iA iy Designation: C 133 - 91 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories* ‘Tis standard sed under the fed designation C138 the number immsttely folowing the designation inate the yea of Bae Seoption or inte eae of rovion the year st eviion. A mumber in preathesesicats the yer of ast approval A Sepeerp sin ( indater an edltoral change since the st evsion or reapeova “This standards Bon approved fr use by eons ofthe Department of Defense. Consul the DoD Index of Specfeatins and “Tun forte spect yar o awe which has ben adopted b the Departmen of Defense. 1. Seope 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strenath and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types. 1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections: Test Moho Sextions Cold Crushing Stongt 408 Modus of Rupture ois 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, The values given in parentheses are for informatio only. 14 This standard does not purport 10 address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use, It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior t0 use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: ‘C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens E 4 Practices for Load Verification of Testing Machines? 3. Significance and Use 3.1 The cold strength of a refiactory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction, (it is not a measure of performance at elevated tempera- tures.) 3.2 These test methods are for determining the room ‘temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold mod- ulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), of both, for all refractory products. 3.3. Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or ‘modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature ‘of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all signifi- ‘eanily affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be "Thus tet mato are unde the jurisicion of ASTM Commitee C3 08 Refactouesond ac lhe ies cexponsility of Subeommitex CD80! on tens ‘havent eon approved July 13, 1991, Publsed October 1991. Originally poblsed os C 123-37. Last previous esition C133~84. 2 dnl Bock of ASTI Standards, Vo 1501 anil Hook af ASTM Standards, Vol O31 two determinations. 4 3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the | smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut, Under no circumstances should 6 by 1 by 1 in. (152 by 25 by 25 mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm). 3.5 This test method is useful for research and develop- ment, engineeting application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifica- | | | | i rate fone or more ofthese aati between he | tions. | COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH 4. Apparatus 4.1. Testing Machine—Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4 may be used. Nore 1—For low strength mateials (such as insulating bricks or castables), a sensitivity of 20 bt (67 KN) or less is sequited. The use of a Inydravlie testing machine is als preferred over the mechanical type for ‘these materials. 42 Spherical Bearing Block—The plane surface of the spherical bearing block (see Fig. 1) shall have an area which | is equal to of greater than the cross-section of the test specimen. | 5. Test Specimehs 5.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 Ib/jt3| (1.60 z/em))—The test specimens shall be 2-in. (S1-mm)) ‘cubes or cylinders, 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm) high. ‘The height should be parallel to the originall direction of pressing of the brick or shape. In the case of} Special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single) shape and as many of the original surfaces as possible shall be; preserved, In. preparing specimens from irregular or large ‘refractory shapes, any method involving the use ‘of abrasives, such as a high-speed abrasion wheel, core drill, or rubbing bed, that will produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel sides without weakening the structure of the, specimen may be used, ' 5.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 Ibi? (1.60 g/em'), or greater than 45 % total porasity, of ‘both)—The test specimens shall be 4/2 by 4/2 by 21 or 3 in. (114 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm), each taken from a different 46qh c 133 Ploten of Testing Mochine terial —L ah Splyricel— pcs bs ohereal Genter of Bedding Materia! Sphercd Surfoce where required) |_—Test Specimen jedding Material FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, Including Bearing Block brick. It is permissible to prepare these specimens from the half-brick resulting from the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 10 to 15). The test surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes. 5.3, Gasabe Rgfactorier—The tet specimens sal be 2 by 2 by 2-in, (51/by 51 by 51-mm) cubes or cylinders 2 in. (1 mm) in diameter by 2 in, (51 mm) high, prepared by casting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one specimen from cach 9 by 2 by 2-in. (230 by 51 by Sl-mm) bar after the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 10 to 15). The loaded surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes. All samples must be dried at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) for 18 h (overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the sample to coo! naturally until coo! to the touch. Complete testing within 24 h of removal from the drying oven, 6. Procedure 6.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes compose & sample. Nore 2-—For celatively weak specimens insulating prcerec, 62 Brick and Shapes—Place a cellulose fiber wall board (for example, Masonite!) 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen, Apply the load parallel to the direction in which the brick was originally pressed. 