(BS EN 61000-4-30) - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30. Testing and Measurement Techniques. Power Quality Measurement Methods PDF

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Title: Draft BS EN 61000-4-30 ED 3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -
Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques - Power quality measurement methods
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Title:
IEC 61000-4-30: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-30: Testing and measurement
techniques –Power quality measurement methods
(Titre) :
CEI 61000-4-30: Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) – Partie 4-30 : Techniques d'essai et de mesure – Méthodes de
mesure de la qualité de l'alimentation
Introductory note
Copyright © 2012 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is

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FORM CD (IEC)
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CONTENTS
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 9
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................... 10
3 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 11
4 General.......................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Classes of measurement ...................................................................................... 16
4.2 Organization of the measurements ....................................................................... 16
4.3 Electrical values to be measured .......................................................................... 17
4.4 Measurement aggregation over time intervals ....................................................... 17
4.5 Measurement aggregation algorithm ..................................................................... 18
4.5.1 Requirements ........................................................................................... 18
4.5.2 150/180 Cycle aggregation ....................................................................... 18
4.5.3 10-min aggregation ................................................................................... 18
4.5.4 2-hour aggregation.................................................................................... 20
4.6 Time-clock uncertainty .......................................................................................... 20
4.7 Flagging concept .................................................................................................. 21
5 Power quality parameters .............................................................................................. 22
5.1 Power frequency ................................................................................................... 22
5.1.1 Measurement method ............................................................................... 22
5.1.2 Measurement uncertainty and measuring range ........................................ 22
5.1.3 Measurement evaluation ........................................................................... 22
5.1.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 22
5.2 Magnitude of the supply voltage ........................................................................... 23
5.2.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 23
5.3 Flicker .................................................................................................................. 23
5.3.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 24
5.4 Supply voltage dips and swells ............................................................................. 24
5.4.2 Detection and evaluation of a voltage dip .................................................. 24
5.4.3 Detection and evaluation of a voltage swell ............................................... 25
5.4.4 Calculation of a sliding reference voltage .................................................. 26
5.5 Voltage interruptions ............................................................................................. 27
5.5.2 Evaluation of a voltage interruption ........................................................... 27
5.5.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 28
5.6 Transient voltages ................................................................................................ 28
5.7 Supply voltage unbalance ..................................................................................... 28
5.7.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 29
5.8 Voltage harmonics ................................................................................................ 29
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5.8.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 30
5.9 Voltage interharmonics ......................................................................................... 30
5.9.3 Evaluation ................................................................................................. 31
5.9.4 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 31
5.10 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage ...................................................... 31
5.10.3 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 32
5.11 Rapid voltage changes ......................................................................................... 32
5.11.2 Calculation of Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage ........................................ 32
5.11.3 Detection and evaluation of an RVC event ................................................ 33
5.12 Underdeviation and overdeviation ......................................................................... 34
5.13 Current ................................................................................................................. 34
5.13.1 Magnitude of current ................................................................................. 34
5.13.2 Current recording ...................................................................................... 35
5.13.3 Harmonic currents ..................................................................................... 35
5.13.4 Interharmonic currents .............................................................................. 36
5.13.5 Current unbalance .................................................................................... 36
6 Performance verification ................................................................................................ 36
Annex A (informative) Power quality measurements – Issues and guidelines ...................... 39
A.1 Installation precautions ......................................................................................... 39
A.1.1 Test leads ................................................................................................. 40
A.1.2 Guarding of live parts ................................................................................ 41
A.1.3 Monitor placement .................................................................................... 41
A.1.4 Earthing .................................................................................................... 41
A.1.5 Interference .............................................................................................. 41
A.2 Transducers ......................................................................................................... 42
A.2.1 General ..................................................................................................... 42
A.2.2 Signal levels ............................................................................................. 42
A.2.3 Frequency response of transducers .......................................................... 43
A.2.4 Transducers for measuring transients ....................................................... 44
A.3 Transient voltages and currents ............................................................................ 44
A.3.1 Definitions................................................................................................. 45
A.3.2 Frequency and amplitude characteristics of a.c. mains transients ............. 45
A.3.3 Transient voltage detection ....................................................................... 46
A.3.4 Transient voltage evaluation ..................................................................... 46
A.3.5 Effect of surge protective devices on transient measurements .................. 47
A.4 Voltage dip characteristics .................................................................................... 47
A.4.1 Rapidly updated r.m.s values .................................................................... 47
A.4.2 Phase angle/point-on-wave ....................................................................... 48
A.4.3 Voltage dip unbalance .............................................................................. 48
A.4.4 Phase shift during voltage dip ................................................................... 48
A.4.5 Missing voltage ......................................................................................... 48
A.4.6 Distortion during voltage dip ..................................................................... 49
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A.4.7 Other characteristics and references ......................................................... 49

Annex B (informative) Power Quality measurement – Guidance for applications. ................ 50
B.1 Contractual applications of power quality measurements ...................................... 50
B.1.1 General considerations ............................................................................. 50
B.1.2 Specific considerations ............................................................................. 51
B.2 Statistical survey applications ............................................................................... 55
B.2.1 Considerations .......................................................................................... 55
B.2.2 Power quality indices ................................................................................ 55
B.2.3 Monitoring Objectives ............................................................................... 56
B.2.4 Economic Aspects of Power Quality Surveys ............................................ 56
B.3 Locations and types of surveys ............................................................................. 57
B.3.1 Monitoring Locations ................................................................................. 57
B.3.2 Pre-Monitoring Site Surveys...................................................................... 58
B.3.3 Customer Side Site Survey ....................................................................... 58
B.3.4 Network Side Survey ................................................................................. 58
B.4 Connections and quantities to measure ................................................................ 58
B.4.1 Equipment Connection Options ................................................................. 58
B.4.2 Priorities: Quantities to Measure .............................................................. 59
B.4.3 Current Monitoring .................................................................................... 59
B.5 Selecting the monitoring thresholds and monitoring period ................................... 60
B.5.1 Monitoring Thresholds............................................................................... 60
B.5.2 Monitoring Period ...................................................................................... 60
B.6 Statistical analysis of the measured data .............................................................. 60
B.6.1 Indices ...................................................................................................... 61
B.7 Trouble-shooting applications ............................................................................... 62
B.7.1 General ..................................................................................................... 62
B.7.2 Power quality signatures ........................................................................... 62
Annex C (informative) Conducted emissions in the 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz range ......................... 63
C.1 Measurement method ........................................................................................... 63
C.2 Measurement range and measurement uncertainty ............................................... 64
C.3 Aggregation .......................................................................................................... 64
Annex D (informative) Underdeviation and Overdeviation .................................................... 65
D.1 Underdeviation and Overdeviation ........................................................................ 65
D.1.1 Measurement method ............................................................................... 65
D.1.2 Measurement uncertainty and measuring range ........................................ 65
D.1.3 Aggregation .............................................................................................. 65
Annex E (informative) Class B Measurement Methods ........................................................ 67
E.1 Background for Class B ........................................................................................ 67
E.4.4 Class B - Measurement aggregation over time intervals ............................ 67
E.4.6 Class B - Real Time Clock (RTC) uncertainty ............................................ 67
E.5.1.1 Class B – Frequency - measurement method ........................................... 67
E.5.1.2 Class B – Frequency - measurement uncertainty .................................... 67
E.5.2.1 Class B – Magnitude of the supply – measurement method ..................... 67
E.5.2.2 Class B – Magnitude of the supply – measurement uncertainty and measuring
range ........................................................................................................ 67
E.5.3 Class B – Flicker ........................................................................................ 67
E.5.4.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells - measurement method .......... 68
E.5.4.5.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells – magnitude uncertainty...... 68
E.5.4.5.2 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells – duration uncertainty ......... 68
E.5.5 Class B – Voltage interruptions ................................................................... 68
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E.5.7.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Unbalance – measurement method ................. 68

E.5.7.2 Class B – Supply Voltage unbalance –uncertainty .................................. 68
E.5.8.1 Class B – Voltage Harmonics – measurement method ............................. 68
E.5.8.2 Class B –Voltage Harmonics – measurement uncertainty and range ....... 68
E.5.9.1 Class B – Voltage Interharmonics – measurement method....................... 68
E.5.9.2 Class B –Voltage Interharmonics – measurement uncertainty and range 68
E.5.10.1 Class B – Mains signalling voltage – measurement method .................. 68
E.5.10.2 Class B –Mains signalling voltage – measurement uncertainty and range68
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 1 – Measurement chain ............................................................................................. 16

Figure 2 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class A ........................................... 19
Figure 3 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class S: parameters for which gaps are
not permitted ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 4 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class S: parameters for which gaps are
permitted (see subclause 4.5.2) ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 5 – Example of supply voltage unbalance uncertainty ................................................ 29
Figure A.1 – Frequency spectrum of typical representative transient test waveforms ............ 45
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

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ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques –

Power quality measurement methods
FOREWORD
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication,
use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable
for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights.
IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61000-4-30 has been prepared by subcommittee 77A: Low- frequency
phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility.
This standard forms part 4-30 of IEC 61000. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance
with IEC Guide 107.
The main changes from Edition 2 are:
A measurement method for current, previously informative, is now normative with some changes;
A measurement method for RVC (Rapid Voltage Change) has been added;
A measurement method for Conducted emissions in the 2kHz ~ 150kHz range has been added in an
Informative Annex;
Underdeviation and Overdeviation parameters are moved to an Informative Annex;
Class A and Class S measurement methods are defined and clarified, while Class B is moved to an
Informative Annex and considered for future removal;
Measurement methods continue in this Standard, but responsibility for influence quantitites,
performance, and test procedures are transferred to IEC 62586 (Draft).
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The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on
voting
77A/XX/FDI 77A/XX/RVD
S
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting
indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
maintenance result date 1 ) indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
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• amended.
1) The National Committees are requested to note that for this publication the maintenance result date is xxxx
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INTRODUCTION
IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure:
Part 1: General
General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)

Definitions, terminology
Part 2: Environment
Description of the environment

Classification of the environment
Compatibility levels
Part 3: Limits
Emission limits
Immunity limits (in so far as they do not fall under the responsibility of the product committees)
Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Measurement techniques
Testing techniques
Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Installation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
Part 6: Generic standards
Part 9: Miscellaneous
Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as International Standards or as
Technical Specifications or Technical Reports, some of which have already been published as sections.
Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and completed by a second number
identifying the subdivision (example: 61000-6-1).
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ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques –

Power quality measurement methods
1 Scope
This part of IEC 61000-4 defines the methods for measurement and interpretation of results for power
quality parameters in a.c. power supply systems with a declared fundamental frequency of 50 Hz or 60
Hz.
Measurement methods are described for each relevant parameter in terms that give reliable and
repeatable results, regardless of the method’s implementation. This standard addresses measurement
methods for in situ measurements.
Measurement of parameters covered by this standard is limited to conducted phenomena in power

systems. The power quality parameters considered in this standard are power frequency, magnitude of
the supply voltage, flicker, supply voltage dips and swells, voltage interruptions, transient voltages,
supply voltage unbalance, voltage harmonics and interharmonics, mains signalling on the supply
voltage, rapid voltage changes, and current measurements; emissions in the 2 kHz ~ 150 Khz range are
considered in Annex C (informative), and over- and under-deviations are considered in Annex D
(informative). Depending on the purpose of the measurement, all or a subset of the phenomena on this
list may be measured.
NOTE 1: Test methods for verifying compliance with this standard may be found in IEC 62586-2 (Draft).
NOTE 2: The effects of transducers inserted between the power system and the instrument are acknowledged but not
addressed in detail in this standard. Guidance about effects of transducers may be found IEC TR61869-103 Ed 1 (draft at this
time).
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1 2 Normative references
2 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
3 For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
4 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
5 IEC 60050(161), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161: Electro-

6 magnetic compatibility
7 IEC 60050-300, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Electrical and electronic

8 measurements and measuring instruments – Part 311: General terms relating to
9 measurements – Part 312: General terms relating to electrical measurements – Part 313:
10 Types of electrical measuring instruments – Part 314: Specific terms according to the type of
11 instrument
12 IEC 61000-2-2:2002, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-2: Environment –

13 Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-
14 voltage power supply systems – Basic EMC publication
15 IEC 61000-2-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-4: Environment – Compatibility

16 levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances – Basic EMC publication
17 IEC 61000-2-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-8: Environment – Voltage dips,
18 short interruptions on public electric power supply system with statistical measurement results
19 – Basic EMC publication
20 IEC 61000-3-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3: Limits – Section 8: Signalling

21 on low-voltage electrical installations – Emission levels, frequency bands and electromagnetic
22 disturbance levels
23 IEC 61000-4-7{ed2.1}:2009-10, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and

24 measurement techniques – General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements
25 and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto – Basic EMC
26 publication
27 IEC 61000-4-15{ed2.0}2010-08, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4: Testing and

