FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON (CDI5)
gave off light.
Fire – the heat and light that
comes from burning substance it
is produced by the combustion of
substances.
Heat – a form of energy
generated by the transmission of
some other form of energy it is
the product of combustion that
spread the fire.
Smoke – a visible product of
incomplete combustion a mixture
of oxygen, nitrogen, CO, CO2 and
finely divided particles
released from the burning
material.
Pyrolysis – before a fuel will
burn, it must be changed to its
vapor state.
Flame - It is the luminous body
of a burning gas which gets
hotter and less luminous when
mixed with more oxygen. Flame
fades when carbon burns
completely, so flame is
considered a product of
incomplete combustion.
John Walker – English
pharmacist, invented the first
match in 1827.
Antoine Lavoisier – French
chemist who proved in 1777 that
burning is the result of the
rapid union of oxygen w/ other
substance.
Thomas Alva Edison – American
inventor who was able to send an
electric current through a
carbon filament (wire) until the
filament become so hot that it
ELEMENTS OF FIRE OR TRIANGLE OF
FIRE
FUEL (REDUCING AGENT) – it
refers to a materials or a
substance being oxidize (react
with oxygen) or will burned in
the ignition process.
-any substance which refer
chemically with oxygen and
produces flames.
Fuel sources (Types of Fuel)
1. Solid - molecules are closely
packed together
2. Liquid - molecules are
loosely packed
3. Gas - molecules are free to
move
OXYGEN (OXIDIZING AGENT) –
usually present in the
surrounding air in sufficient
quantities to support
combustion.
-odorless, colorless, 21% oxygen
Oxygen sources:
1. 21% of normal oxygen
2. 78% nitrogen
3. 1% other gases
Oxygen Requirement:
1. 12% no fire
2. 14% flash point
3. 21% fire point
HEAT (TEMPERATURE) - source of
ignition, usually heat of spark.
FIRE TRIANGLE
HEAT
OXYGEN FUEL
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
- OXYGEN
- FUEL
- HEAT
- SELF-SUSTAINING AGENT
TYPES OF FLAMES:
BASED ON COLOR AND COMPLETENESS
OF COMBUSTIBILITY OF FUEL
Luminous Flame – is orange-red,
deposit soot at the bottom of a
vessel being heated due to
incomplete combustion and has a
low temperature.
Non-Luminous Flame – is blue,
there is complete combustion of
fuel and has relatively high
temperature.
BASED ON FUEL AND AIR MIXTURE
Premixed Flame – is exemplified
by a Bunsen-type laboratory
burner where hydrocarbon (any
substance containing primarily
carbon and hydrogen) is
thoroughly mixed with air before
reaching the flame zone.
Diffusion Flame – is observed
when gas (fuel) alone is forced
through a nozzle into the
atmosphere which diffuse in the
surrounding atmosphere in order
to form a flammable mixture. The
candle flame is an example of
diffusion flame governed purely
by molecular diffusion, and the
flame of the oxyacetylene torch.
(diffused – dispersed, widely
spread)
BASED ON SMOOTHNESS
Laminar Flame – when a particle
follows a smooth path through a
gaseous flame.
Turbulent Flame – are those
having unsteady, irregular
flows, rough flame.
SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction
that requires a fuel (in the
gaseous or vapor state), an
oxidizer, and heat energy to
come together in a very specific
way.
THREE (3) STAGES OF FIRE
1. Incipient phase
2. Free burning phase
3. Smoldering
1. INCIPIENT STAGE (Growth) -
Initial or incipient stage of
fire
2. FREE BURNING STAGES (Fully
Develop) - A phase of burning in
which materials or structures
are burning in the presence of
adequate oxygen.
3. SMOLDERING STAGE (Decay) -
Final phase of burning wherein
flame ceases but dense smoke and
heat completely fill the
confined room.
Types of Energy (common sources
of heat)
1. Chemical Energy
2. Electrical Energy
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Mechanical Energy
CHEMICAL ENERGY - the most
common source of heat in
combustion reactions
ELECTRICAL ENERGY - can generate
temperature high enough to
ignite any combustible material
near the heated area
Examples:
Sparking
Static
Lightning
NUCLEAR ENERGY - generated when
atoms either split apart
(fission) or combine (fusion)
Ex. solar energy is a product of
a fusion reaction
MECHANICAL ENERGY - an energy
created by friction and
compression
1) Heat of friction - the
movement of two surfaces
against each other, thus
producing sparks
2) Heat of compression - heat
is generated when a gas is
compressed in a container
or cylinder
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION - heat transfer
within solids or between
contacting solids.
