Work Force Energy Including Newton's Laws

Force
General properties of force

 A force is an interaction between objects that may change the motion of an
object.
 A force is exerted on an object.
 A force has a giver and a receiver.
 A force is a vector that has both magnitude and direction.
 The unit of force is Newton or “N”.
 Coplanar forces are 2-D forces that are in same plane.
Resolving a force
 To resolving a force is to decompose the force into two components.

 It is the reverse process of adding two vectors.
 Resolving a force into its component is a reverse process of addition of

vectors.
1 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

 We resolve a force in its component by using parallelogram rule.
We can use right angle rules here.
Pythagoras theorem or trigonometric ratio or x-component
X = r cosθ
Y = r sin θ
X = r cosθ
2
X = 4 cosθ = √2
2
Y = 4 sin 4.5 = √2
 To find the resultant is to compose all forces into one.

 Equivalent to finding the vector sum of all forces.
3 2
So, vertical direction force √3 - √3 =
2
And horizontal direction forces 3 + √3
3 2 2
Now the rectangle force 𝑟 2 = (√3 − √2) 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 + (3 + √3)
𝑟 2 = 5.61 + 33.971
𝑟 2 = √39.58
𝑟 2 = 629 N
Which is required resultant force and that force making angle with horizontal axis.

𝑥
Θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦)
Where:
X = sum of all x components or horizontal components
Y = sum of all y-components or vertical components
If we have 2 forces involved we can use triangle rules.
Use sin Θ rule cosine rule to find the resultant.
Kinds of force
Gravity
 Always point downwards

 G = mg ( m is mass in kg/g)
 g = 10 meter per seconds (gravitational Acceleration)
Contract force
 When 2 surfaces are contact there may be 2 contact forces.

 One is normal contact / reaction force.
 Fractional force which is parallel to the surface.
Friction
 The largest friction force is called limiting

Force = 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚
 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 = μR , where: μ is coefficient of friction
 𝐹𝑟 ≤𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 , friction force is always less than the limiting friction.
 If the object remains still, friction is smaller than 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚
 When the object is about to more or is moving the frictional force is
Forces and Equilibrium
Particle “p” of mass 2.1 kg.p in equilibrium at 40 cm below the level of A, B show that the tension in the
string PA is 20N. A
Find the tension in the String PB
ANSWER:
FOR ∝ in B multiply P
40
Sin ∝ =
104

∝=sin-1( )
∝=22.620
Now for β in A multiply P
40
Β= sin-1( )
50
Β=53.13
For T1 vertical components.
21=T1sin 22.620 + T2 sm53-13
21=0.384 T1 0.8
Force
Definition:
Force is a kind of energy which changes or tends to change the state of
body.
 The pull or push is known as force.

 Force is a vector quantity so to represent the force we need
a. Magnitude of the force
b. The direction of the applied force
c. Applying point of force.
The unit of force is Newton denoted by “N”.
There are different kinds of force.
 Weight : W =mg
 Normal contact force: R
“According to first law of motion there is a reaction of an action.”
A book exert a force on the table which is gravitational times to the

mass of the book and due to gravity acting down word on the table

there is another force reacting from table to the book this force is
known as “National Force” and denoted by “R”
This normal Force = weight
∑Fy = R - w
Since book in the form of rest
So, ∑Fy = 0
Therefore
0=R–w
W=R
mg = R
So on the flat horizontal surface
R = mg = w
Force applying on Body
Body I sin static form

∑Fy = R – w
∑Fy = F – fr
If body moves or in moving from then you observe some acceleration in

the body. So
∑Fx = max
max = F - fr
Thus the net force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration of a
body.
Fnet=ma
Note that
Fr= μR (μ = constant of friction)
Tension Force
A body is pulling by a rope tied to the body and body is moving in

direction of force
We know
Fk = μR
∑ Fy = R + Ty – w

∑ Fy = R + Tsinϴ - w
∑ Fy = 0 (if body in state of rest )
So
0 = R + T sin ϴ - w
R = w – T sin ϴ
Now forces along x-axis on in x-direction
∑ Fx = - fk + Tx
∑ Fx = T cos ϴ - fk
Here remember
If body moving with constant speed then a = 0
So sum of all forces in x – direction is zero.
Then
∑ Fy = 0
0 = Tx - fk
T x = fk
T x = fk
If body is moving without constant speed.
Then
a=0

So the net force along x – axis is ma
∑ Fx = ma
Thus
Ma = T1 cos ϴ - fk
Ma = T1 cos ϴ - μk R
 f k   R 
Thus
ma = T cos ϴ - μk R
Example:
Force on lifting body
A body of 10kg is lifting by 40N Force
Find its Normal Force = ? (T = 40 N and w = 100N)
R T
∑ Fy = R + R – w
0 = R + 40 – 1w
= R + + 40 – 1w
R = 60N

In pressing a body Normal Force = ?
m = 10 kg
F = 200 N R
W = 100 N
We know that
∑ Fy = R – w – F
0 = R – 100 – 200
R = 300 N
Note: by lifting a body the normal force decreases and by pressing a

body normal increases.
Example:
A horizontal force of 150 N is applied on a body of 20kg. which causes

to move to right.
a. What is the acceleration if there is no force of friction ?

