ππ   

 
 




 

   
 
  
  
    
 

 !  





 

 



 
 
 
 

 





   



 


 

   "  

 

 #  $ 

  



  

 
 
 



 
    

 

  


 

 

  


 

    
 
 
  

 


 

 




  





 

    !
   !






   

    




 

 %  &'
 

 


  


 


 
 
   

    
 

 


  

,W LV JHQHUDOO\ DFFHSWHG WRGD\ WKDW SHWUROHXP DQG  QP EHWZHHQ WKH SODQDU VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV RI

UHSUHVHQWV D FROORLG V\VWHP ZLWK RLOV DV WKH GLVSHUVLRQ WKH OD\HU [] 6WDWLF DQG G\QDPLF VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ

PHGLXP DQG UHVLQV DQG DVSKDOWHQHV DV FROORLGV ZKLFK VPDOO²DQJOH QHXWURQ VFDWWHULQJ YLVFRVLW\ GLHOHFWULF

DUH LQ WKH IRUP RI D PLFHOOH ZLWK DVSKDOWHQHV VXUURXQGHG UHOD[DWLRQ DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV RI

E\ UHVLQV [²] 7KH DYHUDJH FRQWHQW RI RLOV UHVLQV DQG DVSKDOWHQHV LQ VROXWLRQV KDYH FRQILUPHG WKDW DVSKDOWHQH

DVSKDOWHQHV LQ SHWUROHXP DPRXQWV WR   DQG   PROHFXOHV H[KLELW D VWURQJ SURSHQVLW\ IRU

ZW UHVSHFWLYHO\ [] VHOI²DVVRFLDWLRQ [] (VSHFLDOO\ WKH ODWHVW UHVXOWV RI

FRQGXFWLYLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV RI DVSKDOWHQH VROXWLRQV KDYH

7KH VWUXFWXUH RI DVSKDOWHQHV KDV EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG
VKRZQ WKDW DVSKDOWHQH DJJUHJDWH GR QRW VZHOO RU
LQWHQVLYHO\ VLQFH WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKHLU LVRODWLRQ

UHVXOWLQJ LQ QXPHURXV SURSRVDOV RI WKH K\SRWKHWLFDO

UHGLVWULEXWH [] ,W LV PRUH RU OHVV LQWHUORFNHG DQG WKH

VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH DYHUDJH DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOH RQH RI HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG WR XQIROG LW DQG FDXVH WKH VZHOOLQJ LV

ZKLFK LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  [] 7KH PRODU PDVV DQG WKH WRR KLJK $OVR WKHUH LV D VWULFW SDFNLQJ FRQVWUDLQW LH WKH

HOHPHQWDO DQDO\VLV GDWD DV ZHOO DV WKH PROHFXOH DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOHV LQ WKH DJJUHJDWH DUH VWUXFWXUDOO\

GLPHQVLRQV LI WKH SDUDIILQLF FKDLQV DUH LQ WKH H[WHQGHG PDWFKHG $ UHFHQW VWXG\ RI FROORLGDO GLVSHUVLRQV RI

²FRQIRUPDWLRQ DUH DOVR JLYHQ LQ )LJ  7KH $WKDEDVFD DVSKDOWHQHV LQ WROXHQH E\ VPDOO DQJOH ;²UD\

K\SRWKHWLFDO DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOH LV GHVLJQDWHG KHUH E\ VFDWWHULQJ KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH FROORLGDO SDUWLFOHV DUH

WKH GRWWHG OLQH ORFDWHG DW WKH HQG RI WKH SURMHFWLRQ RI WKH SRO\GLVSHUVH VSKHUHV ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH GLDPHWHU RI 

K\GURJHQ YDQ GHU :DDOV GLDPHWHUV EHLQJ DVVLJQHG WKH QP [] 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LW KDV EHHQ VKRZQ E\ ;²UD\

