born Nov. 30, 1863, Manila—died May 10, 1897, Mt. Buntis, Phil.),
Philippine patriot, founder and leader of the nationalist Katipunan society, who instigated the
revolt of August 1896 against the Spanish.

6.3 Procopio Bonifacio

Answer:
Procopio Bonifacio y de Castro (1873 - May 10, 1897) was a Filipino independence activist
and revolutionary during the Philippine Revolution of 1896 against Spain. He was a member of
the secret revolutionary society turned revolutionary government Katipunan with his other
siblings Ciriaco and Espiridiona.

6.4 Jose Rizal

Answer:
José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June 19, 1861,
Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot, physician, and man of letters
who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.

6.5 Graciano Lopez Jaena

Answer:
Graciano López Jaena (December 18, 1856 – January 20, 1896) was a Filipino journalist,
orator, revolutionary, and national hero who is well known for his newspaper, La
Solidaridad.Philippine historians regard López Jaena, along with Marcelo H. del Pilar and José
Rizal, as the triumvirate of Filipino propagandists. Of these three ilustrados, López Jaena was
the first to arrive in Spain and may have begun the Propaganda Movement which advocated
the reform of the then-Spanish colony of the Philippines and which eventually led to the armed
Philippine Revolution that begun in Manila in 1896. The Propaganda Movement was a key step
towards a Philippine national identity.

6.6 Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Answer:
Marcelo H. del Pilar (born Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán;August 30, 1850 – July 4,
1896), better known by his pen name Plaridel,was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and
freemason. Del Pilar, along with José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, became known as the
leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain.

6.7 Antonio Luna

Answer:
 Antonio Luna (October 29, 1866–June 5, 1899) was a soldier, chemist, musician, war
strategist, journalist, pharmacist, and hot-headed general, a complex man who was,
unfortunately, perceived as a threat by the Philippines' ruthless first president Emilio Aguinaldo.
As a result, Luna died not on the battlefields of the Philippine-American War, but he was
assassinated on the streets of Cabanatuan.

6.8 Juan Luna

Answer:
Juan Luna y Novicio (Spanish: [xwan luna] October 24, 1857 – December 7, 1899), better
known as Juan Luna was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine
Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine
artists.

6.9 Apolinario Mabini

Answer:
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary
leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to
the Revolutionary Government, and then as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic. He is regarded as the "utak ng himagsikan" or
"brain of the revolution".Two of his works, El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue, June
24, 1898), and Programa Constitucional dela Republica Filipina (The Constitutional Program of
the Philippine Republic, 1898) became instrumental in the drafting of what would eventually be
known as the Malolos Constitution

6.10 Emilio Jacinto

Answer:
Emilio Jacinto, Kartilya ng Katipunan. Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young man,
known as both the soul and the brain of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio's revolutionary
organization. In his short life, Jacinto helped to lead the fight for Filipino independence from
Spain.

6.11 GomBurZa
Answer:
Gomburza, alternatively spelled GOMBURZA or GomBurZa, refers to three Filipino Catholic
priests (Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora), who were executed on February 17,
1872 at Bagumbayan, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion
arising from the 1872
Cavite mutiny.

6.12 Melchora Aquino

Answer:
Melchora Aquino de Ramos (6 January 1812 – 19 February 1919) was a Filipina
revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age during
the Philippine Revolution. She was known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the
"Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.

6.13 Teodoro Patino

Answer:
The big break as far as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896
when a KKK member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the
Katipunan. Patiño was a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila.

6.14 Edilberto Evangelista

Answer:
General Edilberto Evangelista (February 24, 1862 – February 17, 1897) was a Filipino civil
engineer who trained in the University of Ghent, Belgium. His popularity by the time of the
Philippine Revolution could have made him president rather than Emilio Aguinaldo, lest he was
killed by a bullet in the head.

6.15 Mariano Trias

Answer:
On October 12, 1868, Mariano Trias, considered as the first de facto vice president of the
Philippine Revolutionary Government, was born in Cavite. One of the bravest generals of the
Katipunan, Trias was also among the leading patriots and defenders of Cavite against the
oppressive Spanish regime in the Philippines.

6.16 Artimio Recarte

Answer:
Artemio Ricarte y García (October 20, 1866 – July 31, 1945) was a Filipino general during
the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War. He is regarded as the Father of the
Philippine Army, and the first Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (March 22,
1897- January 22, 1899) though the present Philippine Army grew out of the forces that fought
in opposition to, and defeated the Philippine Revolutionary Army led by General Ricarte.Ricarte
is also notable for never having taken an oath of allegiance to the United States government,
which occupied the Philippines from 1898 to 1946.