b. What is the acceleration if r  0 ?
c. What is the final speed of the body after 8 second.
Solve:
F no friction
W
We know that
∑ FY = 0
SO
R = 200 n = w
And
∑ Fx = F  R
No friction here so r  0
∑Fx = F
F = ma
150 = 20 a
150
a
20
7.5 m/s2 = a
b. if u = 0.25 a=?
we know that
∑ Fx = F  k R
ma = 150 – (0.25)(200)
20a = 150 - 50
100
a
20
a  5 ms 2
C. final speed of box in 8 second.
v0  0 vf ?
t  8sec
v f  vi  at
v f  0  5  8
v f  40ms 1
Tension Force in a hanging Body
Mg
A tension force applying on a body of mass “m”
So, ∑ Fy = T - mg
T = mg
T = ma – mg
T = m (a – g)
Example:
A 10kg box is rest on 300 inclined plane and begins to slide down
then find.
a. What is acceleration if there is no friction?

b. What is the acceleration if the co-efficient of kinetic friction is
0.20 ?
c. What is the final speed of box when it reaches the bottom of
inclined that is 200m.

Solve:
a.
300
We know that
∑ Fy = F – fk
ma = mg sinϴ - k R  f k  k R 
There is no friction so
ma = mg sin30
a = 10 ( 0.5)
a = 5 m/s2
b.
300
We know that

∑ Fx = mg sin 30 - k R
ma = mg sin 30 - k mg cos30
ma = m(g sin30 - k mg cos30 )
a = g sin 30 - k g cos30
Note:
a = g sinϴ - k g cos
= 10 sin 30 – 0.20 (10) cos30

5
a=5- 2( )
2
a = 3.27 m/s-2
c.
vf  ?
a  3.27 ms 2
v 2f  vi2  2as 200m
v 2f  0  2  3.27  200  36.2ms 2
v f  6. ms 2
Tension in objects joining to each other.
Two Boxes with masses m1 and m2 are connected with a string and Box1 is
pulling by a FN force through a string then the tension between in the
string which join Both Boxes.
Box2 T1 Box1 F1
m1 m2

Tension in string that pulling Box1
T1  F1
Acceleration in the whole system
F = ma
m1 a= F1
F1
a=
m1
Net force on Box1 T2 m1 F1
 Fx  F  T 1 2
Net Force on Box2  T2
Fnet  F1  T2
ma  F1  T2
T2  F1  ma
Example:
Two Boxes of masses m1  20kg m2  30kg are connected with a rope. A

100N force is applying on Box1 . Find Tension in the string connected
both boxes.
Solve:
m2 20kg T1 30kg m1 F  100N
Box2 Box1
Force applying on the whole system is the net force.

Net force;
Fnet  F  T2
ma  100  T
F  ma
100   20  30  a
100  50a
2ms 2  a
Box1 excerting forceon Box2
T1 90N 30kg 180
∑Fnet = 180 – T1
ma = 180 – T1
36  3  180  T1
T1  90 N
Box2eccerting forceon Box3
T2 20kg 90N
F x  901  T2
ma  90  T2
20  3  90  T2
60  90  T2
T2  90  60
T2  30 N
Now net Force by Box3
10kg T2 30N
 Fx  30N
Example:
B4 = 40kg B3 = 30kg B2 = 20kg B1 = 10kg 500N
T3 T2 T1
Net force on the whole system

Fnet  500 N
ma  500
 40  30  20  10 a  500
100a  500
a  5ms 2
tension between Box1 and Box2
T1 10kg 500N
Fnet  500  T1
ma  500  T1
10  5  500  T1
T1  500  50  450 N
Net Force or Tension b/w B2  B3
T2 20kg 500N

Fnet  450  T2
ma  450  T2
20  5  450  T2
T2  350 N
Net ForceorTension between B3  B4
T2 30k 500N
Fnet  350  T3
ma  350  T3
30  5  350  T3
T3  350  150
T3  200 N
TENSION IN HANGING BODIES

Tension in Hanging Bodies by strings
mg

F x  T2 x  T1 x  F
x  0 at rest 
T1 x  T2 x
T1 sin   T2 sin 
F y  T1 y  T2 y  mg
0  T1 y  T2 y  mg  F y  0 at rest 
T1 y  T2 y  mg
T1 y  T2 y  mg
T1 cos   T2 cos  mg
FORCE + TENSION in Rolling Problems

Total Net Force of the System
m2 T2
T1
m1
mg = w

Fnet  m1 g
 m1  m2  a  m1g
m1 g
a
m1  m2
For T1
Net Forceon m1 System
Fnet  mg  T1
m1a  m1 g  T1
T1  m1a  m1 g
For T2
Net Forceon m2 system
Fnet  F
m2a  F  T2
T2  m2a
Example:
fr 100N m2 T1
m1 =20 T2
200N = w
k  0.20
s  0.40