28 measurement techniques – Section 15: Flickermeter – Functional and design specifications
29 IEC 61180 (all parts), High-voltage test techniques for low voltage equipment
30 IEC 62586 -1 & -2 (in Draft at present)
31
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32 3 Definitions
33 For the purpose of this part of IEC 61000 the following definitions apply, together with the
34 definitions of IEC 60050(161).
35 3.1
36 channel
37 individual measurement path through an instrument
38 NOTE “Channel” and “phase” are not the same. A voltage channel is by definition the difference in potential
39 between 2 conductors. Phase refers to a single conductor. On polyphase systems, a channel may be between 2
40 phases, or between a phase and neutral, or between a phase and earth, or between neutral and earth.
41 3.2
42 declared input voltage, U din
43 value obtained from the declared supply voltage by a transducer ratio
44 3.3
45 declared supply voltage, U c
46 declared supply voltage U c is normally the nominal voltage U n of the system. If by agreement
47 between the supplier and the customer a voltage different from the nominal voltage is applied
48 to the terminals, then this voltage is the declared supply voltage U c
49 3.4
50 dip threshold
51 voltage magnitude specified for the purpose of detecting the start and the end of a voltage dip
52 3.5
53 flagged data
54 for any measurement time interval in which interruptions, dips or swells occur, the measure-
55 ment results of all other parameters made during this time interval are marked.
56 NOTE For some applications, this ‘marked’ or ‘flagged’ data may be excluded from further analysis, for example.
57 See Clause 4.7 for further explanation.
58 3.6
59 flicker
60 impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance
61 or spectral distribution fluctuates with time
62 [IEV 161-08-13]
63 Flicker PST
64 Short-term flicker evaluation based on an observation period of 10 minutes. See IEC 61000-4-
65 15.
66
67 Flicker PLT
68 Long-term flicker evaluation . See IEC 61000-4-15.
69 3.7
70 fundamental component
71 component whose frequency is the fundamental frequency
72 [IEV 101-14-49, modified]
73 3.8
74 fundamental frequency
75 frequency in the spectrum obtained from a Fourier transform of a time function, to which all
76 the frequencies of the spectrum are referred
77 [IEV 101-14-50, modified]
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78 NOTE In case of any remaining risk of ambiguity, the fundamental frequency may be derived from the number of
79 poles and speed of rotation of the synchronous generator(s) feeding the system.
80 3.9
81 harmonic component
82 any of the components having a harmonic frequency
83 [IEC 61000-2-2, definition 3.2.4]
84 NOTE Its value is normally expressed as an r.m.s. value. For brevity, such component may be referred to simply
85 as a harmonic.
86 3.10
87 harmonic frequency
88 frequency which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
89 NOTE The ratio of the harmonic frequency to the fundamental frequency is the harmonic order (recommended
90 notation : n) (IEC 61000-2-2, definition 3.2.3).
91 3.11
92 hysteresis
93 difference in magnitude between the start and end thresholds
94 NOTE 1 This definition of hysteresis is relevant to PQ measurement parameters and is different from the IEV
95 definition which is relevant to iron core saturation.
96 NOTE 2 The purpose of hysteresis in the context of PQ measurements is to avoid counting multiple events when
97 the magnitude of the parameter oscillates about the threshold level.
98 3.12
99 influence quantity
100 any quantity which may affect the working performance of a measuring equipment
101 [IEV 311-06-01, modified]
102 NOTE This quantity is generally external to the measurement equipment.
103 3.13
104 interharmonic component
105 component having an interharmonic frequency
106 [IEC 61000-2-2, definition 3.2.6]
107 NOTE Its value is normally expressed as an r.m.s. value. For brevity, such a component may be referred to simply
108 as an interharmonic.
109 3.14
110 interharmonic frequency
111 any frequency which is not an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
112 [IEC 61000-2-2, definition 3.2.5]
113 NOTE 1 By extension from harmonic order, the interharmonic order is the ratio of an interharmonic frequency to
114 the fundamental frequency. This ratio is not an integer (recommended notation m).
115 NOTE 2 In the case where m < 1 the term subharmonic frequency may be used.
116 3.15
117 interruption
118 reduction of the voltage at a point in the electrical system below the interruption threshold
119 3.16
120 interruption threshold
121 voltage magnitude specified for the purpose of detecting the start and the end of a voltage
122 interruption
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123 3.17
124 measurement uncertainty
125 parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of
126 the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
127 [IEV 311-01-02, VIM 3.9]
128 3.18
129 nominal voltage, U n
130 voltage by which a system is designated or identified
131 3.19
132 overdeviation
133 difference between the measured value and the nominal value of a parameter, only when the
134 measured value of the parameter is greater than the nominal value
135 3.20
136 power quality
137 characteristics of the electricity at a given point on an electrical system, evaluated against a
138 set of reference technical parameters
139 NOTE These parameters might, in some cases, relate to the compatibility between electricity supplied on a
140 network and the loads connected to that network.
141 3.21
142 r.m.s. (root-mean-square) value
143 square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the instantaneous values of a quantity
144 taken over a specified time interval and a specified bandwidth
145 [IEV 101-14-16 modified]
146 3.22
147 r.m.s. voltage refreshed each half-cycle, U rms(½)
148 value of the r.m.s. voltage measured over 1 cycle, commencing at a fundamental zero
149 crossing, and refreshed each half-cycle
150 NOTE 1 This technique is independent for each channel and will produce r.m.s. values at successive times on
151 different channels for polyphase systems.
152 NOTE 2 This value is used only for voltage dip, voltage swell, interruption, and RVC detection and evaluation, in
153 Class A.
154 NOTE 3 This r.m.s. voltage value may be a phase-to-phase value or a phase-to-neutral value.
155 3.22.1
156 r.m.s. current refreshed each half-cycle, I rms(½)
157 value of the r.m.s. current measured over 1 cycle, commencing at a fundamental zero
158 crossing on an associated voltage channel, and refreshed each half-cycle.
159 NOTE: For guidance, the associated voltage channel might be the corresponding phase-to-neutral channel on
160 single-phase or star networks. If there is no corresponding voltage channel, for example on delta network currents,
161 or earth current or neutral current measurements, then the reference channel (see 5.1.3) used for frequency
162 measurements might be used.
163
164
165 3.23
166 r.m.s. voltage refreshed each cycle, U rms(1)
167 value of the r.m.s. voltage measured over 1 cycle and refreshed each cycle
168 NOTE 1 In contrast to U rms(½) , this technique does not define when a cycle commences.
169 NOTE 2 This value is used only for voltage dip, voltage swell, and interruption detection and evaluation, in Class
170 S.
171 NOTE 3 This r.m.s. voltage value can be a phase-to-phase value or a phase-to-neutral value.
172
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173 3.24
174 range of influence quantities
175 range of values of a single influence quantity
176 3.27
177 Rapid sliding reference voltage, U rsr
178 A 150/180 cycle sliding average of rms voltage, used to detect Rapid Voltage Change.
179 3.26
180 Rapid Voltage Change

181 A quick transition in RMS voltage between two steady-state conditions.
182 3.25
183 reference channel
184 one of the voltage measurement channels designated as the reference channel for polyphase
185 measurements
186 NOTE: In case of single-phase instrument, voltage measuring channel is also reference channel
187
188 3.26
189 residual voltage, U res
190 minimum value of U rms(½) recorded during a voltage dip or interruption
191 NOTE The residual voltage is expressed as a value in volts, or as a percentage or per unit value of the declared
192 input voltage.
193 3.27
194 sliding reference voltage, U sr
195 voltage magnitude averaged over one minute, representing the voltage preceding a voltage
196 dip or swell
197 NOTE The sliding reference voltage may be used to determine the voltage change during a dip or a swell,
198 typically for medium-voltage or high-voltage systems.
199 3.28
200 swell threshold
201 voltage magnitude specified for the purpose of detecting the start and the end of a swell
202 3.29
203 time aggregation
204 combination of several sequential values of a given parameter (each determined over identical
205 time intervals) to provide a value for a longer time interval
206 NOTE Aggregation in this document always refers to time aggregation.
207 3.30
208 underdeviation
209 absolute value of the difference between the measured value and the nominal value of a
210 parameter, only when the value of the parameter is lower than the nominal value
211 3.31
212 voltage dip
213 temporary reduction of the voltage magnitude at a point in the electrical system below a
214 threshold
215 NOTE 1 Interruptions are a special case of a voltage dip. Post-processing may be used to distinguish between
216 voltage dips and interruptions.
217 NOTE 2 A voltage dip is also referred to as sag. The two terms are considered interchangeable; however, this
218 standard will only use the term voltage dip.
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219 3.32
220 voltage swell
221 temporary increase of the voltage magnitude at a point in the electrical system above a
222 threshold
223 3.33
224 voltage unbalance
225 condition in a polyphase system in which the r.m.s. values of the line voltages (fundamental
226 component), and / or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal
227 [IEV 161-08-09, modified]
228 NOTE 1 The degree of the inequality is usually expressed as the ratios of the negative- and zero-sequence
229 components to the positive-sequence component.
230 NOTE 2 In this standard, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to 3-phase systems.
231
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232 4 General
233 4.1 Classes of measurement
234 For each parameter measured, two classes, A and S, are defined in this Edition. For each
235 class, measurement methods and appropriate performance requirements are included.
236 – Class A
237 This class is used where precise measurements are necessary, for example, for
238 contractual applications that may require resolving disputes, verifying compliance with
239 standards, etc. Any measurements of a parameter carried out with two different
240 instruments complying with the requirements of Class A, when measuring the same
241 signals, will produce matching results within the specified uncertainty for that parameter.
242 – Class S
243 This class is used for statistical applications such as surveys or power quality
244 assessment, possibly with a limited subset of parameters. Although it uses equivalent
245 intervals of measurement as class A, the class S processing requirements are much
246 lower.
247 – Class B
248 For Class B information, see Annex E of this standard. Class B methods shall not be
249 employed for new instruments.
250 NOTE Class B measurement methods will provide useful but not necessarily comparable information. Class B
251 was introduced in Edition 1 (2003) specifically to avoid making older instrument designs obsolete.
252
253 Users shall select the class that they require, based on their application(s).
254 NOTE 1 The instrument manufacturer should declare influence quantities which are not expressly given and which
255 may degrade performance of the instrument.
256 NOTE 2 An instrument may measure some or all of the parameters identified in this standard, and preferably uses
257 the same Class for all parameters. For guidance, see IEC 62586 (Draft).
258 NOTE 3 The instrument manufacturer should declare which parameters are measured, which Class is used for
259 each parameter, the range of U din for which each Class is fulfilled, and all the necessary requirements and
260 accessories (synchronization, probes, calibration period, temperature ranges, etc.) to meet each Class
261 NOTE 4 In this standard, “A” stands for “Advanced”, and “S” stands for “Surveys”.
262
263 4.2 Organization of the measurements
264 The electrical quantity to be measured may be either directly accessible, as is generally the
265 case in low-voltage systems, or accessible via measurement transducers.
266 The whole measurement chain is shown in Figure 1.
Measurement Measurement Evaluation

transducers unit unit
Electrical input Input signal to Measurement Measurement

signal be measured result evaluation
267
268 Figure 1 – Measurement chain

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269 An "instrument" may include the whole measurement chain (see Figure 1). In this standard,
270 the normative part does not consider the measurement transducers external to the instrument
271 and their associated uncertainty, but Clause A.2 gives guidance.
272 4.3 Electrical values to be measured
273 Measurements can be performed on single-phase or polyphase supply systems. Depending

274 on the context, it may be necessary to measure voltages between phase conductors and
275 neutral (line-to-neutral) or between phase conductors (line-to-line) or between phase
276 conductors or neutral and earth (phase-to-earth, neutral-to-earth). It is not the purpose of this
277 standard to impose the choice of the electrical values to be measured. Moreover, except for
278 the measurement of voltage unbalance, which is intrinsically polyphase, the measurement
279 methods specified in this document are such that independent results can be produced on
280 each measurement channel.
281 Phase–to-phase instantaneous values can be measured directly or derived from

282 instantaneous phase–to-neutral measured values.
283 Current measurements may be performed on each conductor of supply systems, including the
284 neutral conductor and the protective earth conductor.
285 NOTE It is often useful to measure current simultaneously with voltage and to associate the current
286 measurements in one conductor with voltage measurements between that conductor and a reference conductor,
287 such as an earth conductor or a neutral conductor.
288 4.4 Measurement aggregation over time intervals
289 – Class A
290 The basic measurement time interval for parameter magnitudes (supply voltage,
291 harmonics, interharmonics and unbalance) shall be a 10-cycle time interval for 50 Hz
292 power system or 12-cycle time interval for 60 Hz power system.
293 The 10/12-cycle measurement shall be re-synchronized at every UTC (Universal Time
294 Coordinated) 10-min tick. See Figure 2.
295 NOTE The uncertainty of this measurement is included in the uncertainty measurement protocol of each
296 parameter.
297 The 10/12-cycle values are then aggregated over 3 additional intervals:
298 – 150/180-cycle interval (150 cycles for 50 Hz nominal or 180 cycles for 60 Hz nominal),
299 – 10-min interval,
300 – 2-hour interval for P LT flicker.
301 NOTE 1 A 2-hour aggregation interval is optional for all parameters, with the exception of flicker
302 measurements which require a 2-hour aggregation interval for P LT . This 2-hour aggregation interval may be
303 useful in some applications, and may be necessary for measuring compliance with some national or
304 international standards.
305 NOTE 2 Clauses B.1 and B.2 discuss some applications of these aggregation time intervals.
306 – Class S
307 Same time intervals as Class A.
308
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309 4.5 Measurement aggregation algorithm
310 4.5.1 Requirements
311 Aggregations shall be performed using the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squared
312 input values.
313 NOTE For flicker measurements, the aggregation algorithm is different (see IEC 61000-4-15).
314 4.5.2 150/180 Cycle aggregation
315 – Class A
316 The data for the 150/180-cycle time interval shall be aggregated without gap from fifteen
317 10/12-cycle time intervals.
318 The 150/180-cycle time interval is resynchronized upon the 10-min tick as shown in Figure
319 2.
320 When a 10-min tick occurs, a new 150/180-cycle time interval begins, and the pending
321 150/180-cycle time interval also continues until it is completed. This may create an overlap
322 between these two 150/180-cycles intervals (Overlap 2 in Figure 2).
323 – Class S
324 The data for the 150/180-cycle time interval shall be aggregated from 10/12-cycle time
325 intervals. Resynchronization with the 10-min tick is permitted but not mandatory. (See
326 Figure 3).
327 Gaps are permitted but not mandatory for harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling
328 voltage and unbalance. A minimum of three 10/12-cycle values shall be used each
329 150/180-cycle time interval, i.e. at least one 10/12-cycle value shall be used each 50/60
330 cycles (See Figure 4). For all other parameters, the data for the 150/180-cycle time
331 interval shall be aggregated without gap from fifteen 10/12-cycle time intervals.
332 4.5.3 10-min aggregation
333 – Class A
334 The 10-min aggregated value shall be tagged with the absolute time (for example,
335 01H10.00). The time tag is the time at the conclusion of the 10-min aggregation.
336 The data for the 10-min time interval shall be aggregated from 10/12-cycle time intervals.
337 Each 10-minute interval shall begin on a UTC 10-min tick. The 10-min tick is also used to
338 re-synchronize the 10/12-cycle intervals and the 150/180-cycle intervals. See Figure 2.
339 The final 10/12-cycle interval(s) in a 10-min aggregation period will typically overlap in time
340 with the UTC 10-min clock tick. Any overlapping 10/12-cycle interval (Overlap 1 in Figure
341 2) is included in the aggregation of the previous 10-min interval.
342
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UTC
10-minute
tick
10 MIN INTERVAL (x + 1)
10 MIN INTERVAL (x)
i j k 1 2 3
60
10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles
0
Over
lap 1
11 12 13 14 1 15 2 3
150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n)
150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n + 1)
Overlap 2
(150/180)
343
344 Figure 2 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class A
345
346 – Class S
347 The 10-min aggregation method used for Class S shall be either the Class A method, or
348 the following simplified method :
349 The data for the 10-min time interval shall be aggregated from 10/12-cycle time intervals.
350 There is no resynchronization on the 10-min tick. The 10-min intervals are free running.
351 The 10-min aggregated value shall be tagged with the absolute time (for example,
352 01H12.03). The time tag is the time at the conclusion of the 10-min aggregation.
353 There will be no overlap, as illustrated in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
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RTC
10-minute
tick
10 MIN INTERVAL (x)
i j k 1 2 3
60
0
11 12 13 14 15 1