IRUP RI DQ LUUHJXODU UHFWDQJXODU EULFN DQG QHXWURQ VFDWWHULQJ PHWKRGV WKDW DQ DVSKDOWHQH

DJJUHJDWH FRUUHVSRQGV WR D ODPHOODU VWUXFWXUDO PRGHO

,W KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG E\ ORZ DQJOH ;²UD\ DQG
[]
QHXWURQ VFDWWHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV WKDW WKH DVSKDOWHQHV LQ
$ WKUHH OD\HU DVSKDOWHQH DJJUHJDWH QXFOHXV
WKH FROORLG V\VWHP UHSUHVHQW DJJUHJDWHV FRQVLVWLQJ RI
PRGHO ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ E\ WDNLQJ LQWR
VHYHUDO DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOHV LQ WKH IRUP RI D GLVN ZLWK

D GLDPHWHU RI ² QP DQG D WKLFNQHVV RI XS WR  QP [] DFFRXQW DOO RI WKH PHQWLRQHG H[SHULPHQWDO IDFWV DQG E\

DVVLJQLQJ WKH K\SRWKHWLFDO DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOH WKH IRUP

0RODU PDVV PHDVXUHPHQWV RI DVSKDOWHQHV DW GLIIHUHQW
RI DQ LUUHJXODU UHFWDQJXODU EULFN )LJ  7KH EULFNV
WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG LQ GLIIHUHQW VROYHQWV KDYH DOVR VKRZQ
ZHUH FRPELQHG E\ KDQG WR PDWFK LQ DJJUHJDWHV ZLWK
WKDW WKH DVSKDOWHQH SDUWLFOH FRQVLVWV RI VHYHUDO

DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOHV [] )XUWKHUPRUH LW KDV EHHQ

KLJK YDOXHV RI WKH GHOLEHUDWHG HQHUJ\ RI WKH ERQGV

DFWLQJ EHWZHHQ DVSKDOWHQH PROHFXOHV WDNLQJ LQWR

GHWHUPLQHG E\ ;²UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ WKDW WKH DVSKDOWHQH

HOHPHQW RI WKH DJJUHJDWH KDV D OHQJWK RI  ²  QP DFFRXQW WKDW YDQ GHU :DDOV ERQGV EHWZHHQ K\GURJHQ

ZKLFK LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH K\SRWKHWLFDO DWRPV DQG π²π ERQGV EHWZHHQ WKH SODQDU VWUXFWXUDO

VWUXFWXUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ  WKH SDUDIILQLF FKDLQV FRXOG HOHPHQWV FRQWULEXWH WKH PRVW WR WKH VXP RI WKH ERQG

KDYH FRQIRUPDWLRQV WKDW ZRXOG VKRUWHQ WKH PROHFXOH HQHUJLHV WKDW KROG WKH DJJUHJDWH WRJHWKHU 2QH OD\HU RI

DQG WKDW WKH DJJUHJDWHV FRQWDLQ VHYHUDO OD\HUV ZLWK WKH DVSKDOWHQH DJJUHJDWH PRGHO LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,W

GLVWDQFHV RI  EHWZHHQ WKH FKDLQ VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV FRQVLVWV RI IRXU EULFNV 7KH ZKROH DJJUHJDWH FRQVLVWV RI

WKUHH OD\HUV DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ZKLFK UHSUHVHQWV WKH 6

  
 
    
  ² 6 DQG 6 ² 6 FURVV²VHFWLRQV RI WKH DVSKDOWHQH

 
  

 

  !" # $%&$ DJJUHJDWH PRGHO )LJ  7KH VDWXUDWHG DOLSKDWLF
'()))*& 

 '
!+
 


  )& *&&& VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV RI WKH WRS DQG ERWWRP OD\HU KDYH D