Net Forceof System
Fnet  m1 g  w
 m1  m2  a  w
10  20 a  200 f s  us R
200  0.40  R 
a
30 0.40 100 
a  6.64ms 1 f s  40 N
Net Forcein m1 system f k  k R
Fnet  w  f k  m2 g  f k  0.20 100 
m1a  200  f k 100  f k  20 N
T1  200  m1a
T1  200  20
T1  66.6 N
SYSTEM OF MASSES ATTACHED WITH PULLY, s , k ARE KNOWN
R
m2 T2
fk
100N T1
m1
mg = w
We are given s and k as a constant of static
Kinetic friction respectively

f s  s R
f k  k R

Fnet  w  f k
 m1  m2  a  m1g  k R
 m1  m2  a  m1g  k  m2 g 
m1 g  k m2 g
a
m1  m2
Tension in System
Net Force on B2
Fnet  F  f k
ma  T2  k R
ma  k m2 g  T2
Friction:
Friction = Coefficient of Friction * Normal Contact Force
F  r
 Friction always acts in the opposite direction of motion

 Limiting equilibrium: on the point of moving, friction at max(limiting
friction)
 Smooth contract : friction negligible
 Contact force:
i. Refers to both F and N
ii. Horizontal component of Contact force = F
iii. Vertical component of Contact force = N
iv. Magnitude of Contact force given by the formula:
C  F2  N2
Question:
The ring has a mass of 2kg. The horizontal rod is rough and the coefficient of
friction between ring and rod is 0.24. Find the two values of T for which the ring is
in limiting equilibrium.
The ring is in limiting equilibrium in two different scenarios; we have to find T in

both:
Scenario 1: ring is about to move upwards
Resultant = T sin 30 – friction –Weight of Ring
Since the system is in equilibrium, resultant = 0 :
Contact Force = T cos 30
Friction = 0.24 * T cos 30 PN
Substitute relevant information in to initial equation 30
0 = T sin 30 – 0.24 T cos 30 - 20
T = 68.5N
Scenario 2: ring is about to move downwards
This time friction acts in the opposite direction since friction opposes the
direction of motion, thus:
Resultant = T sin30 + 0.24 T cos 30-20
T = 28.3N
Equilibrium:
Force required keeping a particle in equilibrium on a rough plane
Max Value Min value

p
P
MAX

ϴ ϴ MIN
 The particle is about to move up  The particle is about slip down

 Thus friction force acts down the  Thus frictional force acts up the
slope lope
P = F + mg sin ϴ
Question:
PN
0.6 kg
250
Coefficient of friction is 0.36 and the particle is in equilibrium. Find the possible
values of P.
The magnitude of friction on particle in both scenarios are the same but acting in
opposite directions
Calculate the magnitude of friction first:
Contact Force = 6 cos 25
Friction = 0.36 * 6 cos 25
Scenario 1: part5icle is about to move upwards
P = 6 sin 25 – Friction
P = 4.49 N
Scenario 2:
Particle is about to move downwards
P = 6 sin 25 – friction

P = 0.578 N
Connected Particles:
Newton’s 3rd law of Motion:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Example:
A train pulls two carriages:
A B
T2 T2 T1 T1
400 KG 500KG 1000KG
The forward force of the engine is F = 2500 N, find the acceleration and tension in
each coupling. The resistance to motion of A, B and C are 200, 150 and 90N
respectively.
Solution:
To find acceleration, regard the system as a single object. The internal Ts cancel
out and give;
2500-(200+150+90) = 1900a
A= 1.08 m/s
To find T1 , look at C
F - T1 - 200 = 1000a
2500 - T1 - 200 = 1000 * 1.08
T1 = 1220 N
To find T2 , look at A

T2 - 90 = 400a
T2 - 90 = 400 * 1.08
T2 = 522 N
Pulleys
R
2 T
2g T
3g
 Equation 1:
No backward force
T = 2a
 Equation 2:
3g – T = 3a
Question:
W2 N 5N W1N

The strings are in equilibrium. The pegs are smooth. All the weights are vertical.
Find W1 and W2 .
The diagram showing how to resolve forces:
Resolving forces at A vertically:
W1 cos40  W2 sin 60  5
Resolving forces at A horizontally;
W1 sin 40 W2 sin 60
Substitute second equation into first:
 W2 sin 60 
  cos 40  W2 cos 60  5
 sin 40 
Solve to find W2
W2  3.26 N
Put this value back into first equation to find W1
W1  4.40 N
Question;
P Q
ϴϴ

P has a mass of 0.6 kg and Q has a mass of 0.4 kg. the pulley and surface of both
sides are smooth. The base of triangle is horizontal. It is given that sin ϴ = 0.8
initially particles are held at rest on slopes with string taut. Particles are released
and move along the slope
i. Find tension in string. Find acceleration of particles while both are

moving.
ii. Speed of P when it reaches the ground is 2 m/s. when P reaches the
ground it stops moving. Q continues moving up slope but does not reach
the pulley. Given this, find the time when Q reaches its maximum height
above ground since the instant it was released.
Part (i)
Effect of weight caused by P in direction of slope:
Effect of Weight = mg sin  where  sin   0.8
Effect of weight = 4.8N
Effect of weight caused by Q in direction of slope:
Effect of weight = 0.4 * 10 * 0.8 = 3.2 N
Body P has greater mass that body Q so when released P moves down q moves
up on their slopes
4.8 – T = 0.6a
T – 3.2 = 0.4a
Solve simultaneous equations:

4.8  T T  3.2
 T  3.84 N
0.6 0.4
Substitute back into initial equations to find the time which it take P to reach the ground:

vu 2.0
a and t 
t 1.6
t1  1.25s
When P reaches the ground, only force acting on Q is its own weight in the direction of
slope = 3.2 N
F = ma
-3.2 = 0.4a
A = -8m/second square
Now calculate the time taken for Q to reach max height. This occurs when its final velocity is
0.
02
8  t2  0.25s
t
Now do simple addition to find total time:
Total time = 1.25 + 0.25 = 1.5s
Force exerted by String on Pulley
Pulley case 1 pulley case 2
T T
Force on pulley = 2T force on pulley= T 2
Acts: downwards Acts: along dotted line

Pulley case 3
T
1 
2T  cos   
Force on pulley = 2 
Acts : inwards along dotted line which bisectcs 
Two Particles
A
B PN
A and B are rectangular boxes of identical sizes and are at rest on rough
horizontal plane. A mass = 200kg and B mass = 250 kg. if p  3150 boxes
remains at rest. If p  3150 boxes move
i. Find coefficient of friction between B and floor

ii. Coefficient of friction between boxes is 0.2. given that p  3150
and no sliding occurs between boxes. Show that the
acceleration of boxes is not greater that 2m/second square
iii. Find the maximum possible value of P in the above scenario
Part (i)

F  N
F = to max P that does not move the boxes
N = to contact force of both boxes acting on floor

3150     2000  2500
 = 0.7
Part (ii)
Find frictional force between A and B:
F = 0.2 * 2000
F = 400 N
Use newton’s second law of Motion to find max acceleration for which
boxes do not slide (below F)
400 = 200a a = 2m/second square
Part (iii)
P has to cause an acceleration of 2 m/second square on B which will

pass on to A as they are connected bodies simply implement Newton’s
Second Law of Motion
P = (200 + 250) (2) + 3150
The 3150 comes from the force required to overcome the friction
P = 900 + 3150 p = 4050N
Force

General properties of force
 A force is an interaction between objects that may change the motion of an

object.
 A force is exerted on an object.
 A force has a giver and a receiver.
 A force is a vector that has both magnitude and direction.
 The unit of force is Newton or “N”.
 Coplanar forces are 2-D forces that are in same plane.
Resolving a force
 To resolving a force is to decompose the force into two components.

 It is the reverse process of adding two vectors.
 Resolving a force into its component is a reverse process of addition of

vectors.
 We resolve a force in its component by using parallelogram rule.

We can use right angle rules here.
Pythagoras theorem or trigonometric ratio or x-component
X = r cos θ
Y = r sin θ
X = r cos θ
2
X = 4 cosθ = √2
2
Y = 4 sin 4.5 = √2
 To find the resultant is to compose all forces into one.

 Equivalent to finding the vector sum of all forces.
3 2
So, vertical direction force √3 - √3 =
2
And horizontal direction forces 3 + √3
3 2 2
Now the rectangle force 𝑟 2 = (√3 − √2) 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 + (3 + √3)
𝑟 2 = 5.61 + 33.971
𝑟 2 = √39.58
𝑟 2 = 629 N
Which is required resultant force and that force making angle with horizontal axis.
𝑥
Θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦)
Where:

X = sum of all x components or horizontal components
Y = sum of all y-components or vertical components
If we have 2 forces involved we can use triangle rules.
Use sin Θ rule cosine rule to find the resultant.
Kinds of force
Gravity
 Always point downwards

 G = mg ( m is mass in kg/g)
 g = 10 meter per seconds (gravitational Acceleration)
Contract force
 When 2 surfaces are contact there may be 2 contact forces.
 One is normal contact / reaction force.
 Fractional force which is parallel to the surface.
Friction
 The largest friction force is called limiting Force = 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚
 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 = μR , where: μ is coefficient of friction
 𝐹𝑟 ≤𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 , friction force is always less than the limiting friction.
 If the object remains still, friction is smaller than 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚
 When the object is about to more or is moving the frictional force is 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚 and it is never greater
than 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑚
 If μ = 0 the surface is smooth
 Friction is against the tendency of moving.
𝑓𝑟 = 0 F
R

 Walking method Force Friction
Tension in string
 A string is always light and inextensible.
 The two tension on a same string segment are equal.
Force diagram
 Sketch all forces exerted on an object at one point. R
 The object is on the receiving end of all forces 𝑓𝑟
 Forced diagram
Newton’s 3rd Law-F

 All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction.
 If ‘A’ gives ‘B’ a force F, then ‘B’ gives ‘A’ an opposite force –F A

𝑇1 Block gives 𝑇1 to string 𝑇2 string gives𝑇2 to block 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
Newton’s 1st Law

 If the sum of all net forces acting on a body/ point is zero then the object is in equilibrium
position. Moving it still or moving at a constant velocity.
 If the object is in limiting equilibrium it means that the object is about to move and the friction is
𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚
 First step in sketch the diagram
Example:
The block in equilibrium finds the coefficient of friction
𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚 = G sin θ
R = G cos θ
𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚
μ= = tan θ
𝑅
μ = Tan θ
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Lami’s theorem = =
sin 𝛽 sin 𝑟 sin∝
Friction Co-efficient = μ
Friction f = μR , R(normal content force)
Net accelerating Force = Force along the motion of the body – force opposite to the motion
F = 𝐹𝑚 - 𝐹𝑜𝑝𝑝
Key point

𝑻𝟏 = 𝑾𝟏
𝑻𝟐 = 𝑾𝟐
∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 0
Work, Power and Energy

Work:
Work is defined as a body covers some distance in direction of force.