63 Regular and High Strength Castables—Place a cellu- lose fiver wall board 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0,5 in. (12,7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load on the 2 by 2in, (51 by Si-mm) or 2-in. (SI-mm) diameter face and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned. 6.4 Insulating Brick or Shapes—Apply the load directly to the 4% by difin. (11d by 114mm) surface of the test sp insutating castables or febricks, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is en, 6.85 Insulating Castables (iypical bulk density of 100 tb/ft? * Masonite has ben found saisactory for this purpose a (1.60 g/om?), o greater than 45 % total poresity, or both) — Apply the load directly to the 2 by 2-in. (SI by St-mm) face ‘and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned, 6.6 Use the bearing block on top of the test specimen, and position it so that the center of the sphere is in alignment with the vertical axis of the specimen (see Fig. 1). Keep the spherical bearing block thoroughly lubricated to ensure accurate adjustment which may be made by hand under a small initial load for each specimen, Nore 3—The spherical bearing block may not be necessary on test, machines having mechanical linkages which ensure that the stress applied is colinese wit the ais ofthe specimen. 6.7 For dense refractories with sufficient strength to re- quire greater than about 3 min per test, initial loading to ‘one-half of the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any convenient rate exceeding the specified rate. Subse- quently, each specimen shall be crushed with a compressive load applied at the standard rates specified in Table 1. The rates shall not vary by more than +10 % of the specified rate for the type of refractory being tested. 6.8 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a constantly floating position, 6.9 Specimens are loaded, as specified, to failure, Failure is defined as the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the load), or the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its original value. The maximum applied load is recorded. 7. Calculation 7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1: WIA 0 where: 'S = cold crushing strength, Ibf/in.? (MPa), ‘otal maximum load indicated by the testing machine, Ibf (N), and A =average of the areas of the top and bottom of the specimen perpendicular to the line of application of the load, in? (mm), 8. Report. 8.1 Report the following: 8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manu facturer, brand, desctiption, lot number, etc.); 8.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, shape, loce- tion in the original brick or shape, the character of the faces {that is, cut, drilled, as-pressed, as-cast, ctc.), and the specimen orientation during testing; 8.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test piooes (for example, curing, firing, coking, etc.); 8.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample; 8.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum ap- plied load, and the calculated cold crushing strength for each specimen (see 7.1); 8.1.6 Mean modulus of rupture and standard deviation, for each sample. 9. Precision and Bias 9.1 Precision—The precision of this test method is cur- rently being investigated. 9.2 Bias—No justifiable statement can be made on theTT h c 133 TABLE 1_ Standard Leading Rates for Cold Cushing Strength ‘rare Rae ee im. trmy esos ended cain? SAE ace nat oeamnatea Fete Tipe Seno secon tty nes ERIN camino eet Refractory Srick and Shapes SODAS Sane ow azme —_axaKE axe 7 T7398 08 aa cat, So gixsixsy erent ‘ia ora 3 (ociosregis ohh sega cases dana xs Sram St te Seo? fase ae rod oss orranmec retest) (hdres x51) carmen) _Gaehy ita a3 0m sig hates ‘Dowie ad anions, eiSRMa exdexDEe —asxas "aS = co cr rey obo Gieenaee Gabetin gaan ® 6) 03) (rete id, need pistcorcanmes —“tsxaseseo "yan ys aa & io ta seiner) qiexnex79 ciety sass & 2) 03 garner END 2 & i bee gixsixey, xen ay a ean 3 Sconce et Saami = Se & {oer See Gidanoie = 5) Glew) oer ® (80) 3) “nee pose, adhg a a constant ste al a preferable o Gonstant stn “For dense reractry Dick and shapas raquing mee tran @3-nin lest talon, specimens my be loaded to on coment ae exceeding that specie. These sizes ae prelered for insuatrg frebrcks, ‘2 These paces may bs oul om broken halves of NOR specinens. ‘These sizes ae profered for mst casttes, bias of the test method for measuring the cold crushing strength of reftactories, because the value of cold crushing strength can be defined only in terms of a test method. MODULUS OF RUPTURE. 10. Apparatus 10.1 Testing Machine—Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4 may be used. Nore 4—Propely-aibrated portable apparatus may be used. 10.2 Bearing Surfaces, that shall have a radius of curva~ ture of % in. (16 mm) or be cylindrical pieces 1¥-in, (32-mm) in diameter. For 6 by 1 by I-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm) specimens, the radius of curvature shall be 9s in. (5 mm) or cylindrical pieces % in. (10 mm) in diameter. Ail such bearing surfaces shall be straight and of a length at least equal to the width of the test specimen. The supporting members for the lower bearing surfaces shall be constructed so as to provide a means for the alignment of the bearing surfaces with the under surface of the test specimen because the test brick may have a longitudinal twist. Apparatus of the design shown in Fig. 2is recommended, although other types may be used, provided they conform to these requirements. A satisfactory alternative design is shown in Fig, 3 11, Test Specimens U.1 Brick and Shapes (bull density greater than 100 logfe? (1.60 g/em-)—The preferred test specimens shall be standard 9 by 4¥2 by 2¥4 or 3-in, (228 by 114 by 64 or ‘T6-tam) bricks, or specimens of equivalent size ground or cut from refractory shapes. In the case of special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape. As many original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. Where brick sizes are impossible or impracticable, alternative specimen sizes of 9 by 2 by 2in, (228 by 51 by 51 mm) or 6 by I by 1 in, (152 by 25 by 25 mm) may be prepared. In preparing specimens from irregular or larger shapes, any method involving the use of abrasives, such as a high-speed abrasion