150/180 CYCLE TIME
INTERVAL (n + 1)
354
355 Figure 3 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class S: parameters for which
356 gaps are not permitted
357
RTC
10-minute
tick
10 MIN INTERVAL (x)
10/12 cycles GAP 10/12 cycles GAP 10/12 cycles GAP 10/12 cycles GAP

150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n + 1)
358
359 Figure 4 – Synchronization of aggregation intervals for Class S: parameters for which
360 gaps are permitted (see subclause 4.5.2)
361 4.5.4 2-hour aggregation
362 – Class A
363 The data for the 2-hour interval shall be aggregated from twelve 10-min intervals. The 2-
364 hour interval shall be gapless and not overlapping
365 – Class S
366 Same as Class A.
367 4.6 Time-clock uncertainty
368 Time clock uncertainty is defined relative to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), which is
369 continuously incrementing and available world-wide.
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370 NOTE: The time clock may move forwards or backwards under certain circumstances, such as daylight savings
371 time, external synchronization updates, etc. When the clock moves forward in time, the user should be aware that
372 there may be gaps in the data. When the clock mores backwards in time, the user should be aware that data may
373 overlap in time.
374 – Class A
375 The time-clock uncertainty shall not exceed ±20 ms for 50 Hz or ±16,7 ms for 60 Hz,
376 regardless of the total time interval. This performance can be achieved, for example,
377 through a synchronization procedure applied periodically during a measurement campaign,
378 or through a GPS receiver, or through reception of transmitted radio timing signals or by
379 using network timing signals. When synchronization by an external signal becomes
380 unavailable, the time tagging tolerance must be better than ±1 sec per 24-hour period;
381 however, this exception does not eliminate the requirement for compliance with the first
382 part of this paragraph.
383 NOTE This performance is necessary to ensure that two instruments using Class A methods produce the same
384 10-min aggregation results when connected to the same signal.
385 – Class S
386 The time-clock uncertainty shall not exceed ±5 sec per 24-hour period.
387 4.7 Flagging concept
388 During a dip, swell, or interruption, the measurement algorithm for other parameters (for
389 example, frequency measurement) might produce an unreliable value. The flagging concept
390 therefore avoids counting a single event more than once in different parameters (for example,
391 counting a single dip as both a dip and a frequency variation), and indicates that an
392 aggregated value might be unreliable.
393 Flagging is only triggered by dips, swells, and interruptions. The detection of dips and swells
394 is dependent on the threshold selected by the user, and this selection will influence which
395 data are "flagged".
396 The flagging concept is applicable for Class A and Class S during measurement of power
397 frequency, voltage magnitude, flicker, supply voltage unbalance, voltage harmonics, voltage
398 interharmonics, mains signalling and measurement of underdeviation and overdeviation
399 parameters.
400 If during a given time interval any value is flagged, the aggregated value which includes that
401 value shall also be flagged. The flagged value shall be stored and also included in the
402 aggregation process. For example, if during a given time interval any value is flagged, then
403 the aggregated value that includes this value shall also be flagged and stored.
404 NOTE 1 Information about other types of flagging, or data marking, may be found in IEC 62586-1 (Draft).
405 NOTE 2 The user may decide how to evaluate flagged data.
406
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407 5 Power quality parameters
408 5.1 Power frequency
409 5.1.1 Measurement method
410 – Class A
411 The frequency reading shall be obtained every 10-s. As power frequency may not be
412 exactly 50 Hz or 60 Hz within the 10-s time clock interval, the number of cycles may not be
413 an integer number. The fundamental frequency output is the ratio of the number of integral
414 cycles counted during the 10-s time clock interval, divided by the cumulative duration of
415 the integer cycles.
416 When a zero crossing method is used for frequency calculation, then before assessment
417 harmonics and interharmonics shall be attenuated to minimize the effects of multiple zero
418 crossings.
419 The measurement time intervals shall be non-overlapping. Individual cycles that overlap
420 the 10-s time clock are discarded. Each 10-s interval shall begin on an absolute 10-s time
421 clock, with uncertainty as defined in Subclause 4.6.
422 Other techniques that provide equivalent results, such as convolution, are acceptable.
423
424 NOTE: for some applications, the use of time intervals shorter than 10s may be useful, such as 10/12 cycles
425 (wind turbines), 1s (national standards), etc.
426
427 – Class S
429 5.1.2 Measurement uncertainty and measuring range
430 – Class A
431 Under the conditions described in Clause 6, the measurement uncertainty shall not exceed
432 ±10 mHz over the measuring ranges 42.5~57.5 Hz / 51~69 Hz.
433 – Class S
435 ±50 mHz over the measuring ranges 42.5~57.5 Hz / 51~69 Hz.
436 5.1.3 Measurement evaluation
437 – Class A
438 The frequency measurement shall be made on the reference channel.

439 NOTE The manufacturer should specify the behaviour of frequency measurement whenever the reference
440 channel loses voltage.
441 – Class S
442 Same as Class A
443 5.1.4 Aggregation
444 Aggregation is not mandatory.

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445 5.2 Magnitude of the supply voltage
447 – Class A
448 The measurement shall be the r.m.s. value of the voltage magnitude over a 10-cycle time
449 interval for 50 Hz power system or 12-cycle time interval for 60 Hz power system. Every
450 10/12-cycle interval shall be contiguous, and not overlapping with adjacent 10/12-cycle
451 intervals except as shown as Overlap 1 in Figure 2.
452 NOTE 1 This specific measurement method is used for quasi-stationary signals, and is not used for the
453 detection and measurement of disturbances: dips, swells, voltage interruptions and transients.
454 NOTE 2 The r.m.s. value includes, by definition, harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling, etc.
455 - Class S
458 – Class A
460 ±0,1 % of Udin, over the range of 10% ~ 150% of Udin
461 – Class S
463 ±0,5 % of Udin, over the range of 20% ~ 120% of Udin
465 No requirements.

467 Aggregation shall be performed according to Clause 4.4 and Clause 4.5.
468 5.3 Flicker
470 – Class A
471 IEC 61000-4-15 Class F3 applies as the minimum requirement. Class F3 should not be
472 used for new designs. Class F1 is recommended, and may be required in the next Edition
473 of this Standard.
474 – Class S
475 IEC 61000-4-15 Class F3 applies.
476
478 – Class A
479 See IEC 61000-4-15. Under the conditions described in Clause 6, the measurement
480 uncertainty required by 61000-4-15 shall be met over the measuring range of 0,2~10 Pst.
481 – Class S
482 See IEC 61000-4-15. Under the conditions described in Clause 6, twice the permitted
483 measurement uncertainty required by 61000-4-15 shall be met over the measuring range of
484 0.4~4 Pst.
485
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487 – Class A
488 IEC 61000-4-15 applies.
489
490 The 10-min time interval for Pst shall commence on a UTC 10-min tick, and shall be tagged
491 with the absolute time (see subClause 4.5.3)
492
493 Voltage dips, swells, and interruptions shall cause Pst and Plt output values (see IEC
494 61000-4-15) to be flagged.
495 – Class S
498 – Class A
499 Aggregation shall be performed according to IEC 61000-4-15.
500 – Class S
502 5.4 Supply voltage dips and swells
504 – Class A
505 The basic measurement U rms of a voltage dip and swell shall be the U rms(½) on each
506 measurement channel (see Clause 3.22).
507
508 The cycle duration for U rms(½) depends on the frequency. The frequency might be
509 determined by the last non-flagged power frequency measurement (see Clause 4.7 and
510 Clause 5.1), or by any other method that yields the uncertainty requirements of Clause 6.
511
512 NOTE 1 The U rms(½) value includes, by definition, harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling voltage, etc.
513 NOTE 2 It is important to avoid loss of data when dips and swells occur in a rapid sequence (for example, three
514 events in one second, with up to one minute between sequences, may occur when a recloser operates into a
515 sustained fault). If, during a rapid burst, the dip/swell event characteristics cannot be recorded, then a count of
516 events may be useful.
517 – Class S
518 The basic measurement U rms of a voltage dip and swell shall be either the U rms(½) on each
519 measurement channel (see Clause 3.22), or the U rms(1) on each measurement channel (see
520 Clause 3.23). The manufacturer shall specify which measurement is used.
521
522 NOTE The U rms(1) value includes, by definition, harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling voltage, etc.
523 5.4.2 Detection and evaluation of a voltage dip
524 5.4.2.1 Voltage dip detection
525 The dip threshold is a percentage of either U din or the sliding voltage reference U sr (see
526 5.4.4). The user shall declare the reference voltage in use.
527 NOTE Sliding voltage reference U sr is generally not used in LV systems. See IEC 61000-2-8 for further
528 information and advice.
529 – On single-phase systems a voltage dip begins when the U rms voltage falls below the dip
530 threshold, and ends when the U rms voltage is equal to or above the dip threshold plus the
531 hysteresis voltage.
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532 – On polyphase systems a dip begins when the U rms voltage of one or more channels is
533 below the dip threshold and ends when the U rms voltage on all measured channels is equal
534 to or above the dip threshold plus the hysteresis voltage.
535 The dip threshold and the hysteresis voltage are both set by the user according to the use.
536 5.4.2.2 Voltage dip evaluation
537 A voltage dip is characterized by a pair of data: either residual voltage (U res ) or depth, and
538 duration:
539 – the residual voltage of a voltage dip is the lowest U rms(½) value measured on any channel
540 during the dip;
541 – the depth is the difference between the reference voltage (either U din or U sr ) and the
542 residual voltage. It is generally expressed in percentage of the reference voltage;
543 NOTE 1: During the dip it may be useful to also record the lowest U rms(½) on each channel, in addition to the
544 residual voltage of the dip. The duration spent below the dip threshold on each channel may also be useful.
545
546 NOTE 2: If voltage waveforms are recorded before, during, and after a dip, useful information about phase
547 angle changes may be available in the recorded data.
548
549 The start time of a dip shall be time stamped with the time of the start of the U rms of the
550 channel that initiated the event and the end time of the dip shall be the time stamped with the
551 time of the end of the U rms that ended the event, as defined by the threshold plus the
552 hysteresis.
553
554 The duration of a voltage dip is the time difference between the start time and the end time of
555 the voltage dip.
556
557 NOTE 1 For polyphase measurements, the dip duration may start on one channel and terminate on a different
558 channel.
559 NOTE 2 Voltage dip envelopes are not necessarily rectangular. As a consequence, for a given voltage dip, the
560 measured duration is dependent on the selected dip threshold value. The shape of the envelope may be assessed
561 using several dip thresholds set within the range of voltage dip and voltage interruption thresholds.
562 NOTE 3 Typically, the hysteresis is equal to 2 % of U din .
563 NOTE 4 Dip thresholds are typically in the range 85 % to 90 % of the fixed voltage reference for troubleshooting
564 or statistical applications.
565 NOTE 5 Residual voltage is often useful to end-users, and may be preferred because it is referenced to zero
566 volts. In contrast, depth is often useful to electric suppliers, especially on HV systems or in cases when a sliding
567 reference voltage is used.
568 NOTE 6 Phase shift may occur during voltage dips. See A.6.4.
569 NOTE 7 When a threshold is crossed, a time stamp may be recorded.
570 5.4.3 Detection and evaluation of a voltage swell
571 5.4.3.1 Voltage swell detection
572 The swell threshold is a percentage of either U din or the sliding reference voltage U sr (see
573 Clause 5.4.4). The user shall declare the reference voltage in use.
574 NOTE Sliding reference voltage U sr is generally not used in LV systems. See IEC 61000-2-8 for further
575 information and advice.
576 – On single-phase systems a swell begins when the U rms voltage rises above the swell
577 threshold, and ends when the U rms voltage is equal to or below the swell threshold minus
578 the hysteresis voltage.
579 – On polyphase systems a swell begins when the U rms voltage of one or more channels is
580 above the swell threshold and ends when the U rms voltage on all measured channels is
581 equal to or below the swell threshold minus the hysteresis voltage.
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582 The swell threshold and the hysteresis voltage are both set by the user according to the use.
583 5.4.3.2 Voltage swell evaluation
584 A voltage swell is characterized by a pair of data: maximum swell voltage magnitude and
585 duration.
586 – the maximum swell magnitude voltage is the largest U rms value measured on any channel
587 during the swell;
588 – The start time of a swell shall be time stamped with the time of the start of the U rms of the
589 channel that initiated the event and the end time of the swell shall be the time stamped
590 with the time of the end of the U rms that ended the event, as defined by the threshold
591 minus the hysteresis.
592 – the duration of a voltage swell is the time difference between the beginning and the end of
593 the swell.
594 NOTE 1 For polyphase measurements, the swell duration measurement may start on one channel and terminate
595 on a different channel.
596 NOTE 2 Voltage swell envelope may not be rectangular. As a consequence, for a given swell, the measured
597 duration is dependent on the swell threshold value.
598 NOTE 3 Typically, the hysteresis is equal to 2 % of U din .
599 NOTE 4 Typically, the swell threshold is greater than 110 % of U din.
600 NOTE 5 Phase shift may also occur during voltage swells.
601 NOTE 6 When a threshold is crossed, a time stamp may be recorded.
602 5.4.4 Calculation of a sliding reference voltage
603 The sliding reference voltage implementation is optional, not mandatory. If a sliding reference
604 is chosen for voltage dip or swell detection, this shall be calculated using a first-order filter
605 with a 1-min time constant. This filter is given by
606 U sr(n) = 0,9967 × U sr(n–1) + 0,0033 × U (10/12)rms
607 where
608 U sr(n) is the present value of the sliding reference voltage;
609 U sr(n–1) is the previous value of the sliding reference voltage; and
610 U (10/12)rms is the most recent 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value.
611 When the measurement is started, the initial value of the sliding reference voltage is set to the
612 declared input voltage. The sliding reference voltage is updated every 10/12-cycles. If a
613 10/12-cycle value is flagged, the sliding reference voltage is not updated and the previous
614 value is used.
616 5.4.5.1 Residual voltage and swell voltage magnitude measurement uncertainty
617 – Class A
618 The measurement uncertainty shall not exceed ±0,2 % of Udin.
619 – Class S
620 The measurement uncertainty shall not exceed ±1,0 % of Udin.
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621 5.4.5.2 Duration measurement uncertainty
622 – Class A
623 The uncertainty of a dip or swell duration is equal to the dip or swell commencement
624 uncertainty (half a cycle) plus the dip or swell conclusion uncertainty (half a cycle).
625 – Class S
626 If U rms(½) is used, then the uncertainty of a dip or swell duration is equal to the dip or swell
627 commencement uncertainty (half a cycle) plus the dip or swell conclusion uncertainty (half
628 a cycle). If U rms(1) is used, then the uncertainty of a dip or swell duration is equal to the
629 dip or swell commencement uncertainty (one cycle) plus the dip or swell conclusion
630 uncertainty (one cycle).
631 5.4.5.3 Aggregation
632 Aggregation is not applicable for triggered events.
633 5.5 Voltage interruptions
635 The basic measurement of the voltage shall be as defined in Subclause 5.4.1 for each Class.
636 5.5.2 Evaluation of a voltage interruption
637 The voltage interruption threshold is a percentage of U din .
638 On single-phase systems, a voltage interruption begins when the U rms voltage falls below the
639 voltage interruption threshold and ends when the U rms value is equal to, or greater than, the
640 voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis.
641 On polyphase systems, a voltage interruption begins when the U rms voltages of all channels
642 fall below the voltage interruption threshold, and ends when the U rms voltage on any one
643 channel is equal to, or greater than, the voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis.
644 The voltage interruption threshold and the hysteresis voltage are both set by the user
645 according to the use. The voltage interruption threshold shall not be set below the uncertainty
646 of residual voltage measurement plus the value of the hysteresis. Typically, the hysteresis is
647 equal to 2 % of U din .
648 The start time of a voltage interruption shall be time stamped with the time of the start of the
649 U rms of the channel that initiated the event and the end time of the voltage interruption shall
650 be the time stamped with the time of the end of the U rms that ended the event, as defined by
651 the threshold plus the hysteresis.
652 The duration of a voltage interruption is the time difference between the beginning and the
653 end of the voltage interruption.
654 NOTE 1 The voltage interruption threshold can, for example, be set to 5% or to 10% of U din .
655 NOTE 2 IEV 161-08-20 considers an interruption to have occurred when the voltage magnitude is less than 1% of
656 the nominal voltage. However, it is difficult to correctly measure voltages below 1% of the nominal voltage.
657 Therefore, this Standard recommends that the user set an appropriate voltage interruption threshold.
658 NOTE 3 The interruption of one or more phases on a polyphase system can be seen as an interruption of the
659 supply to single-phase customers connected to that system, even though this would not be classified as an
660 interruption in a polyphase measurement.
662 For duration measurement uncertainty, see 5.4.5.2.