Then we say work is done.
In mathematics

Work define as
W= Fs cos where  is the angle between F and s.
So,
W= Fs cos
Unit of force is Joule denoted by J.
Work zero positive work
F F
s 0 s
w 0
W = 0 where   900
when 00  0  900
Negative work
w0
when 900    1800
Note:
Force = resistance F = R ( Newton first law )
F–R= F1 F1 = ma So, F – R = ma (newton’s 2nd law)
So,
W= ma s cos 
Power
Power is defined as the rate at which a force does work.
P = w/t

P= Fs cos W  Fs cos 
t
P= ma s cos  / t
s
P = Fv cos  v 
t
Or p  ma v cos 
Example:
A train is moving at constant speed long a horizontal straight track.

Given that the power of the trains engine is 1330 KW and the total
resistance to the train’s motion is 28KN, find the value of V.
Solve:
R = 2800N
F = R (newton’s first law)
We know that
P = F.v
1330000
v
28000
47.5 ms 1  v
We know that
F = ma

F – R = ma
P – ma. V cosϴ
P = FV (ϴ = 0)
p
 ma  R
v
p
 R  ma
v
acceleration from power
1p 
a   R
m v 
Energy
Ability to do work is known as energy.
The capacity of a body to do a work is known as energy.
The capacity of a body to do a work.
Types:
There are different kinds of energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
 Thermal Energy
 Chemical Energy
 Nuclear Energy.
Here we discuss kinetic and potential energy mathematically.
Kinetic Energy:

Energy due to motion K.E form of energy that an object or a
partical has by reason of its motion. If work which transfers energy is
done on an object by applying net force the object speeds up and there
by gains kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is a property of a moving object or particle and depends

not only on the motion but also on its mass.
The kind of motion may be translation Rotation, vibrations etc.
 Translational kinetic energy of a body is equal to one- half of the

product of the mass and square of velocity of body.
m  K .E
K.E = ½ mv 2 where
v  K .E
Unit of Energy:
The unit of the energy (K.E) is in the
Meter - kilogram – per second
Which is in the unit international system known as Joule and
denoted by J.
Potential Energy:
P.E is stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various
parts of a system. A spring has more potential energy when it is
compressed or stretched.
Gravitational Potential Energy:
Near the Earth it is computed by multiplying the weight of an object by

its distance above the refrence point. Potential Energy may be
converted into energy of motion, called Kinetic Energy and it turn to
the other forms such as electric energy.

Thus, water behind a dam flows to lower levels through turbines that
turn electric generators.
Producing electric energy

m  K .E
P.E = mgh where
h  K .E
K.E and P.E:
K.E and P.E are inversely proportional to each other.
A ball of “m” mass throwing upwards ball travels up words with velocity
“v”. on position A
P.E = mgh
P.E = mg (0) = 0 (height = 0)
KE. 1 / 2 mv12
At point “B”
PE = mg (x)
1
K.E = mv12
2
M.E = PE + K.E
At Point C
Height = h
Velocity = 0
PE = mgh

1
K.E = m( c )  0
2
M.E = PE + K.E
Kinetic Energy
We can calculate K.E mathematically as follows:
We know that F= ma
And work done = w = F.S
We also know that

2as  v 2  u 2
2as  v 2  0  body starts from rest 
2
v
a
2s
So
Equation : can be written as
F  ma
v2
F m
2s
1
F .s  mv 2
2
thus work done in producing K .E so,
1
K .E  mv 2
2
Let “F” Newton force applying on a body which changes its velocity
from u to v and accelerating with acceleration “a” than distance “s”
covers
We know that F= ma
And

v 2  u 2  2as
v2  u2
a
2s
 v2  u2 
F  m 
 2s 
1 2 1 2
F .s  mv  mu
2 2
change in K . E  final K . E  initial K .E
by the lawof energy
 Work done by external Force = ∆K.E