!+
 
+
 
), *&&& FRQIRUPDWLRQ )LJ  GRZQ RQ WKH ULJKW WKDW UHVXOWV LQ D


-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG    

PDVV RI WKH K\SRWKHWLFDO WKUHH OD\HU DVSKDOWHQH

DJJUHJDWH DPRXQWV WR  DQG WKDW WKH DYHUDJH PRODU

PDVV RI WKH DVK FRPSRXQGV DPRXQWV WR  FDOFXODWHG

RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI D W\SLFDO DVK VDPSOH

DQG WKH PRODU PDVV RI WKH FRPSRXQGV SUHVHQWHG LQ LW LW

ZDV FDOFXODWHG WKDW WKHUH DUH  VDOW PROHFXOHV DQGRU

PHWDO LRQV SHU RQH DVSKDOWHQH DJJUHJDWH LQ WKLV

SDUWLFXODU FDVH &RQVHTXHQWO\ HDFK DVSKDOWHQH

DJJUHJDWH FRXOG FRQWDLQ VDOW PROHFXOHV RU PHWDO LRQV RU

ERWK 7KH DVSKDOWHQH DJJUHJDWH PRGHO VKRZV WKDW WKHUH

LV HQRXJK VSDFH IRU WKLV )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV HDVLO\


   
    

 

 
   
   

 

     
  


 
        
[]
 
   
   
 
     


        π π 
  
    
 


 !

  
 


 "

"   

 

   #  $
   $

   #  %
   



 &

 '() 
 *
 

     
  &+ ,) 


   
   

 
      *

 

 
   
    

 

 

 
    
 


 

           

     

 
   
GLVWDQFH RI  EHWZHHQ WKH FKDLQV DQG QDSKWKHQLF

 
  

 
 
 -.. #/%
    *
 
  
 
 
   
ULQJV DQG  QP EHWZHHQ WKH SODQDU VWUXFWXUDO

HOHPHQWV RI WKH DGMDFHQW OD\HUV 7KH DVSKDOWHQH



 

    
 [0] 1
DJJUHJDWH FRQWDLQV YHUWLFDO FDYLWLHV WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI

 
   
 

ZKLFK HQDEOH WKH FRQWDLQPHQW RI PHWDO LRQV RU  
   +  2  
PROHFXOHV RI DQ LQRUJDQLF VDOW )LJXUHV  DQG  ,Q WKH 
     
    
FDVH ZKHQ WKH DVSKDOWHQH DQG DVK FRQWHQWV LQ D  


 
 
 

YDFXXP²UHVLGXH DPRXQW WR  DQG   ZW  [3]
UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKDW WKH PRODU
  
   

 
  
 
  
 
    


                
 !         
    

,4
-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG    

 "
       


   
     

 


      


#   

     

 5

 
   

 

 # $          
   


   

 1



    


   
+ 0 2        


  
 8
 *   


  

 



 [4]6
  
   

      

         




      
 8 


     
( 
   

  





    

 



 + 0 
   1 
  + 3  
  

   


    

 1 
 
   

 
 





    


  

 


   
 
  
  


   


         + 4 
  -.  # 
     * 97,38  -,     

  [49] 
 #  
 
   $       


   

    
   
   

  

      
 


     

 
 


  
     
     $      

   

 

    


     5
 

 [,]  
 
&+ 4)    
 ' 
      


 

 [-] 1 

 
  


+ 0  
 
   5
  

      


7    


      
 1 
 
   
  
 &+ 0)  
  
   + : 2   
      

 
         
 
  
  




  
  * 
 
 
  5

 
 1

 
   
   (  
    
  

          .:  *      

  


 &+ 3)  
  

 


    
 
 

  
 

    

  .-0 


   
 .4.   

  + 3 2  

  
   
  
    

 


 &)  

  
 


 &     
    
  

) 
 
     
 


 
     
 #
    #  
 
     

# *

 
  
    


   
 
   
  
     
   

 


 + 3  

  



 
 % &          

,4,
-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG    

 
  
 



  

   
 
 

 

       


    
   #

   
   

 [:] 2 
    

  


   

    

 
      

 2 

 
 *
     
* 
 
  
  

 
    
  $
  #  
0. :.4 &  
 
)
7 
  
 
   #
 
     

 

         


  
        
 
   



  
 

   

 5
  

   
  
 
     

     
  
 


   

 ' &(            ;  

#     [,3]  

    

 
  
 


  
 

 [,4]    

 
   

  
          
    
 ...0 ..   