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664 Aggregation is not applicable for triggered events.
665 5.6 Transient voltages
666 Clause A.3 provides some informative information on the significant parameters necessary to
667 characterize transient voltages. Measurement of transient voltages can be useful but is not
668 mandatory.
669 5.7 Supply voltage unbalance
671 Unbalance measurements apply only to 3-phase systems.
672 – Class A
673 The supply voltage unbalance is evaluated using the method of symmetrical components.
674 In addition to the positive sequence component, under unbalanced conditions there also
675 exists at least one of the following components: negative sequence component u 2 and/or
676 zero sequence component u 0 .
677 The fundamental component of the voltage input signal is measured over a 10-cycle time
678 interval for 50 Hz power systems or a 12-cycle time interval for 60 Hz power systems.
679 NOTE 1 The effect of harmonics is minimized by the use of a filter or by using a DFT (Discrete Fourier
680 Transform) algorithm.
681 NOTE 2 Algorithms that use only the RMS values to calculate unbalance fail to take into account the
682 contributions of angular displacement to unbalance, and cause unpredictable results when harmonic voltages
683 are present. The negative sequence unbalance and zero sequence unbalance provide more precise and more
684 directly useful values.
685 The negative sequence unbalance component u 2 expressed as a percentage is evaluated

686 by :
U2 negative sequence
687 u2 = • 100% = • 100% (1)
U1 positive sequence
688
689 The zero-sequence unbalance component u 0 expressed as a percentage is evaluated by:
U0 zero sequence
690 u0 = • 100% = • 100% (2)
U1 positive sequence
691 NOTE 3 The zero sequence unbalance by definition is zero when phase-to-phase voltages are measured.
692 However, the phase-to-neutral or phase-to-earth voltages may still contain the zero sequence component in
693 that case.
694 – Class S
695 The manufacturer shall specify the algorithms and methods used to calculate negative
696 sequence ratio u 2 . The evaluation of the zero-sequence unbalance ratio u 0 is optional, not
697 mandatory.
698
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700 – Class A
701 The uncertainty shall be less than ±0,15% for both u2 and u0. For example, an instrument
702 presented with a 1,0 % negative sequence shall provide a reading x such that
703 0,85 % ≤ x ≤ 1,15 %. See Figure 5.
Acceptable
measured value
True value
0,85% 1,15%
0% 1% 2% 3%
704
705 Figure 5 – Example of supply voltage unbalance uncertainty
706 – Class S
707 Same as class A
710 NOTE: The uncertainty of measurement transformers, if present, may have a large impact on the calculation of
711 unbalance.

714 5.8 Voltage harmonics
716 – Class A
717 The basic measurement of voltage harmonics, for Class A, is defined in IEC 61000-4-7
718 Class I. That standard shall be used to determine a 10/12-cycle gapless harmonic
719 subgroup measurement, denoted G sg,n in IEC 61000-4-7.
720
721 NOTE 1 Other methods, including analogue and frequency domain methods, may be preferred in special
722 cases (see, for example, IEC 61000-3-8).
723 Measurements shall be made at least up to the 50th order.
724 If the total harmonic distortion is calculated, then it shall be calculated as the subgroup
725 total harmonic distortion (THDS), defined in IEC 61000-4-7 .
726 NOTE 2 This measurement method generates a large amount of data, which, depending on the
727 application, may need to be stored, transmitted, analyzed, and/or archived. Depending on the application, the
728 amount of data may be reduced. To reduce the amount of data, consider applying statistical methods at the
729 measuring location, or storing only extreme and average values, or storing detailed data only when trigger
730 thresholds are exceeded, or other methods.
731
732 – Class S
733 The basic measurement of voltage harmonics, for Class S, is defined in IEC 61000-4-7
734 Class II. Gaps are permitted (see 4.5 of this standard). The manufacturer shall select
735 either a 10/12-cycle harmonic group designated G g,n in IEC 61000-4-7, or a 10/12-cycle
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736 subgroup measurement designated G sg,n in IEC 61000-4-7. The manufacturer shall specify
737 which has been selected.
739 NOTE EN 50160 assessment requires the 40 th order.
740 If the total harmonic distortion is calculated, then it shall be calculated either as the total
741 harmonic distortion (THD) if G g,n is selected, or the subgroup total harmonic distortion
742 (THDS) if G sg,n is selected, both defined in IEC 61000-4-7.
744 – Class A
745 The maximum uncertainty shall be the levels specified in IEC 61000-4-7 Class I
746 Measuring range shall be 10% to 200% of class 3 electromagnetic environment in IEC
747 61000-2-4.
748 – Class S
749 The maximum uncertainty shall be twice the levels specified in IEC 61000-4-7 Class II.
750 The anti-aliasing low-pass filter specified in IEC 61000-4-7 subclause 5.3 shall be
751 optional. The ±0.03% maximum permissible error for time between leading edges
752 requirement as specified in IEC 61000-4-7 subclause 4.4.1 shall be optional, but the
753 maximum uncertainty requirement must still be met over the range of influence quantities
754 specified in Clause 6 of this standard.
755
757 61000-2-4.
758
763 NOTE: To minimize storage requirements, after aggregation has been completed it may be practical to discard
764 source data (such as 10/12 cycle or 150/180 cycle data) if it is no longer required.
765 5.9 Voltage interharmonics
767 – Class A
768 The basic measurement of voltage interharmonics, for the purpose of this standard, is
769 defined in IEC 61000-4-7 Class I. That standard shall be used to determine a 10/12-cycle
770 gapless centred interharmonic sub-group measurement, denoted C isg,n in IEC 61000-4-7.
772
773 NOTE This measurement method generates a large amount of data, which, depending on the application,
774 may need to be stored, transmitted, analyzed, and/or archived. Depending on the application, the amount of
775 data may be reduced. To reduce the amount of data, consider applying statistical methods at the measuring
776 location, or storing only extreme and average values, or storing detailed data only when trigger thresholds are
777 exceeded, or other methods.
778
779 – Class S
780 The manufacturer shall specify the measurement method.
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782 – Class A
783 The maximum uncertainty shall be the levels specified in IEC 61000-4-7 Class I
785 61000-2-4.
786 – Class S
787 The manufacturer shall specify measurement uncertainty.
789 61000-2-4.
790 5.9.3 Evaluation
794 NOTE: To minimize storage requirements, after aggregation has been completed it may be practical to discard
795 source data (such as 10/12 cycle or 150/180 cycle data) if it is no longer required.
796
797 5.10 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage
798 Mains signalling voltage, called “ripple control signal” in certain applications, is a burst of
799 signals, often applied at a non-harmonic frequency, that remotely control industrial equipment,
800 revenue meters, and other devices.
802 – Class A
803 The method described here shall be used for mains signalling frequencies below 3 kHz.
804 For mains signalling frequencies above 3 kHz, see IEC 61000-3-8.
805
806 This method measures the level of the signal voltage for a user-specified carrier
807 frequency.
808 NOTE The purpose of this method is to measure the maximum level of the signal voltage, and not to diagnose
809 mains signalling difficulties.
810 Mains signalling voltage measurement shall be based on:
811 – either the corresponding 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value interharmonic bin;
812 – or the root of the sum of the squares of the 4 nearest 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value
813 interharmonic bins (for example, a 316,67 Hz ripple control signal in a 50 Hz power
814 system shall be approximated by a root of the sum of the squares of 310 Hz, 315 Hz,
815 320 Hz and 325 Hz bins, available from the DFT performed on a 10/12 cycle time
816 interval).
817 The first method is preferred if the user-specified frequency is in the center of an DFT bin.
818 The second method is preferred if the frequency is not in the center of a bin.
819
820 The user must select a detection threshold above 0,3% Udin as well as the length of the
821 recording period up to 120 s. The beginning of a signalling emission shall be detected
822 when the measured value of the concerned interharmonic exceeds the detection
823 threshold. The measured values are recorded during a period of time specified by the
824 user, in order to give the maximum level of the signal voltage.
825 – Class S
826 The manufacturer shall specify the measurement technique.
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828 – Class A
829 The measurement range shall be at least 0% to 9% of U din .
830 For mains signalling voltage between 3% and 9% of U din, the uncertainty shall not exceed
831 ±5% of the measured value. For mains signalling voltage between 1% and 3% of U din, the
832 uncertainty shall not exceed ±0.15% of U din. For mains signalling voltage less than 1% of
833 U din, no uncertainty requirement is given.
834 – Class S
835 The manufacturer shall specify the uncertainty and the measuring range.
837 Aggregation is not mandatory.
838 5.11 Rapid voltage changes
839 A Rapid Voltage Change (RVC) is an event characterized by a quick transition from one
840 steady-state voltage to another. Typically, RVC events are counted during a period of one
841 hour, one day, or some other period of time.
842 If the change in voltage is sufficient to cross the dip threshold or the swell threshold or
843 interruption threshold, then the event shall not be recorded as an RVC event. Instead, it is a
844 dip or a swell or an interruption. If a dip or swell or interruption event is in progress, no RVC
845 events shall be detected. If a dip or swell or interruption event commences within 1 second of
846 an RVC event commencement, the RVC event shall be cancelled.
847 NOTE 1: In rare cases when a dip or swell or interruption commences more than 1 second after an RVC event
848 commences but while the RVC event is still in progress, the same general event will be counted as both an RVC
849 event and a dip or swell or interruption. This is acceptable.
850 NOTE 2: Although RVC and Flicker both may cause changes in illumination levels that irritate people, the two are
851 different in concept. RVC is a discrete event, while flicker is a quasi-stationary condition.
852 NOTE 3: Further information about RVC can be found in IEC 61000-3-3, IEC 61000-3-7, and IEC 61000-3-11.
853
855 – Class A
856 The detection of an RVC event shall be based on the difference between the U rms(½) on
857 each measurement channel and the Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage U rsr calculated for
858 that same channel using the method in clause 5.11.2.
859 – Class S
860 Measurement not mandatory. If implemented, same as Class A.
861
862 5.11.2 Calculation of Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage
863 The Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage U rsr shall be calculated for each channel from the U rms(½)
864 values using a first-order filter with a 150/180-cycle time constant. This filter is given by
865 U rsr(n) = 0,996 667 × U rsr(n–1) + 0,003 333 × U rms(½) (50 Hz)
866 U rsr(n) = 0,997 223 × U rsr(n–1) + 0,002 777 × U rms(½) (60 Hz)
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867 where
868 U rsr(n) is the present value of the rapid sliding reference voltage
869 U rsr(n–1) is the previous value of the rapid sliding reference voltage
870 U rms(½) is the most recent 1-cycle r.m.s. value updated every ½ cycle
871 NOTE: The Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage of Clause 5.11.2 is different from the Sliding Reference Voltage of
872 Clause 5.4.4 . The former is based on U rms(½) , and the latter is based on U rms(10/ 12) .
873
874 When the measurement is started, the initial value of the U rsr(n) is set to the declared input
875 voltage. The Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage U rsr(n) is updated every 1/2-cycle when a new
876 U rms(½) value becomes available.
877
878 5.11.3 Detection and evaluation of an RVC event
879 5.11.3.1 RVC Event detection
880
881 The RVC threshold and the RVC hysteresis are both set by the user according to the use.
882 The RVC threshold is a percentage of U din. The RVC hysteresis is a smaller percentage of
883 U din.
884 NOTE In IEC 61000-3-7, for example, RVC thresholds of 2,5% to 6% of U din for medium voltage are considered.
885 In IEC 61000-3-3, RVC thresholds of 3,3% to 6% for low voltage are considered. In both standards, the thresholds
886 are linked to the number of RVC events per hour or per day. A typical value for RVC hysteresis is 0,5%.
887
888 – On single-phase systems an RVC event begins when the absolute value of the difference
889 between the U rms(½) voltage on a channel and the Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage U rsr(n)
890 for that channel exceeds the RVC threshold, and ends when the absolute value of the
891 difference is less than or equal to the RVC threshold minus the RVC hysteresis.
892 – On polyphase systems an RVC event begins when the absolute value of the difference
893 between the U rms(½) voltage on any channel and the Rapid Sliding Reference Voltage for
894 that channel exceeds the RVC threshold, and ends when the difference on all channels is
895 less than or equal to the RVC threshold minus the RVC hysteresis.
896 - After an RVC event ends, and after a dip, swell, or interruption ends, the RVC event
897 detection shall be disabled until there is no RVC trigger for 150 cycles (50 Hz) or 180
898 cycles (60 Hz).
899 NOTE: This disabling of RVC event detection will ensure that the voltage has reached a steady-state
900 before RVC triggering is enabled.
901
902 5.11.3.2 RVC Event evaluation