CONVECTION - heat transfer by
the movement of liquids or
gasses.
RADIATION - heat transfer by
electromagnetic waves.
FLAME CONTACT - heat may be
conducted from one body to
another by direct flame contact.
BASED ON CAUSE OF FIRE
a. Natural fire/ providential
b. Accidental fire
c. Intentional Fire/Incendiary
A. NATURAL FIRE
- involves fires without
direct human intervention
Examples:
- Earthquake, Typhoon,
Lightning, Sun rays focused on
glasses which may serve as a
convex lens
B. ACCIDENTAL FIRE
- Carelessly discarded
cigarettes
- Careless disposition of
readily combustible materials
- Poorly managed or defective
heating facilities
- Overheating, spark and
electrical defects
- Overload electric circuits/
Octopus connections
- Children playing matches
- Use of candles
C. INTENTIONAL/INCENDIARY FIRE
- is one deliberately set
under circumstances in which the
person knows that the fire
should not be set
BASED ON BURNING FUEL
CLASS A - ordinary solid
materials such as wood, paper,
fabrics, etc.
CLASS B - flammable liquids such
as gasoline, lube oil, kerosene,
paint thinner, etc.
CLASS C - electrical appliances;
causes electric shock
CLASS D - metal fire such as
magnesium (white element burning
with dazzling light), sodium (a
silver white metallic element),
etc.; creates violent reaction
CLASS E - flammable gases such
as LPG, LNG, etc.; also creates
violent reaction.
PROPERTIES OF FIRE
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical Properties
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Specific gravity - the ratio
of the weight of a solid or
substance to the weight of an
equal volume of water
b. Vapor density - the weight of
volume of pure gas compared to
weight of a volume of dry air at
the same temperature and
pressure
c. Vapor pressure - the force
exerted by the molecules on the
surface of the liquid at the
equilibrium
d. Temperature - the measure of
the thermal degree of the
agitation of molecules of a
given substance; the measure of
the molecular activity within
the substance.
e. Boiling Point - the constant
temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid is equal
to the atmospheric pressure.
f. Ignition temperature - the
minimum temperature to which the
substance in the air must be
heated in order to initiate or
cause self-contained combustion
without addition of heat from
outside sources.
g. Fire point - the temperature
at which the material will give
off ample vapors to keep burning
h. Flash point - the temperature
at which the material is not hot
enough to keep burning, but
still gives off enough vapors to
cause a flame across the surface
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
a. Endothermic reaction - are
changes whereby energy is
absorbed or is added before the
reaction takes place.
b. Exothermic reaction -
reactions or changes that
releases or give off energy.
c. Oxidation - a chemical change
in which combustible material
and an oxidizing material react.
d. Combustion or flame - the
manifestation of fire is in its
gas-phased combustion; matter
that is produced by fire.
Backdraft - Firefighters
operating at fires in buildings
must use precautionary measures
when opening a building to gain
entry, by providing ventilation
either by horizontal/cross
ventilation (opening doors or
windows), or vertical
ventilation (opening a hole at
the highest portion of the
affected part of the building.
Flashover - Flashover occurs
when a room or other area is
heated enough that flames sweep
over the entire surface.
CLASSIFICATION OF VENTILATION IN
FIRE OPERATION
Advantage Of Ventilation
1. Rescue Operation
2. Fire attack and
Extinguishment
3. Fire spread Control
4. Reduction of Flashover
potential
5. Reduction of backdraft
potential
Vertical Ventilation – Opening
the Roof or existing roof.
Horizontal Ventilation – venting
of heat, smoke and gases though
wall such as opening windows and
doors.
Force Ventilation – stand point
of the natural flow of air.
Negative Pressure Ventilation –
oldest practiced in the fire
fighting operation usually used
the mechanical forced such using
the fans.
Positive pressure Ventilation –
another technique of the fire
fighting personnel on reducing
the heat or smoke inside the
burning building by way of using
a big fan or blower.
TYPES OF PREVENTION
1. Overhaul
2. Salvage
RA 9514 – Fire Code
To burn a fuel (combustible
material), its temperature must
be raised until ignition point
is reached. Thus, before a fuel
start to burn or before it can
be ignited, it has to be exposed
to a certain degree of
temperature. When the
temperature of a certain
substance is very high, it
releases highly combustible
vapors known as FREE RADICALS
(combustible vapors such as
hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, and nitrogen).