  $
   
    
 5
  
 [,:]    


  
 
   ,0  0. 
 
  &, 


 



 &+ -       
 


   
 
!) [:] ;  
       
)    



  


  

 & 

  


  
)


      8  
  
  
&)

*   

   #  
     

   
    
 

 

  
  &+ ,)  

  
2  
   
  # 

 π π  8  
 

  
  
    
  
  

   
 

    
 2  
   *    *     
#
  

 

  

 [,4,9]    

    



   
    
   
  
 '   
 
  
 


    
  

 
    
 

  

    
 [9] 
     


 

 

   [,. , ,,]      0. ..  


  
 


  
 [,-]  


 8  
 
; 

    
 

    
 
  


     

  

  




 

    [,]  ' 
  



     
 
   
          


 

  
  
*    
  
    


 

  /
         & 
*


        
 π π (  %
)  

 
 
   


 
  
  

 
    

 [,0]  1  

     

 


 
       
  
   

  
               
 


 


 
  
  
 
    2  
   
  
         

 % 5

 
 
 
 


     
 
 
 
& ,()    + ,  <    
      


 
#

,4-
-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG    




  

   
   # 
    

  
            (  (  
    
    

    
   
    
  
   

  2  
 1
*  (
 
 +
 7 =
    

 %  
      
 
5

 
    
  5

 



 

  

   

& 
)   

   
  
 
    [1] +- 1HXPDQQ %LWXPHQ   ²


#  
 
  


[2] 5= 6\XQ\DHY 5= 6DILHYD .ROORLGQ\H VWUXNWXU\ DVIDO·WHQRY
 
 
 


5
 *RVXGDUVWYHQQD\D $NDGHPL\D 1HIWL L *D]D LPHQL ,0
  
 

6 
 



   *XENLQD 0RVFRZ ,]GDWHO·VWYR 1HIW· L *D] 
     

 
 
 


[3] -* 6SHLJKW $SSO 6SHFWURVF 5HY   ²

       
 [4] 7) <HQ *9 &KLOLQJDULDQ (GLWRUV $VSKDOWHQHV DQG



   


 #
 
 


$VSKDOWV  'HY 3HWU 6FL $ (OVHYLHU 

   
   

  
 

 [5] -$ -RYDQRYLF - 6HUE &KHP 6RF   ²
     
   


[6] -* 6SHLJKW $UDELDQ - 6FL (QJ   ²
 * 8 
  
  


  *    
   [7] 5 %RXOHW ' (VSLQDW .& 5DYH\ &KHPLVWU\ RI %LWXPHQ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP -XQH ²  5RPH
 

   *  # 

 


3URFHHGLQJV  ²
5
 

 



  
 


[8] 6( 0RVFKRSHGLV -* )U\HU -* 6SHLJKW )XHO  

      

 
 
 ²




       [9] 7) <HQ &KHPLVWU\ RI %LWXPHQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP

 


   


 
 -XQH ²  5RPH 3URFHHGLQJV  ²




   
    

 1 [10] (< 6KHX ' 6WRUP 0'H 7DU 0 - 1RQFULVWDOOLQH 6ROLGV

  
  
 * &)     ²

  0. :.4  
 
 

 [11] (< 6KHX - 3K\V &RQGHQV 0DWWHU   $²$
 



5
  


  [12] < ;X < .RJD 23 6WUDXV] )XHO   ²
*  



 

   [13] &+ %DUGRQ / /DUUH ' (VSLQDW 9 *XLOOH 0+ /L -

     
   

   /DPEDUG -& 5DYH\ ( 5RVHQEHUJ 7 =HPE )XHO 6FL

 

# *
      7HFKQRO ,QW   ²

         [14] 7) <HQ 7KH 5ROH RI 7UDFH 0HWDOV LQ 3HWUROHXP $QQ $UERU
0.4  
 6FLHQFH 3XEOLVKHUV  
 
   
  