 ∆K.E = final K.E – Initial K.E
 Work done against the resistance = loss in K.E
Law of conservation of Energy:
Energy exists in many forms. “Energy may be transformed from one

form to another form but it cannot be created or destroyed. I.e. in any
mechanical process “total energy remains same.
Thus
K.E + P.E = constant
The work done by an external force = ∆ PE + ∆work done against

friction
 The law of conversation of Energy states that the total energy of

an object remains constant if no external force other than gravity
have done any work on it
 Normal contact force has done no work.
 The shape of the surface doesn’t matter.
 Work done by the forces (friction) = loss of K.E
 Work done by forces that help to move = gain of K.E
Note:
∆ KE + ∆PE = 0  ∆ KE = -∆ PE (info external force )
∆KE + ∆ PE = (w) – (w-)
∆ PE + (w+)-(w-)
∆PE + ∆ KE = (w+) – (w-)
(PE start + KE start+ (w+)-(w-)= PE (end) + KE (end)
Principle of conservation of Energy:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed into

other forms
Work Done:
W = Fs
1 2
Kinetic Energy: Ek  mv
2

E p  mgh
w.d
Power: p and p  Fv
T
Changes in Energy:
 f is the final energy of the object

  i is the initial energy of the object
  work engine is the energy caused by driving force acting on the object
  work  friction is the energy used up by frictional force or any resistive
force
Example:
Car travelling on horizontal straight road, mass 1200 kg.
Energy.
 “Ability to do work is known as energy”.
 “The capacity of a body to do a work is known as energy.”
 “The capacity of a body to do a work.”
Types:
There are different kinds of energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
 Thermal Energy
 Chemical Energy
 Nuclear Energy.
Here we discuss kinetic and potential energy mathematically.
Kinetic Energy:
Energy due to motion K.E form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason
of its motion. If work which transfers energy is done on an object by applying net
force the object speeds up and there by gains kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is a property of a moving object or particle and depends not only on
the motion but also on its mass.
The kind of motion may be translation Rotation, vibrations etc.

 Translational kinetic energy of a body is equal to one- half of the product of
the mass and square of velocity of body.
m  K .E
K .E  ½ where 
v  K .E
Unit of Energy:
The unit of the energy (K.E) is in the
Meter - kilogram – per second
That is in the unit international system known as Joule and denoted by “J”.
Potential Energy:
P.E is stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a
system. A spring has more potential energy when it is compressed or stretched.
Near the Earth it is computed by multiplying the weight of an object by its distance
above the reference point. Potential Energy may be converted into energy of
motion, called Kinetic Energy and it turn to the other forms such as electric energy.
Thus, water behind a dam flows to lower levels through turbines that turn electric
generators.
Producing electric energy

m  K .E
P.E = mgh where
h  K .E
K.E and P.E:
K.E and P.E are inversely proportional to each other.

A ball of “m” mass throwing upwards ball travels up words
with velocity “v”.on position A
P.E  mgh
P.E  mg  0   0  height  0  KE.
At point “B”
PE  mg  x 
K .E  M .E  PE  K . E
At Point C

Height  h
Velocity  0
PE  mgh
K .E  M .E  PE  K .E
Kinetic Energy
We can calculate K.E mathematically as follows:
We know that F= ma
And work done = w = F.S
We also know that
2as  v 2  u 2
2as  v 2  0  body starts from rest 
v2
a
2s
So
Equation : can be written as
F  ma
v2
F m
2s
1
F .s  mv 2
2
thus work done in producing K .E so,
1
K .E  mv 2
2
Let “F” newton force applying on a body which changes its velocity fro u to v and
accelerating with acceleration “a” than distance “s” covers
We know that F= ma
And

v 2  u 2  2as
v2  u2
a
2s
 v2  u2 
F  m 
 2s 
1 2 1 2
F .s  mv  mu
2 2
change in K . E  final K . E  initial K .E
by the lawof energy
 Work done by external Force = ∆K.E

 ∆K.E = final K.E – Initial K.E
 Work done against the resistance = loss in K.E
Law of conservation of Energy:

Energy exists in many forms. “Energy may be transformed from one form to another form but it
cannot be created or destroyed. I.e. in any mechanical process “total energy remains same.
Thus
K.E + P.E = constant
The work done by an external force = ∆ PE + ∆work done against friction
 The law of conversation of Energy states that the total energy of an object remains
constant if no external force other than gravity have done any work on it
 Normal contact force has done no work.
 The shape of the surface doesn’t matter.
 Work done by the forces (friction) = loss of K.E
 Work done by forces that help to move = gain of K.E
Note:
KE  PE  0  KE   PE info external force
KE   PE   w –  w 
 PE   w     w  
PE  KE   w  –  w 

( PE start  KE start   w     w    PE  end   KE  end 
Principle of conservation of Energy:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed into other forms
Work Done:
W  Fs
1
Kinetic Energy: Ek  mv 2
2

E p  mgh
w.d
Power: p  and p  Fv
T
Changes in Energy:
  f is the final energy of the object
  i is the initial energy of the object
  work engine is the energy caused by driving force acting on the object
  work  friction is the energy used up by frictional force or any resistive
force
Example:
A car is travelling on horizontal straight road having mass 1200 kg. Power of car engine is
20kW and constant. Resistance to motion of car is 500N and constant. Car passes point A with
speed 10m/s. car passes point B with speed 25 m/s. car takes 30.5s to move from A to B.
i. Find acceleration of the car at A

ii. Find distance AB by considering work and energy
Solution:
Part (i).