903
904 – The start time of an RVC event shall be time stamped with the time of the start of the
905 U rms(½) of the channel that initiated the event and the end time of the RVC event shall be
906 the time stamped with the time of the end of the U rms(½) that ended the event, as defined
907 by the RVC threshold minus the RVC hysteresis.
908 – the duration of an RVC event is the time difference between the start time and the end
909 time of the RVC event.
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910 – it can be useful to count the number of RVC events per hour, or per day.
911
912 NOTE 1: For this purpose, an “hour” may be a sliding window comprising the most recent 1200 150/180 cycle
913 values, and a day may be a calendar day (i.e. from midnight to midnight).
914 NOTE 2: It may be useful to record the most extreme deviation in U rms(½) during an RVC event, to make it possible
915 to count RVC events at various thresholds. See IEC 61000-3-3 and IEC 61000-3-7 for examples.
916 NOTE 3: It may be useful to record time-stamps of RVC events. It may be useful to record the duration of RVC
917 events.
918
919
920
921
922 5.12 Underdeviation and overdeviation
923 See Annex D (informative).
924
925 5.13 Current
926 In a power quality context, current measurements are useful as a supplement to voltage
927 measurements, especially when trying to determine the causes of events such as voltage
928 magnitude change, dip, interruption, or unbalance.
929 The current waveform can further help associate the recorded event with a particular device
930 and an action, such as a motor being started, a transformer being energized or a capacitor
931 being switched.
932 Linked with voltage harmonics and interharmonics, the current harmonics and interharmonics
933 can be useful to characterize the load connected to the network.
934 This Standard does not define any trigger or threshold methods for current. If current
935 changes, but the change is not sufficient to trigger one of the voltage threshold methods, then
936 that change in current is not a power quality event.
937 Note: Current transients are not considered in this standard. Some useful comments are provided in
938 Annex A.
939 5.13.1 Magnitude of current
940 5.13.1.1 Measurement
941 A full-scale rms current shall be specified, with a minimum crest factor of 3,0.
942 – Class A
943 The measurement shall be the I rms(½) value as defined in Clause 3.22.1 .
944 NOTE The r.m.s. value includes, by definition, harmonics, interharmonics, etc.
945 – Class S
946 The manufacturer shall specify the rms measurement method and time interval used.
947 Measurement uncertainty
948 – Class A
949 The measurement uncertainty shall not exceed ±1% of reading in the range of 10% to
950 100% of the specified full-scale rms current.
951 NOTE: See IEC 62586-2 (draft) for influence quantities and detailed accuracy requirements.
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952 – Class S
953 The measurement uncertainty shall not exceed ±2% of reading in the range of 10% to
954 100% of the specified full-scale rms current.
955
956 NOTE: See IEC 62586-2 (draft) for influence quantities and detailed accuracy requirements.
957
958 5.13.1.2 Measurement evaluation

959 NOTE: For single-phase systems, there is a single r.m.s. current value. For 3-phase 3-wire systems, there are
960 typically 3 r.m.s. current values; for 3-phase 4-wire systems, there are typically 4 current values. The earth current
961 may be measured as well, either by measuring current in an earth conductor or by determining residual current.
962 – Class A
963 Aggregation intervals as described in Clause 4.4 and Clause 4.5 shall be used.
964 NOTE: Additional aggregation techniques might be used for smoothing, for example with a digital filter as specified
965 in IEC 61000-4-7.
966 – Class S
967 The manufacturer or the user shall specify the measurement intervals.
968 5.13.2 Current recording
969 – Class A
970 Whenever an rms voltage channel is recorded, the corresponding rms current channel
971 shall also be recorded at an equivalent aggregation level. This applies both to triggered
972 voltage events, such as dips and swells and RVC, and to continuing aggregation, such as
973 10-min and 2-hr.
974 – Class S
975 The manufacturer or the user shall specify when current will be recorded.
976 5.13.3 Harmonic currents
977 – Class A
978 The basic measurement of current harmonics, for the purpose of this standard, is defined
979 in IEC 61000-4-7. Use that standard to determine a 10/12-cycle gapless harmonic sub-
980 group measurement, denoted Gsg,n
981 .
983 A 10/12-cycle current harmonic measurement is marked "flagged" if either a voltage dip or
984 voltage swell (see Clause 5.4) or a voltage interruption (see Clause 5.5) occurs during this
985 time interval.
986 NOTE This measurement method generates a large amount of data, which, depending on the
991
992 – Class S
993 The manufacturer shall specify measurement and aggregation methods.
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994 5.13.4 Interharmonic currents
995 – Class A
996 The basic measurement of current interharmonics, for the purpose of this standard, is
997 defined in 61000-4-7. Use that standard to determine a 10/12-cycle gapless centred
998 interharmonic sub-group measurements, denoted C isg,n .
1000 A 10/12-cycle interharmonic current measurement is marked "flagged" if either a voltage
1001 dip or a voltage swell (see Clause 5.4), or a voltage interruption (see Clause 5.5) occurs
1002 during this time interval.
1003 NOTE This measurement method generates a large amount of data, which, depending on the
1008
1009 – Class S
1011
1012 5.13.5 Current unbalance
1013 – Class A
1014 The basic measurement method for current unbalance shall be identical to the
1015 measurement method for supply voltage unbalance in Clause 5.7 .
1017 – Class S
1019
1020
1021 6 Performance verification
1022 Performance verification for Class A and Class S measurement methods may be found in IEC
1023 62586-2 (draft), which includes influence quantities and performance verification tests.
1024 Table C.1 provides an informative summary of the requirements for class A and class S. In
1025 case of any conflict between Table C.1 and the normative clauses of this document, the
1026 normative clauses prevail.
1027 Note that compliance with the requirements in Table C.1 is NOT sufficient for certification to
1028 this Standard. The measurement and aggregation methods in this Standard must also be
1029 met.
1030
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1031
1032 Table C.1 – Summary of requirements (see Sections for actual requirements)
1033
Section
Measurement Measuring Influence Aggregation
and Class Uncertainty
Method range(1) Quantity range(2) method
Parameter
42,5~57,5 Hz,
A See 5.1.1 ±10 mHz IEC 62586-2 N/R
5.1 51~69 Hz
Frequency 42,5~57.5 Hz,
S See 5.1.1 ±50 mHz IEC 62586-2 N/R
51~ 69 Hz
5.2 A See 5.2.1 ±0,1% Udin 10%~150% Udin IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
Magnitude
of the S See 5.2.1 ±0,5% of Udin 20%~120% Udin IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
Supply
5.3 A IEC61000-4-15 IEC61000-4-15 0,2~10,0 Pst IEC 62586-2 IEC 61000-4-15
Flicker S IEC61000-4-15 See 5.3.2 0,4~4,0 Pst IEC 62586-2 IEC 61000-4-15
Amplitude ±0,2%
Udin
A Urms(1/2) N/A N/A N/R
Duration +/- 1
5.4 cycle
Dips and Amplitude ±1% of
Swells Udin
S See 5.4.1 Duration +/- 1 N/A N/A N/R
cycle or +/-2
cycles
Duration +/- 1
A Urms(1/2) N/A N/A N/R
5.5 cycle
Interruption Duration +/- 1
s S see 5.5.1 cycle or +/-2 N/A N/A N/R
cycles
Symmetrical
±0,15% 0,5~5% u2
A components: IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
0,5~5% u0
5.7 U2 and U0
Unbalance Symmetrical
1~5% u2
components: ±0,3 %
S 1~5% u0 if IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
U2, and optionally
implemented
U0
10% ~ 200% of
IEC61000-4-7
A See 5.8.1 Class 3 of IEC IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
5.8 Class I
61000-2-4
Voltage
10% ~ 100% of
Harmonics 200% of IEC
S See 5.8.1 Class 3 of IEC IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
61000-4-7 Class II
61000-2-4
5.9 10% ~ 200% of
See 5.9.1 IEC61000-4-7
Voltage A Class 3 of IEC IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
Class I
Inter- 61000-2-4
harmonics S SBM SBM SBM IEC 62586-2 See 4.4 and 4.5
5.10 Mains A See 5.10.1 See 5.10.2 0% ~ 15% Udin IEC 62586-2 N/R
Signalling
Voltage S SBM SBM SBM IEC 62586-2 N/R
5.11 A See 5.11.1 See 5.11.2 See 5.11.2 IEC 62586-2 N/R
RVC Rapid
Voltage S N/R N/R N/R N/A N/R
Change
See 5.13.1.
5.13 A Crest Factor of 3 ±1% 10%FS to 150%FS IEC 62586-2 N/R
Current is required
S N/R N/R N/R N/A N/R
Annex C A See Annex C ±1V ±50Vpk N/A See Annex C
2 kHz ~ 150
kHz S N/R N/R N/R N/A N/R
Transient 6 kV pk
A N/R N/R N/R N/A
Voltages see (3) below
IEC61180 S N/R N/R N/R N/R N/A
Fast 4 kV pk
A N/R N/R N/R N/A
Transients see (3) below
IEC61000-
S N/R N/R N/R N/R N/A
4-4
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SBM=Specified by Manufacturer, N/R=no requirement, N/A=not applicable
(1) The instrument must meet the uncertainty requirements for signals within the measuring range.
(2) The instrument must tolerate signals in the influence quantity range without shifting the measurement of other
parameters out of their uncertainty requirement, and without instrument damage. The instrument may indicate
overrange for signals greater than the measuring range, up to the influence quantity range (not including transients
and fast transients).
(3) For Transient Voltages and Fast Transients, there must be no effect on any measurement after the transient.
The transients are applied to the measuring terminals, not to the instrument power terminals.
1034
1035
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1036 Annex A
1037 (informative)
1038
1039 Power quality measurements –
1040 Issues and guidelines
1041
1042
1043 This annex is provided as an informative complement to the normative part of this standard.
1044 The following two clauses address general concerns and procedures for implementation of
1045 power quality measurements regardless of the purpose of the measurements:
1046 – A.1 — Installation precautions