  [15] 3: -HQLQJV -$6 3ULEDQLF 70 0HQGHV -$ 6PLWK

 
 

 $
 
$
 &KHPLVWU\RI %LWXPHQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP -XQH ²
 5RPH 3URFHHGLQJV  ²
      

[16] , .RZDOHZVNL 0 9DQGHQEURXFNH $< +XF (QHUJ\
    


 

    )XHOV   ²
      
$   
 [17] -* 6SHLJKW 7KH &KHPLVWU\ DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ RI
+
  
  

 

  3HWUROHXP 0DUFHO 'HNNHU ,QF 1HZ <RUN %DVHO +RQJ


  
   

 

 .RQJ  
  
   
  

  [18] & (OVFKHQEURLFK $ 6DO]HU 2UJDQRPHWDOOFKHPLH %*

 
     7HXEQHU 6WXWWJDUW  ²

 [19] %3 7LVVRW '+ :HOWH 3HWUROHXP )RUPDWLRQ DQG
2FFXUUHQFH 6SULQJHU²9HUODJ %HUOLQ +HLGHOEHUJ 1HZ <RUN
(     
 7RN\R 



   

   

 

 
[20] 5 %UWWLQJ * 6SLWHOOHU )DW 6FL 7HFKQRO  
     #

 

 #  ² DQG ² 
 

 
  
 [21] 65 6LOYHUPDQ - $P 2LO &KHP 6RF   ²


 
  

   

[22] 23 6WUDXV] 7: 0RMHOVN\ (0 /RZQ 3URF²,QW 6\PS
  

 

   

+HDY\ 2LO 5HVLGXH 8SJUDGLQJ 8WLO (G E\ +DQ &KRQJUHQ
   

   

    +VL &KX ,QW $FDG 3XEO %HLMLQJ 3H 5HS &KLQD 

   
 
  ²
  
 [23] 5 2VKLPD < <DPDXFKL & :DWDQDEH - .XPDQRWDQL -
2UJ &KHP   ²


 [24] %$ :DWVRQ 0$ %DUWHDX ,QG (QJ &KHP 5HV 
 ²
2 # =;

 >  ' [25] * =HQNH =XP /|VHYHUKDOWHQ YRQ $VSKDOWHQH

  ?  7
 =   $QZHQGXQJ YRQ/|VOLFKNHLWVSDUDPHWHU ² .RQ]HSWHQ DXI

,4
-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG    

.ROORLGIUDNWLRQHQ VFKZHUHU (UG|OSURGXNWH 'LVVHUWDWLRQ [28] 5+ )LOE\ -) %UDQWKDYHU 0HWDO &RPSOH[HV LQ )RVVLO
78&ODXVWKDO *HUPDQ\  )XHOV $&6 6\PSRVLXP 6HULHV 1R  :DVKLQJWRQ
 
[26] $ 7UHLEV /LHELJV $QQ &KHPLH   ² DQG [29] 5$ *DOLPRY 99 $EXVKDHYD 1HIWHNKLPL\D  
 ² ²
[27] -) %UDQWKDYHU )XHO 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ +DQGERRN
(G -* 6SHLJKW 0DUFHO 'HNNHU ,QF 1HZ <RUN 
²

,=92'