6.17 Emiliano Riego de Dios

Answer:
Emiliano Riego de Dios, a member of the Katipunan, which is an underground anti-Spanish
group that set the Philippine-Spanish Revolution. Emiliano fought in the revolution together
with his brothers Colonel Vicente and General Mariano. He was also elected the Minister of
War during the Tejeros Convention in 1897; the Military Governor of Cavite in 1898; and Vice
President of the Hong Kong Council in 1898. Following the Filipino bahay na bato, the ancestral
house was originally made of wood and adobe. It is now a private residential area, and can only
be seen from the outside.

6.18 Daniel Tirona

Answer:
Daniel Tria Tirona (born Daniel Tirona y Tria July 22, 1864 — September 2, 1939) was a
Filipino revolutionary leader. He participated in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule and in the Philippine–American War.Attacked Bonifacio for not being a lawyer and
being the Director of Interior in the Convention of Tejeros.

6.19 Gen. Norberto Noriel

Answer:
Mariano Noriel (1864 - January 27, 1915) was a Filipino general who fought during the
Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He was member of the War Council
that handled the case of Andres Bonifacio in 1897. He led Filipino advance troops before the
American army landed Intramuros in 1898.

6.20 Lazaro Makapagal

Answer:
Lázaro Macapagal is a general in the Philippine Revolution, known for his commitment to
the Aguinaldo Administration and his role in the execution of Andrés Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio Bonifacio in 1897. He is a direct descendant of Don Juan Macapagal, a prince and
ecomendiero of Tondo, and he is an ancestor of Diosdado Macapagal, the 9th president of the
Philippines and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the 14th President of the Philippines.

6.21 Trece Martirez

Answer:
Trece Martires, officially the City of Trece Martires (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Trece Martires), or
simply known as Trece Martires City, is a 4th class city and the de facto capital city of the
province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 155,713
people.The city was the provincial capital until President Ferdinand Marcos transferred it to the
City of Imus on June 11, 1977. Despite of the capital relocation, the city still hosts many offices
of the provincial government. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 155,713
people income classification of 1st class.

6.22 Felipe Calderon

Answer:
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa, (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon] ( listen ); born
18 August 1962) is a Mexican politician who served as the 56th President of Mexico from 1
December 2006 to 30 November 2012.

6.23 Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco

Answer:
Ramón Blanco Erenas Riera y Polo, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata (September 15, 1833 – April
4, 1906) was a Spanish brigadier and colonial administrator. Born in San Sebastián, he was sent
to the Caribbean in 1858 and governed Cuba and Santo Domingo.

6.24 Pedro Paterno

Answer:
Politician, writer and intellectual, filipino, born in Manila on February 27, 1858 and died in
1911, which was the main representative of the ideological current favorable to the Philippines
under the sovereignty of Spain.

6.25 Primo de Rivera

Answer:
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquess of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte (8
January 1870 – 16 March 1930) was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as
Prime Ministerr of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era. He deeply believed
that it was the politicians who had ruined Spain and that governing without them he could
restore the nation. His slogan was "Country, Religion, Monarchy." Historians depict him as an
inept dictator who lacked clear ideas and political acumen, and who alienated his potential
supporters such as the army. He did not create a base of support among the voters, and
depended instead on elite elements. His actions discredited the king and ruined the monarchy,
while heightening social tensions that led in 1936 to a full-scale Spanish Civil War.

6.26 Deodato Arellano

Answer:
Deodato Arellano was a Filipino patriot who was among the founders of the Katipunan that
started the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He also served as the secretary of the La Liga
Filipina, founded by Jose Rizal.

7. What is the crisis of the story? [The decisive moment, a situation that has reach a critical
phase]
Answer:
When the Philippines colonize by the Spaniards.

8. What were the circumstances that led to the emergence of national consciousness among
the Filipinos?
Answer:

9. What is the main aim of the Katipunan?

Answer:
Andres Bonifacio laid down three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic, political, and
moral. Civic – was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor.
Political – was the separation of the Philippines from Spain to secure the independence of the
colony.

10. How did the Katipunan get discovered?

Answer:
The katipunan was discovered on the August 19,1896. The discovery of the KKK by the
spaniards led to the cry of pugadlawin on August 23,1896 where members tore their cedulas.
Members launched a revolt and get ready for battle; this marks the beginning of the philippine
revulotion. On august 30,1896 the battle between the revolutionists and the spanish troops
broke out insan juan del monte, revolts spread in these eight provinces: cavite, batangas,
laguna, bulacan, pampanga, tarlac, and nueva ecija.