Use formula for power to find the force at ‘A’
P  Fv
20,000  10F
F  2000N
We must take into account the resistance to motion

F  Driving Force – Resistance
F  2000 – 500
F  1500
Use newton’s Second Law to find acceleration:

F  ma
1500  1200a
1500
a  1.25m / s
1200
Part (ii).
Use power formula to find work done by engine:
w.d
p
t
w.d
20000= w.d  610000 J
30.5
There is change in kinetic energy of the car so that means some work done by
engine was due to this
K .E at K .E at
1
B  1200  25
1
A  (12000) 10 
2 2
2 2
change in K .E  K .E at B  K . E at A

K.E  375000 – 60000  315000
There is also some work done against resistive fore of 500N; due to law of
conservation of energy. This leads us to the main equation:
w.d by engine = change in K.E + w.d. against resistance
610000  315000  500s
610000  315000 295000

S   590m
500 500
General Motion in Straight Line.

DIFFERENTIATE
Displacement(s) → velocity (v) → Acceleration (a)

INTEGRATE
 Particle at instantaneous rest, v = 0

 Maximum displacement from origin, v = 0
 Maximum velocity, a = 0
Example:
Particle P travels in straight line. It passes point 0 with velocity 5m/s at time
t  0s.
P’s velocity after leaving 0 given by:
V  0.002  0.12  1.8 t  5

V of p is increasing when: 0t T1 and t  T2
V of p is decreasing when: T1  t  T2
i. Find the values of T1 and T2 and distance OP when t = T2

ii. Find v of p when t = T2 and sketch velocity-time graph for the motion of
P.
Part (i).
Find stationary points of v; maximum is where t = T2
dv
 0.006t 2  0.24t  1.8
dt
dv
Stationary points occur where 0 t  30 and 10
dt
Naturally T1 comes before T2
T1  10s and T2  30
Finding distance OP by integrating

30
s   vdt
0
30
s   0.002t  0.212t 2  1.8t  5 dt
3
30
s  0.0005t 4  0.04t 3  0.9t 2  5t 
0
s  285m
Part (ii)
Do basic substitution to find v
v  0.002t 3  0.12t 2  1.8t  5
t  30 v5

To draw graph find v of ‘P’ at T1 using substitution plot roughly
V at T1  13
Question:
Particle P moves in a straight line. Starts at rest at point 0 and moves

towards a point A on the line. During first 8 seconds, P’s speed
increases to 8m/s with constant acceleration. During next 12 seconds
P’s speed decreases to 2m/s with constant deceleration. P then moves
with constant acceleration for 6 seconds. Researching point A with
speed 6.5 m/s
i. Sketch velocity-time graph for P’s motion

ii. The displacement of P from 0, at time t seconds after P leaves
0, is “s” meters. Shade region of the velocity-time graph
representing “s” for a value of “t” where 20  t  26
iii. Show that for 20  t  26,
S = 0.357 t 2 - 13t + 202

Part (ii)
First find “s” when t = 20, this will produce a constant since 20  t  26
1 1
s1  88  8  2 12   92m
2 2
Finding “s” when 20  t  26

1
s  ut  at 2
2
Velocity and Acceleration

Kinematics Equations:
v  u  at
1 1
s  ut  at 2 and s  vt  at 2
2 2
1
s  u  v  t
2
v  u 2  2as
2
Vertical Motion:
v  u  gt
2 gs  v 2  u 2
1
s  ut  gt 2
2

If body goes upwards
v  u  gt
2 gs  v 2  u 2
1
s  ut  gt 2
2
Key points
Goes up velocity
Decreasing goes down +a +v
Velocity decreases –a, -v +a+v
-a –v
Acceleration +ve then velocity increase
V V a = -ve
Speed speed
Speed up speed down
V+ a+/ v- a- v+ a- / v- a+
Displacement-Time Graph
Constant speed Return Journey Acceleration Stationary
 Gradient = speed

Velocity- Time Graph
Acceleration Deceleration Constant speed Stationary
 Gradient = acceleration
 Area under graph = change in displacement
Question:
3 m/s
X Y Z
The small block has mass 0.15kg. the surface is horizontal. The frictional
force acting on it is 0.12N. Block set in motion from X with speed 3m/s.
it hits vertical surface at Y 2s later. Block rebounds from wall directly
towards X and stops at Z. the instant that block hits wall it loses0.072J
of its kinetic energy. The velocity of the block from X to Y direction is V
m/s at time t s after it leaves X.
i. Find values of V when the block arrives at Y and when it leaves

Y. also find t when block comes to rest at Z. then sketch a
velocity-time graph of the motion of the small bock.

ii. Displacement of block from X, in the XY direction is s m at time
t s. sketch a displacement-time graph. On graph show values of
s and t when block at Y and when it comes to rest at Z.
Part (ii)
Calculating deceleration using Newton’s second law:

0.12  0.8
0.12=0.15a a m/s
0.15
Calculate v at Y using relevant kinematics equation

v3
0.8  v  1.4m / s
2
Calculate kinetic energy at Y

1
Ek   0.151.4   0.147
2
J
2
Calculate energy lost:
Initial – change = Final
0.147- 0.072=0.075J
Calculate speed as leaving Y using K.E. formula:

1
0.075   0.15 v 2 v  1m / s
2
Calculate t when particle comes to rest:

0 1
0.8  t  1.25s
t
Draw velocity – time graph with data calculated:
1.4
1 2 3.25 t/s