1047 – A.2 — Transducers
1048 The following 2 clauses are pre-normative measurement methods:
1049 – A.3 — Transient voltages and currents

1050 – A.4 — Voltage dip characteristics
1051
A.1 Installation precautions
1052 During installation of power quality (PQ) measurement instruments, the safety of the installer
1053 and others, the integrity of the system being monitored and the integrity of the instrument
1054 itself have to be ensured.
1055 While many installations are temporary in nature and consequently may not utilize the same
1056 practices as for permanent installations, local codes must never be compromised. Local
1057 codes, regulations and safety practices will cover most of the items below and will always take
1058 precedence over the precautions listed here. All local and national safety requirements must
1059 be followed (for example, personal protective equipment requirements).
1060
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1061
A.1.1 Test leads
1062 For safety, IEC 61010, which gives the safety requirements for electrical equipment for
1063 measurement, control and laboratory use, applies.
1064 Test lead connections made in load centre panel boards or junction boxes will be attached in
1065 a manner that does not violate the listed use of the devices to which they are attached. This
1066 generally includes returning doors, cover plates and access panels to their in-use position
1067 (i.e., closed, mounted with a full set of screws, etc.). If panels remain open during monitoring,
1068 adequate means will be provided to limit access to the area and inform others about the
1069 monitoring set-up and the responsible on-site contact.
1070 It is for most cases recommended that the PQ measurement instrument be attached to a point
1071 in the system specifically designed for measurements or metering.
1072 Test leads will be routed away from exposed conductors, sharp objects, low- and high-
1073 frequency electromagnetic fields, and other adverse environments. If possible, they will be
1074 strapped or tied to a solid object to prevent inadvertent disconnection.
1075
A.1.1.1 Voltage test leads
1076 Leads that are fused at the probe end, i.e. the end connected to the system being monitored,
1077 increase the safety of the connection. The instrument manufacturer has to specify the fuse
1078 size; this will be low enough to protect the test lead against overload conditions. Furthermore,
1079 the interrupting capacity of the fuse will be consistent with the available power-frequency fault
1080 current at the point of connection.
1081 Voltage sense leads must not be casually twisted around existing wires or inserted in circuit-
1082 breaker connectors that are designed to receive a single conductor. Instead, a properly rated
1083 and installed mechanical connection should be used. Where clips are used for temporary
1084 installations, they must comply with IEC 61010. It is essential to ensure both that the clip is
1085 rated for the maximum voltage that may be present and that it is installed in a mechanically
1086 secure manner. During installation, the installer will consider what will happen if the clip is
1087 inadvertently dislodged, for example, by an abrupt tug on the cable.
1088 Some test leads have insulated plugs capable of being stacked one on top of the other.
1089 Caution should be exercised so that when stacking, only intentional connections are made
1090 rather than creating an inadvertent short circuit. Always double-check the leads to ensure that
1091 short circuits have not been introduced. Also, connect the sense leads to the monitored circuit
1092 only after the leads have been connected to the PQ instrument and checked for correctness.
1093
A.1.1.2 Current test leads
1094 Care should be taken that the secondaries of current transformers, if used, do not become
1095 open circuit, i.e. there must be no fuse in the secondaries of such circuits, and the connection
1096 to the burden must be mechanically secure.
1097 Clamp-on current transducers and associated leads, used for temporary installations, must be
1098 designed according to IEC 61010-2-032.
1099
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1100
A.1.2 Guarding of live parts
1101 Often panel covers are removed for installation, or during the monitoring period. If so, all live
1102 parts will be adequately protected and the area will be kept inaccessible. If screw terminals
1103 are used in the measurement instrument, appropriate covers will be used to insulate the
1104 terminations. All attachments to terminations will be made in accordance with the
1105 specifications and intent of the terminations. For example, multiple wires must not be
1106 connected to a screw terminal designed for a single wire.
1107
A.1.3 Monitor placement
1108 The PQ measurement instrument needs to be placed securely to minimize the risk of the
1109 instrument moving or loosening connections. If a paper printer is used for reporting disturb-
1110 ances, adequate precautions should be taken to ensure that accumulating paper does not
1111 present a hazard. Measurement instruments will not be left where excessive heat, moisture or
1112 dust may damage the instrument, or jeopardize the data collection process.
1113 The measurement instrument will be placed so that it does not pose a hazard to those working
1114 in the area. A protective enclosure or barrier can sometimes be used to alleviate this concern.
1115 If possible, the measurement instrument will not be placed in a location where it will be
1116 exposed to many people, for example, in a heavily travelled hallway.
1117 Also, the location should not pose an undue hazard to the person installing the PQ
1118 measurement instrument. There are many locations that are too cramped, or in other ways
1119 physically constrained, to allow suitable connection of instrument leads. In these situations,
1120 an alternative location will be selected.
1121 A number of external environmental factors can affect the performance of a PQ measurement
1122 instrument. These environmental factors include temperature, humidity, low- and high-
1123 frequency electromagnetic fields, static discharge, mechanical shock and vibration.
1124
A.1.4 Earthing
1125 All instruments are capable of developing internal faults. The instruments power supply will be
1126 properly connected to a protective earth if declared necessary by the manufacturer. Many
1127 safety regulations also require an earth connection associated with the voltage test leads.
1128 Instruments with two or more earth connections (for example, one earth connection for the
1129 power supply, and another for the test leads) can create ground loops if the earth connections
1130 are made to different physical points outside the instrument. The risk from ground loops on
1131 the measurements and on the system being measured will need to be carefully considered.
1132 There is also a need to consider the potential hazard to personnel and the instrument due to
1133 high potentials between different points in the grounding system. The use of isolating
1134 transformers for the power supply of the instrument is in most cases useful.
1135 In all cases, safety considerations will take the highest priority.
1136
A.1.5 Interference
1137 If the PQ measurement instrument is connected to a mobile phone or other radio transmitter,
1138 one should take care that the transmitter antenna is sufficiently far away from devices that
1139 could be sensitive to interference. Such sensitive devices can include protection devices,
1140 medical monitors, scientific instruments, etc.
1141
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1142
A.2 Transducers
1143
A.2.1 General
1144 Power quality measurement instruments, especially those in portable packages, are generally
1145 provided with inputs designed for low-voltage applications. Some permanently installed PQ
1146 measurement instruments are mounted at a distance from the point of the circuit where the
1147 parameters are to be measured. In both cases, a suitable transducer might be needed, to step
1148 down the voltage, to isolate the input circuits from the system voltage, or to transmit the
1149 signals over some distance. To accomplish any of these functions, a transducer may be used,
1150 provided that its characteristics are suitable for the parameter of interest.
1151 In low voltage systems, PQ measurement instruments are generally connected direct to the
1152 voltage point of interest, but transducers are often used for current measurements.
1153 In medium and high voltage systems, transducers are used for both voltage and current PQ
1154 measurements.
1155 There are two important concerns using transducers:
1156 – signal levels: signals levels should use the full scale of the instrument without distorting or
1157 clipping the desired signal;
1158 – frequency and phase response: these characteristics are particularly important for
1159 transient and harmonic measurements.
1160 In order to avoid incorrect measurements the full-scale rating, linearity, frequency and phase
1161 response, and burden characteristics of the transducer should be carefully considered.
1162 NOTE Current transducers designed for protection purposes may be less accurate than metering transducers.
1163
A.2.2 Signal levels
1164
A.2.2.1 Voltage transducers
1165 The most common voltage transducer is the voltage transformer. Two types of voltage trans-
1166 formers can be considered: those used by protective relay circuits, and those used by
1167 metering circuits. The first type is sized so as to provide a correct response even in the case
1168 of overvoltages due to an unbalanced short circuit. The second, in contrast, is designed to
1169 protect meters from network overvoltages. In the latter category, in case of saturation,
1170 distortion of the delivered signal will occur.
1171 Where monitoring is attached to a voltage transformer which is also used for other functions
1172 (for example, metering), one must be careful that the additional burden do not affect the
1173 calibration or uncertainty of such other functions.
1174 One should be careful when making connections to the secondary circuit of a transformer
1175 used for a protective relay. Connection errors might cause the relay to inadvertently trip.
1176 NOTE For further details of the uncertainty of voltage transformers, see IEC 60044-2.
1177
A.2.2.2 Current transducers
1178 Guidance about effects of current transducers may be found in IEC TR61869-103 Ed 1 (draft
1179 at this time).
1180 In the operation on the power system network, the value of the current can range from 0 to the
1181 short-circuit level of the network being monitored. The short-circuit current value can be well
1182 above the nominal current level. A value of 20 times nominal is not unusual.
1183
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1184 The most common type of current transducer is the current transformer.
1185 Some current transformers are equipped with two or more cores and/or two secondary
1186 windings: one for large current flows (20-30 times nominal current), typically for protection
1187 relays, and a second for nominal current flows. The correct secondary should be selected for
1188 the intended measurement. With direct connections, it is possible to damage the measuring
1189 instrument during faults if the wrong secondary has been selected; this damage can
1190 inadvertently provide an open circuit on the transformer secondary. Open circuits on the
1191 secondary winding of current transformers can give rise to dangerously high (and destructive)
1192 voltages.
1193 Other considerations may affect the uncertainty of clamp-on current transducers, such as the
1194 centring and angle of the conductor as it passes through the window of the transducer.
1195 NOTE For further details of the uncertainty of current transformers, see IEC 60044-1.
1196 Measurements of transients can be performed with shunts or current transformers designed
1197 for high-frequency response.
1198 Coaxial shunts are routinely used in laboratory environments but have the disadvantage of
1199 requiring insertion into the current-carrying conductors, and the fact that the output signal of
1200 the shunt is not isolated from the power circuit. On the other hand, they are not susceptible to
1201 the saturation and residual magnetization that can affect measurements made with current
1202 transformers.
1203 Current transformers operating with a suitable resistive burden deliver a voltage signal
1204 proportional to the primary current. In general, the primary consists of one or a few turns of
1205 the primary circuit fed through an opening in the core. The major advantage of these current
1206 transducers is to provide isolation from the power circuits, and a wide range of ampere-to-volt
1207 ratios. Another advantage is that some (but not all) current transformers do not require the
1208 disconnection of the power conductor from its load during installation.
1209 Other types of current transducers are sometimes used, including optical polarization
1210 detectors and Hall-effect transducers.
1211
A.2.3 Frequency response of transducers
1212
A.2.3.1 Frequency and phase response of voltage transducers
1213 In general, transformer-type electromagnetic voltage transducers have frequency and

1214 transient responses suitable up to typically 1 kHz; but the frequency range may sometimes be
1215 limited to well below 1 kHz, and sometimes may extend to a few kilohertz.
1216 Simple capacitor dividers can have frequency and phase responses that are suitable up to
1217 hundreds of kilohertz or even higher; however, in many applications a resonant circuit is
1218 intentionally added, making the frequency response of the capacitive divider unsuitable for
1219 measurements at any frequency other than the fundamental.
1220 Resistive voltage dividers may have frequency and phase response suitable up to hundreds of
1221 kilohertz. However, they may introduce other problems, for example, the capacitive load of the
1222 measurement instrument can influence the frequency and phase response of the resistive
1223 voltage dividers.
1224 A.2.3.2 Frequency and phase response of current transducers
1225 As current transformers are wound electromagnetic devices, the frequency response varies
1226 according to the uncertainty class, type (manufacturer), turns ratio, core material and cross-
1227 section, and the secondary circuit load.
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1228 Usually, the cut-off frequency of a current transducer ranges from 1 kHz to a few kilohertz,
1229 and the phase response degrades as the cut-off frequency is approached.
1230 NOTE New concepts of current transducers with higher cut-off frequency and better linearity are being developed
1231 (optical and Hall-effect transducers). Insulation coordination, noise issues, full-scale capability, and safety
1232 conditions should be carefully considered.
1233
A.2.4 Transducers for measuring transients
1234 There are two important concerns that must be addressed when selecting transducers for a.c.
1235 mains transients. First, signal levels should use the full scale of the instrument without
1236 distorting or clipping the desired signal. Second, the frequency response (both amplitude and
1237 phase) of the transducer should be adequate for the expected signal.
1238 – Voltage transducers (VTs)

1239 – VTs should be sized to prevent measured disturbances from inducing saturation. For
1240 low-frequency transients, this requires that the knee point of the transducer saturation
1241 curve be at least 200 % of the nominal system voltage.
1242 – The frequency response of a standard metering class VT depends on its type and the
1243 burden applied. With a high impedance burden, the response is usually adequate to at
1244 least 2 kHz, but it can be less.
1245 – Capacitively coupled voltage transformers generally do not provide accurate
1246 representation of any higher frequency components.
1247 – High-frequency transient measurements require a capacitor divider or pure resistive
1248 divider. Special purpose capacitor dividers can be obtained for measurements
1249 requiring accurate characterization of transients up to at least 1 MHz.
1250 – Current transducers (CTs)