11. What is the significance of the "Cry of Pugadlawin"?

Answer:
The''Cry of Pugad Lawin'' was a cry for freedom. Its historic significance to us consists of the
realization that the Filipino people had finally realized the lasting value of freedom and
independence and the need to fight in order to prove themselves worthy to be called a truly
free people.

12. What is the reason for the conflict between Magdiwang and Magdalo?
Answer:
On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo chapters of the Katipunan, which also
happened to be the two largest and most powerful Katipunan branches in the country, were set
to convene in Cavite in what will be known as the infamous Tejeros Convention. The purpose of
the Convention was to discuss the Katipunan’s defense of Cavite, and to set up a revolutionary
government, in part to quell the rivalry between the Magdiwang and Magdalo groups.
Bonifacio, as the leader of the Katipunan, presided over the convention. Although Bonifacio did
not take sides in any faction, it was thought that Magdiwang was more supportive of Bonifacio
than Magdalo, whose leaders were composed of disgruntled members of the rich principalia,
including Aguinaldo.

13. What happend in the Tejeros Convention?

Answer:
On March 22, 1897, a convention was held in Tejeros in order to settle the dispute between
the two councils and to decide on what type of government should be installed. During the
early phase of the convention the crowd became unruly, causing a recess. When the
convention resumed, Bonifacio was assigned to preside in the election of the officers of the
new government that was to be set up. Before this, however, Bonifacio laid down the rule that
the assembly should respect whatever would be the outcome of the election.When Bonifacio
was elected Secretary of Interior, Daniel Tirona contested and argued that a lawyer should
handle the position. Bonifacio felt insulted and demanded an apology from Tirona. Because of
humiliation and anger, Bonifacio declared that all matters convened in the Tejeros Convention
were null and void. Together with his supporters, he left the estate house.

14. What is the significance of the death of Bonifacio?

Answer:
Bonifacio formed the Katipunan in 1892 and thus provided the rallying point for the
people's agitation for freedom, independence, and equality.

15. What happend in "Biak Na Bato"?

Answer:
 In Biak-na-Bato, Emilio declared a republic complete with a constitution… the first ever
republic of the Philippines. The republic had been successful in that it helped rally the scattered
Katipunan chapters and renewed Katipunan’s pact to fight off the Spanish colonisers.The
republic also allowed the Katipunan to pinpoint new goals to make their fight more organised.
Some of these goals include:
The removal of friars and the return of their lands to the rightful Filipinos
Representation in the Spanish court
Freedom of the press and of religious expression
Equal treatment for peninsulares (those born in Spain) and insulares (those born in the
Philippines) civil servants
Abolition of the banishment system
Equality for all people in legal terms

16. What was the turning point that shaped the totality of the Philippine revolution?
Answer:

17. What part of the story as told by the movie that you considered as the most powerful? and
Why?
Answer:
The Story tells me about the life of Emilio Aguinaldo and the hardships he had encountered
during his time to win the battles against Spanish Colonization to the Philippines and how he
joined and became a member of KATIPUNAN and have a name of Magdalo.In this movie it
shows the flashback of life of General Emilio Aguinaldo that in his childhood life he became a
tax collector together with his friend that on his childhood he met a fortune teller that tells him
what he would be in future, it tellls that he would become a king of his nation and he will leave
a long life , but there is also a warning to him that there would be many circumstances coming
to his life as a President . Many of them will attempt to replace his throne as a leader of his
colony and being the President of the Philippines.

18. What is the message of the movie?.Do you agree or disagree with it? Why?
Answer:
For me, the message of the movie it shows me a lot on how our Filipino heroes are great to
get back our freedom against all the colonies of Spanish, Americans, and Japanese. I also agree
because if they don’t fight, we can't get our freedom.

19. What do you like best about the movie? and Why?
Answer:
This movie, I like the most because they're so many people sacrificed and they fight to our
country. After I watched this movie El President, I've realized that there were so many trials and
circumstances they've trail, many selves were sacrificed their lives fighting for freedom against
traitors and for those unreliable persons on that event. that before we got our freedom there
were super suffering they have experienced; and many died.
20. How does the movie relate to what we are studying in our class?
Answer:
This movie relates our studying in our class because it talks about the history of the early
Filipino people and etc.