Part (ii)
Calculate displacement from X to Y

1
s   3 2   0.8 2 
2
Calculate displacement from Y to Z

1
s  11.25   0.81.25
2
S = 0.625m in the opposite direction
Draw displacement – time graph with data calculated:
4.44
3.77
Average Velocity:
 For an object moving with constant acceleration over a period of

time, these quantities are equal:
a. The average velocity
b. The mean of initial & final velocities
c. Velocity when half the time has passed
Relative Velocity
A C

 Let sA be the distance travelled by A and sB for B
1 1
s A2  ut  at 2 sB  ut  at 2
2 2
 If a collision occurs at point C
s A  sB  D
 This gives you the time of when the collision occurred

 Same analysis if motion is vertical.
Force and Motion

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion:
Object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless an

external force is applied.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion:
F = ma
Vertical Motion
 Weight: directly downwards
 Normal contact force: perpendicular to place of contact
Common Results of Vertical Motion

Finding time taken to reach maximum height by a projectile
travelling in vertical motion:
V = u + at

 Let v = 0 and find t
 The time taken to go up and come back to original position
would be double of this t
Finding maximum height above a launch point use:
 2as  v 2  u 2
 Let v = 0 and find s
Finding time interval for which a particle is above a given
height:
 Let the height be H and use

 1
s  ut  at 2
2
 Let s = H
 There will be a quadratic equation in t
 Solve and find the difference between the 2 t’s to find the
time interval
Question:
Particle P1 projected vertically upwards, from horizontal ground,
with speed 30m/s. at same instant P2 projected vertically
upwards from tower height 25m, with speed 10m/s.
i. Find the time for which P1 is higher than the top of the
tower

ii. Find velocities of the particles at instant when they are
same height
iii. Find the time for which P1 is higher than P2 and moving
upwards.
Part (i)
Substitute given values into displacement equation:
1
25   30  t  10 t 2 5t 2  30t  25  0
2
Solve quadratic for t

t =1s or 5s
P1 reachestower at t = 1 then passes it again when coming
down at t = 5s
Therefore time above tower = 5 – 1 = 4 soconds
Part (ii)
Displacement of P1 is S1 , and of P2 is S2 and relationship
S1  25  S2
Create equations for S1 and S2
1 1
S1  30t   10 t 2 S2  10t   10 t 2
2 2
Substitute back into initial equation

1 1
30t   10 t 3  25  10t   10 t 2
2 2
Simple cancelling
t = 1.25s
Find velocities
v = u + at
V1  30  10 1.25  17.5m / s
V2  10  10 1.25  2.5m / s
Part (iii)
We know when P1 and P2 at same height t = 1.25s. Find time
taken to reach max height for P1
V = u + at
V is 0 at max height
0 = 30 – 10t t = 3s
Time for P1 above P2  3  1.25  1.75sec onds

Work Force Energy Including Newton's Laws

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Work Force Energy Including Newton's Laws

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Force

General properties of force

 To resolving a force is to decompose the force into two components.

 Resolving a force into its component is a reverse process of addition of

1 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

We can use right angle rules here.

Pythagoras theorem or trigonometric ratio or x-component

 To find the resultant is to compose all forces into one.

2 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

X = sum of all x components or horizontal components

Y = sum of all y-components or vertical components

If we have 2 forces involved we can use triangle rules.

Use sin Θ rule cosine rule to find the resultant.

 Always point downwards

 When 2 surfaces are contact there may be 2 contact forces.

 The largest friction force is called limiting

Forces and Equilibrium

3 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

 The pull or push is known as force.

The unit of force is Newton denoted by “N”.

There are different kinds of force.

A book exert a force on the table which is gravitational times to the

4 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

This normal Force = weight

Since book in the form of rest

So on the flat horizontal surface

Force applying on Body

Body I sin static form

5 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

If body moves or in moving from then you observe some acceleration in

Fr= μR (μ = constant of friction)

A body is pulling by a rope tied to the body and body is moving in

6 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

∑ Fy = 0 (if body in state of rest )

Now forces along x-axis on in x-direction

If body moving with constant speed then a = 0

So sum of all forces in x – direction is zero.

If body is moving without constant speed.

7 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

Force on lifting body

A body of 10kg is lifting by 40N Force

Find its Normal Force = ? (T = 40 N and w = 100N)

8 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

Note: by lifting a body the normal force decreases and by pressing a

A horizontal force of 150 N is applied on a body of 20kg. which causes

a. What is the acceleration if there is no force of friction ?

Tension Force in a hanging Body

A tension force applying on a body of mass “m”

a. What is acceleration if there is no friction?

11 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

12 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

ma = m(g sin30 - k mg cos30 )

= 10 sin 30 – 0.20 (10) cos30

Tension in objects joining to each other.

13 AZHAR AHMED KHAN (0364-1442206)

Acceleration in the whole system

Net force on Box1 T2 m1 F1

Net Force on Box2  T2

Two Boxes of masses m1  20kg m2  30kg are connected with a rope. A

m2 20kg T1 30kg m1 F  100N

Force applying on the whole system is the net force.

Box1 excerting forceon Box2

T1 90N 30kg 180