wheel or rubbing 48 "ale sing, ofthe snicpated Fracture strength at any bed, that will produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel sides without weakening the structure may be used. 112 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 tbff? (1.60 g/em’), or total porosity greater than 43 %, or both) —The test specimens shall be whole brick measuring 9 by 4¥ by 2s or 3 in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm), of specimens of equivalent size cut from larger shapes. ' 11.3 Castable Reffactories—The test specimens shall be 9 | bby 2 by 2-in, (228 by 51 by 51-mm) bars prepazed by casting | or gunning The top and bottom, and the side faces, | respectively, shall be approximately parallel planes. Ali | samples must be dried at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) for 18 | h (overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the | sample to cool naturally until cool to the touch. Complete | testing within 24 h of removal from the drying oven, 12. Procedure 12.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number | of refractory shapes compose a sample, Nore $—For relatively weak specimens like insulating refractories, @ ‘minimum sample size often specimens is preferred, 12.2 Place a test specimen flat on the bearing cylinders with a span as specified in Table 2 and with the load applied at mid-span. Whenever possible, use an original, unbranded surface ofa brick or shape as the tension face, that i, the face in contact with the two bottom. bearing’ cylinders. For castable pieces, the depth dimension of the specimen as originally cast or gunned is horizontal; that is, the top surface of the casting or gunned sample becomes a side of the properly-oriented test specimen, 12.3 Bach specimen shall be broken at mid-span in Aexure with a loading applied according to the standard loading rates given in Table 2. For high strength materials requiring longer than about 3 min to perform a test, initial loading to one-half of the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any convenient rate exceeding the specified rate. Subsequently, the specimens should be loaded at theDonal FS cote Roled Ste! cub Li Wate Transverse Brick Testing Apporctus Nore—the dimensions appear nF, 2 aa ences. See table bobow fr metic aque, ete Ecuvaients %e 5 1 8 w 6 2 s % 10 3 % % 8 4 12 a 16 ae Me moe is 5 7 is 25 7 178 1M 32 308 FIG. 2 Recommended Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture Test standard rate specified in Table 2, The rates shall not vary more than +10% from the stated rate for the type of refractory being tested. The maximum applied load is recorded. 12.4 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a constantly floating position. 13, Cateulation 13.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture using Eq 2: MOR = 3PL/2@ a where: MOR = modulus of rupture, lbffin? (MPa), P ‘maximum applied at rupture, Ibf (N), L —_ = span between supports, in. (mm), b breadth or width of specimen, in. (mm), and d= depth of specimen, in. (mm), 14, Report 14.1. Report the following: _ 14.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, mamu- facturer, brand, description, lot number, etc.), 14.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, location the original brick or shape, the character of the faces (that is, cat, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), the specimen orienta. tion during testing, and the load spat 14.13 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for example, curing, fring, coking, etc; 14.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample; 49 Pioten of Festng Machine ER x on eg a LAE Nore-—The mensions epoeamg Fg. $ ae ees, Se tabla neides with le. 2 for metic eauaent FIG. 3 Alternative Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of ‘Rupture Test 14.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum applied load, the location of the fracture plane, and the calculated modulus of rupture for each specimen (soc 13.1); 14.1.6 Mean modulus of rupture and standard des for each sample. 15. Precision and Bias 15.1 Precision—The precision of this test method is currently being investigated. 15.2 Bias—No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method for measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories, because the value of the modulus of rupture can be defined only in terms of a test method,EE qb c 133 TABLE 2 Standard Loading Ratos for Modulus of Rupture ‘Sees Fale, Specimen Sum, CoH8 S850. oan amy RSE Loaing Rate, San Rate * fata Tp2 ie ‘ey Seamer) IRE ny _tin Terao Brok and Shoes Sica me Pte Sxdsuosr 45x28 7 "308 i O05 exes) iaxen or © ese 03) (ectdes ogdecertigratengh cases 9x 45x98 45x 7 1305 is Sas Srdtrad piste ertammadrotacotes) — @2BX 18x78) (4x78) ot ® 220 3) oxaxee, axa 7 1808 ‘ar bas qaaxsixsy —@ixsn oie, ®. ay 69 oxtxt tie 3 105 ‘24 bag (vs2% 25525) (25x25 zn 8. 076 3) rst Ratios SOO pr aDgiorh, SR Me SxaBx?E®4sxas 7 rr 6s 005 ors, o bot eaxnaxey — (tex 6h are @ 25) 03 (rales deed inves psteorramnes “9 xAsx3 5x8 Ss {ere aos ‘ereroes) eae sex79 Cie T5 9) ® (40) 63) Dx2x2e axe 7 & ‘1 bas wearers) ies) 0, ® i) 3) “Finer posi, bading a a constant ates rat pofraie to conta sta ate aig, ‘ Prford ees fr brioc andchapos. Roqued ses forfrebks, praerrd sz for a eastates. ‘The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no poean respecting the vlyof any patent ahs asserted in connection ‘win any Rem mentaned inthis stondard Users of he standard rs expressly advised tat determination of to vay of any such portland the ik ef iingomert of ech its, are etry st ovn reppomey. “hie standard subject wit at any tne bythe responsi tehaeal conti and rst be reviewed every ve years and rnotrevisee, her reeporoved or wshraun. Your comments are ad ee or revision ois lac or for adn etandarcs fra shou be addressed to ASTI Headauares. Your coniments wil recave cart censicraon a! a meting ofthe reponse {eshntal committee, hich you may attend you fe! ht your comments have nt reeled fa herng you shoul malo your iowa known fo th ASTM Commntes on Standard, 1076 Race St, Pladephia, PA 19168.