!'>@A2 1=B@=11 1;+1A@ 1 2 !2@A@ C'A'2> '= ;2;@!1 1+@

& 
QL UDG
-RYDQ $ -RYDQRYLþ
7HKQRORåNR²PHWDOXUåNL IDNXOWHW %HRJUDG
.RULVWHþ L QRYH SUHWSRVWDYNH ]D KLSRWHWL NX VWUXNWXUX SURVH QRJ PROHNXOD DV .OMX QH UH L DVIDOWHQL • PLFHOH •
IDOWHQD L UH]XOWDWH RGUH
LYDQMD GLPHQ]LMD PROHNXOD DVIDOWHQD L QMLKRYLK DJUHJDWD NRORLGQL VLVWHP • PRGHO •
NRQVWUXLVDQ MH PRGHO DVIDOWHQVNRJ DJUHJDWD RGQRVQR MH]JUD $JUHJDW MH .H\ ZRUGV $VSKDOWHQH • 0LFHOOH •
]JUR VDGUçL WUL LOL YLåH VORMHYD RG NRMLK MH VYDNL L]JUD
MHQ RG HWLUL PROHNXOD DV &ROORLG V\VWHP • 0RGHO •
IDOWHQD $VIDOWHQVNL DJUHJDW MH UHODWLYQR VWDELODQ MHU VH GUçL SRPRþX YDQ GHU
:DDOV²RYLK VLOD NRMH GHMVWYXMX L]PH
X EURMQLK YRGRQLNRYLK DWRPD ]DWLP SR
PRþX LQWHUDNFLMH π ² π YH]D SODQDUQLK GHORYD PROHNXOD DVIDOWHQD L SRPRþX YR
GRQL QLK L MRQ²GLSROQLK YH]D 'D EL VH L]JUDGLR PRGHO PROHNXOX DVIDOWHQD MH
GDW REOLN QHSUDYLOQH SUDYRXJDRQH FLJOLFH 2QD VDGUçL YHUWLNDOQH åXSOMLQH LMH
GLPHQ]LMH RPRJXþDYDMX SULKYDWDQMH MRQD PHWDOD LLOL PROHNXOD VROL 'DMXþL L PR
OHNXOLPD VPROD NYD]L²SDUYRXJDRQL REOLN NRQVWUXLVDQ MH PRGHO PLFHOH NRORL
GQRJ VLVWHPD QDIWH ÿHWLUL PROHNXOD DVIDOWHQD NRML JUDGH MHGDQ VORM RNUXçHQL
VX X PRGHOX VD VHGDP PROHNXOD VPROD 2GQRV HWLUL SUHPD VHGDP MH SURVH
DQ RGQRV EURMD PROHNXOD DVIDOWHQD SUHPD EURMX PROHNXOD VPROD X QDIWL 3UL
ND]LYDQMH DVIDOWHQVNRJ MH]JUD X REOLNX JUD
HYLQH RG FLJDOD PRçH GD RODNåD
WURGLPHQ]LRQDOQX NRPSMXWHUVNX DQDOL]X PRJXþLK VWUXNWXUD .RQVWUXLVDQH VX
PLFHOH VD  VORMD L ²QLP VORMHP L SULND]DQL VX PRJXþL SRORçDML MRQD PHWDOD L
PROHNXOD VROL .RQVWUXLVDQD PLFHOD XND]XMH QD PHKDQL]DP VWDUHQMD ELWXPHQD
SUHNR UHDNFLMD NRQGHQ]DFLMH FLNOL QLK VWUXNWXUD 2QD PH
XWLP XND]XMH L QD
PRJXþQRVW XNODSDQMD X QMX L PROHNXOD SRUILULQD 0RGHOL DVIDOWHQVNRJ DJUHJDWD
L PLFHOH MDVQR XND]XMX QD NRPSOHNVQRVW NRORLGQRJ VLVWHPD QDIWH 0RGHOL VX
QDSUDYOMHQL XNODSDQMHP L VSDMDQMHP SURVH QLK PROHNXOD DVIDOWHQD L VPROD X
VWUXNWXUH VD QDMYHþLP EURMHP PRJXþLK VHNXQGDUQLK KHPLMVNLK YH]D YRGHþL UD
XQD R GLPHQ]LMDPD L PH
XPROHNXOVNLP UDVWRMDQMLPD 2YDNYL PRGHOL WUHED GD
VH RJUDQL H QD JUXSH QDIWL VOL QLK SUHNXUVRUD L SXWHYD GLDJHQH]H L
NDWDJHQH]H


-$ -29$129,ý 02'(/6 2) $1 $63+$/7(1( $**5(*$7( &KHP ,QG