1251 – Selecting the proper transducer for currents is more difficult. The current in a
1252 distribution feeder changes more often and with greater magnitude than the voltage.
1253 – Standard metering-class CTs are generally adequate for frequencies up to 2 kHz
1254 (phase error can start to become significant before this limit). For higher frequencies,
1255 window type CTs with a high turns ratio (doughnut, split core, bar type, and clamp-on)
1256 should be used.
1257 – Additional desirable attributes for CTs are: a large turns ratio, for example, 2000:5;
1258 less than 5 turns in the primary; small remnant flux, for example, 10 % of core
1259 saturation; large core area; minimal secondary winding resistance and leakage
1260 impedance. When using a CT to measure transients there are 2 key parameters that
1261 need to be considered, current-time product (I.t max) and rise time/droop. Typical
1262 values of the rise time (10 % to 90 %) are in the range of 2 ns to 200 ns. Typical droop
1263 values range from 0,1 %/µs to 0,5 %/ms.
1264 NOTE In HV systems high-frequency and transient voltage measurements may be performed using capacitive
1265 taps often available on CTs and transformer bushings.
1266
A.3 Transient voltages and currents
1267 This section is primarily focused on transients occurring in LV systems and does not cover
1268 transients from GIS 2 installations or HV systems.
1269 Transients can occur on all a.c. power systems. Traditionally, they have been characterized
1270 as "transient voltages"; however, in many cases, the transient current may be more important.
1271 The detection, classification, and characterization of transient voltages are challenging
1272 subjects.
1273
2 Gas-insulated switchgear
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1274
1275
A.3.1 Definitions
1276 A.3.1.1
1277 transient
1278 pertaining to or designating a phenomenon or a quantity which varies between 2 consecutive
1279 steady states during a time interval short when compared with the time-scale of interest
1280 [IEV 161-02-01]
1281 A.3.1.2
1282 surge
1283 transient voltage wave propagating along a line or a circuit and characterized by a rapid
1284 increase followed by a slower decrease of the voltage
1285 [IEV 161-08-11]
1286
A.3.2 Frequency and amplitude characteristics of a.c. mains transients
1287 Transients in a.c. power circuits occur over a wide range of waveforms, amplitudes, and
1288 duration. It is difficult to describe these by a simple set of parameters, but obtaining their
1289 signatures allows them to be classified into a few typical waveforms that are used for test
1290 purposes. Figure A.1 shows the frequency spectrum of several representative test waveforms
1291 in general use. This information is useful in developing algorithms that will be necessary for
1292 appropriate reduction of the analogue signals into the digital recordings and data processing
1293 of these events.
1294
1295 Figure A.1 – Frequency spectrum of typical representative transient test waveforms
1296 For both voltage and current, the spectra of common test waveforms for a.c. mains transients
1297 contain frequencies that range up to approximately 10 MHz (lasting for 200 µs), with large
1298 amplitudes up to 1 MHz (lasting for 2 ms). For end-use a.c. mains connections, the amplitudes
1299 of common test waveforms range up to 6 kV, and up to 5 kA.
1300 The sampling rate must therefore be at least twice the maximum frequency of the waveform;
1301 also, the corresponding anti-alias filter must have appropriate characteristics. See also Clause
1302 A.2.4 for further information related to transient measurement.
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1303
A.3.3 Transient voltage detection
1304 The results of a transient measurement depend both on the actual nature of the transient, and
1305 on the parameters selected by the user and reported by the instrument. When insulation is the
1306 main concern, transient measurements are generally made from phase to earth. When
1307 instrument damage is the primary concern, transient measurements are generally made from
1308 phase to phase or from phase to neutral.
1309 Some of the detection methods and examples of application include
1310 – comparative method: when a fixed, absolute threshold is exceeded, a transient is

1311 detected, for example, surge protective devices (SPDs) that are sensitive to the total
1312 voltage;
1313 – envelope method: similar to comparative method, but with the fundamental removed prior
1314 to analysis, for example, for instances of capacitive coupled transients;
1315 – sliding-window method: the instantaneous values are compared to the corresponding
1316 values on the previous cycle, for example, low-frequency switching transients associated
1317 with capacitive banks used for power factor correction;
1318 – dv/dt method: when a fixed, absolute threshold of dv/dt is exceeded, for example,
1319 mistrigger of power electronics circuits or non-linear distribution on inductor winding;
1320 – r.m.s. value: using very rapid sampling, the r.m.s. value is computed for intervals much
1321 less than one fundamental period, and compared to a threshold, for example, when further
1322 computations are desirable such as energy deposition in an SPD or charge transfer;
1323 – other methods include frequency versus amplitude measurements (Discrete or Fast
1324 Fourier transform, wavelet, etc.).
1325
A.3.4 Transient voltage evaluation
1326 Once the transient has been detected using the methods above, it can be classified. Some
1327 classification methods and parameters include
1328 – the peak voltage and/or current. Note that the peak value is also influenced by the
1329 measurement interval;
1330 – the overshoot voltage;
1331 – the rate of rise (dv/dt or di/dt), of the leading edge;
1332 – frequency parameters;
1333 – the duration. This is a difficult parameter to define, due to damping, irregularity of wave-
1334 forms, etc.;
1335 – damping coefficient;
1336 – frequency of occurrence;
1337 – energy and power, available or conveyed;
1338 – continuous (every cycle, such as notches) or single-shot (unpredictable) transients.
1339 All of these numerical parameters are helpful in developing a classification system to describe
1340 the transient environment in statistical terms.
1341
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1342 On the other hand, especially when trouble-shooting, a signature can describe in one graphic
1343 representation several of these hard-to-quantify parameters.
1344
A.3.5 Effect of surge protective devices on transient measurements
1345 Surge protective devices (SPDs) are shunt-connected components that conduct when a
1346 threshold voltage is exceeded. They are commonly used to limit transient voltages. They may
1347 be found in plug-in mains filtering devices, and are often included as part of a sensitive
1348 electronic device, such as a personal computer.
1349 Because all SPDs on a mains circuit are effectively connected in parallel, the one with the
1350 lowest limiting voltage will (within its performance capabilities) limit all transient voltages to its
1351 limiting voltage and divert the largest portion of the transient current impinging on the facility.
1352 Consequently, measuring transient voltages in many environments – offices, labs, factories,
1353 etc. – is of limited of use: one is simply measuring the threshold voltage of one of the many
1354 SPDs that are present.
1355 For this reason, the transient current is often a better measure of the severity of a.c. system
1356 transients than the transient voltage.
1357
A.4 Voltage dip characteristics
1358 Voltage dips are generally acknowledged to be a common power quality event.
1359 The normative part of this standard characterizes voltage dips by two characteristics, depth
1360 (or residual voltage), and duration. It derives these characteristics from one-cycle r.m.s.
1361 values that are updated each half-cycle.
1362 However, voltage dips are rarely rectangular, i.e. the U rms value often varies during the dip,
1363 and limiting the characteristics to depth and duration can obscure useful information. As an
1364 example, voltage dips due to motor-starting or due to transformer energizing there is a smooth
1365 transition between the dip and normal operation.
1366 Ultimately, the greatest amount of information is available in waveforms recorded during the
1367 voltage dip. But characteristics are a useful way of reducing data, interpreting and
1368 categorizing events.
1369 Multiple dips may occur, for example, during a failed attempt to auto-reclose and re-energize
1370 a faulty line section. Events that occur at approximately the same time may be counted as a
1371 single event.
1372 Depending on the purpose of the measurement, other characteristics in addition to depth and
1373 duration should be considered.
1374
A.4.1 Rapidly updated r.m.s values
1375 During a voltage dip, it may be useful to calculate 1-cycle r.m.s values that are updated more
1376 frequently than every half-cycle (as specified in the normative part of standard). For example,
1377 it may be useful to update the 1-cycle r.m.s. value 128 times each cycle. This approach allows
1378 more precise identification of the beginning and end of the voltage dip, using simple
1379 thresholds. The drawbacks are increased data and processing and introducing a possibly
1380 misleading sliding filter.
1381 RMS voltage values correctly reflect the available power into a resistive load. However,
1382 electronic loads are not directly sensitive to r.m.s. voltage, instead, they are generally
1383 sensitive to voltage near the peak of the waveform, and are insensitive to other parts of the
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1384 waveform. Algorithms other than r.m.s. may be useful to evaluate the effects of a voltage dip
1385 on electronic loads.
1386
A.4.2 Phase angle/point-on-wave
1387 For some applications, for example, electro-mechanical contactor drop-outs, the phase angle
1388 at which a voltage dip begins is an important characteristic, which is sometimes called point-
1389 on-wave.
1390 This phase angle can be determined by capturing the pre-dip and during-dip waveforms, then
1391 examining them for the point at which the waveform deviates from the ideal by, for example,
1392 10 %, then backing up along the waveform with a narrower threshold, for example, 5 %, to the
1393 beginning of the dip. This algorithm is highly sensitive for finding the exact beginning of a
1394 voltage dip, without triggering on minor non-dip variations.
1395 A similar algorithm may be used to find the end of the dip. In addition to phase-angle
1396 information, this approach also permits the dip duration to be calculated precisely, with a
1397 resolution much finer than 1-cycle.
1398 Also, advanced signal-processing techniques are capable of detecting the exact beginning of
1399 a voltage dip.
1400
A.4.3 Voltage dip unbalance
1401 Even very brief unbalance can damage 3-phase rectified loads, or cause over-current devices
1402 to trip. Three-phase dips are often unbalanced. With the rapidly updated r.m.s values
1403 described in Clause A.6.1, it is often useful to calculate 3-phase unbalance during a dip. The
1404 unbalance often varies during a dip, so the unbalance might be presented in a graphic form,
1405 or the maximum unbalance during a dip might be presented.
1406 It may be useful to analyse separately the zero sequence, negative sequence, and positive
1407 sequence of the fundamental frequency during an unbalanced dip. This approach yields
1408 information about how the dip propagates through the network and can be useful in
1409 understanding simultaneous dips and swells on different phases.
1410
A.4.4 Phase shift during voltage dip
1411 In some applications, for example, 3-phase rectifiers, the phase shift of the voltage dip can be
1412 important. Such a phase shift may be measured by, for example, a DFT applied to the cycle
1413 prior to commencement of the dip, and another cycle after the commencement of the dip. If
1414 this approach is taken throughout the dip, a maximum phase shift during the dip may be
1415 calculated. The phase shift at the conclusion of the dip may also be useful. In some
1416 applications, for example, phase-locked-loop stability, it may be useful to calculate the
1417 maximum slew rate (dΘ/dt) of the phase angle during the dip.
1418 The calculation of phase shift during a voltage dip may be combined with voltage dip
1419 unbalance by calculating the magnitude and phase angle of zero-sequence, negative-
1420 sequence and positive-sequence components during an unbalanced dip.
1421
A.4.5 Missing voltage
1422 This characteristic of a voltage dip may be calculated by subtracting the dip waveform from an
1423 ideal waveform, with amplitude, phase, and frequency based on the pre-dip data. This
1424 characteristic can be useful for analysing the effect of the dip on voltage restoration devices,
1425 for example.
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1426
A.4.6 Distortion during voltage dip
1427 The voltage during a dip is often distorted, and the distortion may be important for
1428 understanding the effect of the dip on electronic devices. Traditional methods such as THD
1429 may be considered for describing this distortion, but THD compares the distortion to the
1430 fundamental which, by definition, is rapidly varying during a dip. For this reason, it may be
1431 more useful to evaluate distortion during a dip simply as the r.m.s. value of the non-
1432 fundamental components.
1433 The presence of even harmonics during or after the dip may point to transformer saturation.
1434
A.4.7 Other characteristics and references
1435 This list of voltage dip characteristics is not exhaustive. Other characteristics, not identified
1436 here, may be useful for analysing the effects of voltage dips on various types of loads, control
1437 devices, and correction devices. For further details and examples the reader is encouraged to
1438 refer to the following publications: IEC 61000-2-8 and IEEE 1159.
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1439 Annex B
1440 (informative)
1441
1442 Power Quality measurement –
1443 Guidance for applications.
1444
B.1 Contractual applications of power quality measurements
1445 This Clause provides guidance on the measurement of power quality (PQ) for contractual
1446 purposes; it highlights factors that should be considered by the concerned parties.
1447 NOTE The description of voltage quality parameters is discussed below.
1448 It is recommended that Clause B.1.1 should be consulted prior to entering into a PQ contract,
1449 whilst Clause B.1.2 should be consulted prior to performing PQ measurements to test
1450 compliance with the contract terms.
1451
B.1.1 General considerations
1452 The terms specified in the contract will need to be both achievable by one party and
1453 acceptable to the other. The starting point for a PQ contract should be a PQ standard or
1454 specification. Consideration should be given to the planning and indicative values in the
1455 relevant IEC standards, for example, IEC 61000-2-2, IEC 61000-2-4, IEC 61000-2-12 and
1456 parts of IEC 61000-3-6 and IEC 61000-3-7.
1457 In order to ensure that the results are representative of normal system operating conditions,
1458 the PQ measurement survey may discount but not discard data at times when the supply
1459 network is subject to severe disturbance resulting from
1460 – exceptional weather conditions;

1461 – third-party interference;
1462 – acts by public authorities;
1463 – industrial action;
1464 – force majeure;
1465 – power shortages resulting from external events.
1466 The contract should specify whether flagged data, as described in the normative part (see
1467 Clause 4.7) in this standard, should be excluded from the analysis when assessing the results
1468 for contract compliance. If flagged data are excluded, the measurement results will generally
1469 be mutually independent for each parameter, and each parameter may be more easily
1470 compared directly to a contractual value. If flagged data is included, the measurement results
1471 will generally be more directly related to the effects of power quality on sensitive loads, but
1472 will be far more difficult or even impossible to compare to any contractual values.
1473 NOTE Flagged data indicate that a disturbance might have influenced the measurement and that consequently a
1474 single disturbance might have affected multiple parameters.
1475 When PQ measurements are considered necessary to assess compliance of the supply
1476 against contract terms, it is the responsibility of the party that considers the measurements
1477 necessary to arrange for them to be performed, if permanent monitoring is not already
1478 available. However, this should not preclude the contract from detailing who should perform
1479 the measurements. There might be a need to consult third parties.
1480 The contract should indicate how the financial cost of the measurements is to be borne by the
1481 concerned parties. This can be dependent upon the measurement results.
1482 The terms of this contract should specify the duration of the contract, the measurement time
1483 interval, the PQ parameters to be measured and the electrical location of the measuring
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1484 instrument(s). See Clause B.1.2 for examples of measurement time interval and PQ
1485 parameters.
1486 The choice of the connection mode of the measuring device (i.e. phase-to-neutral or phase-to-
1487 phase) should be coherent with the type of supply connection or should result from a common
1488 decision between the concerned parties. It should be explicitly mentioned in the contract.
1489 The terms of the contract should specify the use of the measurement methods and the
1490 uncertainty described in the normative part of this standard.
1491 The contract should specify the method for determining compensation, in the event of one
1492 party failing to honour the terms of the contract.
1493 The contract may contain provisions for the resolution of disputes regarding interpretation of
1494 measurements.
1495 The contract will need to address the subject of data access and confidentiality, for example,
1496 the party carrying out the PQ measurements might not be the same party that has to analyse
1497 the data and assess contract conformity.
1498
B.1.2 Specific considerations
1499 Power quality (PQ) is assessed by a comparison between the results of measured PQ
1500 parameters, and the limits (contractual values) given in a PQ contract. These limits are
1501 beyond the scope of this standard.
1502 In a contract, description of each PQ parameter may include: contractual value(s), time
1503 interval to be considered, duration of the assessment time interval(s), and possibly special
1504 procedures regarding “flagged” measurements.
1505 Many PQ parameters (voltage, harmonics, flicker) can show variations between weekday and
1506 weekends. For these, the assessment period should be for a week minimum (or an integer
1507 number of weeks)
1508
1509
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1510
1511
B.1.2.1 Power frequency
1512 Measurement interval: 1-week minimum assessment period.
1513 Evaluation techniques: 10-s values are considered. The following techniques are suggested,
1514 but other evaluation techniques might be agreed between the parties:
1515 – the number, or per cent, of values during the measurement interval that exceed high or
1516 low contractual values might be counted;
1517 – the worst-case values might be compared to high and/or low contractual values (the
1518 measurement interval might be different for this possibility);
1519 – one or more 95 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values, expressed in hertz,
1520 might be compared to high and/or low contractual values;
1521 – the number of consecutive values that exceed high and/or low contractual values might be
1522 counted;
1523 – the integration over the measurement interval, of value that deviate from nominal
1524 frequency might be compared to contractual values.
1525
B.1.2.2 Magnitude of the supply voltage
1527 Evaluation techniques: 10-min values should be considered. The following techniques are
1528 suggested, but other evaluation techniques might be agreed between the parties:
1529 – the number, or per cent, of values during the measurement interval that exceed high or
1530 low contractual values might be counted;
1531 – the worst-case values might be compared to high and/or low contractual values (the
1532 measurement interval might be different for this possibility);
1533 – one or more 95 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values, expressed in volts,
1534 might be compared to high and/or low contractual values;
1535 – the number of consecutive values that exceed high and/or low contractual values might be
1536 counted.
1537
B.1.2.3 Flicker
1539 Evaluation techniques: 10-min values (P st ) and/or 2-hour values (P lt ) might be considered.
1540 The following techniques are suggested for both values, but other evaluation techniques might
1541 be agreed between the parties:
1542 – the number, or per cent, of values during the measurement interval that exceed
1543 contractual values might be counted;
1544 – a 99 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values for P st , or 95 % (or other
1545 percentage) probability weekly value for P lt , might be compared to contractual values.
1546
B.1.2.4 Voltage dips/swells
1547 Measurement interval: 1-year minimum assessment period.
1548 Evaluation techniques: the parties to the contract should agree on the declared input voltage
1549 U din .
1550
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1551 NOTE For LV customers, the declared voltage is usually equal to the nominal voltage of the supply system. For
1552 MV or HV customers, the declared voltage may be different from the nominal voltage.
1553 The parties to the contract should agree on
1554 – the dip and swell detection thresholds;

1555 – time aggregation techniques;
1556 – location aggregation techniques if more than one location is measured;
1557 – reporting techniques such as residual voltage/duration tables,
1558 – any other evaluation techniques that might be relevant.
1559
B.1.2.5 Voltage interruptions
1560 Measurement interval: 1-year minimum assessment period.
1561 Evaluation techniques: the parties might agree on a duration that defines the borderline
1562 between "short" and "long" voltage interruptions. The count of the voltage interruptions, and
1563 the total duration of the "long" voltage interruptions during the measurement interval, might be
1564 considered. Other evaluation techniques might be agreed between the parties.
1565 Interruptions for which the customer is informed in advance (for example, minimum 24 h)
1566 could be counted separately from interruptions for which the customer is not informed in
1567 advance.
1568
B.1.2.6 Supply voltage unbalance
1570 Evaluation techniques: 10-min values and/or 2-hour values might be considered. The following
1571 techniques are suggested for both values, but other evaluation techniques might be agreed
1572 between the parties:
1575 – the worst-case values might be compared to contractual values (the measurement interval
1576 might be different for this possibility, for example one year);
1577 – one or more 95 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values, expressed in per cent,
1578 might be compared to contractual values.
1579
B.1.2.7 Harmonic voltages
1580 Measurement interval: one-week minimum assessment period for 10-min values, and daily
1581 assessment of 150/180-cycle values for at least 1 week.
1582 Evaluation techniques: 150/180-cycle time interval and/or 10-min values might be considered.
1583 Contractual values may be applied to individual harmonics, or range of harmonics, or other
1584 groupings, for example, even and odd harmonics, according to agreement between the parties
1585 to the contract. The following techniques are suggested for all values, but other evaluation
1586 techniques might be agreed between the parties:
1591
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1592 – one or more 95 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values for 10-min values,
1593 and/or 95 % (or other percentage) probability daily values for 150/180-cycle time interval
1594 values, expressed in per cent, might be compared to contractual values.
1595
B.1.2.8 Interharmonic voltages
1596 Measurement interval: 1-week minimum assessment period for 10-min values, and daily
1597 assessment of 150/180-cycle values for at least 1 week.
1598 Evaluation techniques: 150/180-cycle time interval and/or 10-min values might be considered.
1599 Contractual values may be applied to a range of interharmonics, or other groupings, according
1600 to agreement between the parties to the contract. The following techniques are suggested for
1601 all values, but other evaluation techniques might be agreed between the parties:
1606 – one or more 95 % (or other percentage) probability weekly values for 10-min values,
1607 and/or 95 % (or other percentage) probability daily values for 150/180-cycle time interval
1608 values, expressed in per cent, might be compared to contractual values.
1609
B.1.2.9 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage
1610 Measurement interval: 1-day minimum assessment period.
1611 Evaluation techniques: the following techniques are suggested for all values, but other
1612 evaluation techniques might be agreed between the parties:
1616 might be different for this possibility, for example one week).
1617
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1618
B.2 Statistical survey applications
1619
1620 Guidance for designing and performing statistical power quality surveys (including permanent
1621 monitoring) in support of:
1622
1623 1. Consumer requirements, where the aim of such surveys is to provide the consumer
1624 with information on the power quality parameters seen by the consumer referenced
1625 against a set of recognized power quality indices. These indices may relate to
1626 recognized standards, or a pre-defined set of requirements specified for a particular
1627 installation or item of equipment (e.g. contracts or equipment specifications).
1628
1629 2. Network operator requirements for assessing existing levels of distortion/disturbance
1630 on the network (e.g. in the assessment required for the connection of new loads).
1631
1632 Historically, networks have been designed and operated differently in different countries and
1633 any attempt to normalize the outputs of different national power quality surveys will be
1634 extremely complex and open to misinterpretation.
1635 This Clause explains the aim of power quality statistics and gives some guidelines.
1636 The first objective of these techniques is to compress a large number of measured values.
1637 The second objective is to compute power quality indices for benchmarking, either on one
1638 specific point or for a whole network in order to
1639 – verify the compliance with contractual agreement (see Clause B.1);
1640 – monitor the performance evolution of a network during long periods;
1641 – compare different networks during the same interval.
1642
B.2.1 Considerations
1643 A statistical analysis must be done with homogeneous values: same measurement time
1644 interval, same measurement data, same network, etc.
1645 Statistics computation is based on a classification of the measured values.
1646 For each parameter, the user defines a "normal range" of variation and may choose to include
1647 or not, flagged data (see Clause 4.7), since this data by definition can be irrelevant.
1648 The normal range of variation is then divided into several classes of equal width. The number
1649 of classes determines the confidence interval – 100 classes seem adequate. Classes remain
1650 constant over a measurement period − 1-day, 1-week, 1-year, etc. – and are ordered from the
1651 lowest to the greatest class value within the normal range of variation.
1652 The number of measured values within each class is counted. These counts may be used to
1653 determine cumulative curves, which in turn may be used to determine percentiles.
1654 The statistics formula with the confidence level, for example 95%, should be used to
1655 determine the confidence interval. When the number of statistical values is small, one should
1656 be careful about the confidence interval.
1657
B.2.2 Power quality indices
1658
B.2.2.1 Characterizing a single point on the network
1659 One single measurement point may be characterized by two kinds of power quality indices
1660 depending on the phenomena concerned:
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1661 – statistical indices like percentiles, maximum or mean values over a period of time (see
1662 IEC 61000-3-6 for harmonics or IEC 61000-3-7 for flicker);
1663 – event counting and tabulating.
1664 Examples of power quality indices are given for each parameter in Clause B.1.2.
1665
B.2.2.2 Characterizing an entire network
1666 An entire network is a collection of single points classified by type of network or customers.
1667 Weighting rules might be defined in order to get global results. Weighting rules might apply
1668 both to statistical indices and events.
1669
1670
B.2.3 Monitoring Objectives
1671
1672 Power quality monitoring is necessary to characterize electromagnetic phenomena at a
1673 particular location on an electric power circuit.
1674
1675 The objective may be as simple as verifying steady state voltage regulation at a service
1676 entrance, or may be as complex as analyzing the harmonic current flows within a distribution
1677 network.
1678
1679 Generally speaking power quality monitoring is carried out for one of three reasons:
1680
1681 1) Troubleshooting: To diagnose incompatibilities between the electric power source
1682 and existing equipment connected within an installation.
1683
1684 2) PQ evaluation: To evaluate the electrical environment at a particular location to
1685 refine modelling techniques or to develop a power quality baseline.
1686
1687 3) Planning the connection of new equipment: To predict future performance of
1688 equipment or power quality mitigating devices that are planned to be connected
1689 within an installation. In any event, the most important task in any monitoring
1690 project is to define clearly the objectives of monitoring.
1691
1692
1693 The procedure for defining monitoring objectives will depend upon the reason for carrying out
1694 the monitoring. From this will come the parameters to be measured, the duration of the
1695 monitoring and the thresholds against which the parameters will be evaluated.
1696
1697
1698
B.2.4 Economic Aspects of Power Quality Surveys
1699
1700 There are several elements that impact on the cost and overall economics of a measurement
1701 campaign. These elements include:
1702
1703 • Measurement Equipment
1704 • Transducers
1705 • Installation, including connection access
1706 • Labour
1707 • Communications
1708 • Data management (database etc.)
1709 • Data processing and Analysis
1710 • Survey duration
1711
1712 Of these elements, the measurement equipment cost itself is rarely the most expensive item.
1713 In electric utility substation and feeder applications, the installation and labour costs usually
1714 dominate the measurement equipment costs by a significant margin. When the total life cycle
1715 of a long term measurement campaign is considered, the communication and data analysis
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1716 costs begin to dominate. It is wise therefore to choose instrumentation that is easy to install,
1717 has many communication options, and provide the data in a form that simplifies the analysis
1718 task (e.g. the data is available in a standardized format).
1719
1720 An obvious multiplier of measurement campaign cost, is related to the duration of a survey.
1721 This is applicable to compliance measurement campaigns such as those associated with
1722 standards such as the EN50160. The guidance in this regard is to first, comply with national
1723 standards requirements for survey durations and then second, take into consideration the
1724 context of the measurement when the duration is not explicitly mandated in a national
1725 standard. The duration of the measurement campaign should be tailored to the situation such
1726 that the survey duration can be minimized whilst obtaining enough information to properly
1727 conduct the assessment. Factors that influence the selection of the duration of a
1728 measurement campaign include:
1729 • Customer type (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial)
1730 • Reason for monitoring (see above)
1731 • Variability of the load and time frame over which that variability is expected to be
1732 experienced
1733
1734 Prior to installing a permanent power quality monitoring system, a business case must often
1735 be developed. Typical business cases include both tangible and intangible benefits. Direct,
1736 tangible benefits include:
1737 • Identification by signature analysis of failing equipment before total failure (e.g. tap
1738 changers, capacitor banks and their switches, transformers)
1739 • Reduction of system restoration time (e.g. fault finding)
1740 • Contract compliance
1741 • Connection requirements for new equipment
1742
1743 Intangible benefits include:
1744 • Identifying problem feeders to help improve reliability indices
1745 • Customer feedback to improve customer relations
1746
1747 The economics of a power quality measurement campaign can be improved by augmenting
1748 the system with information gathered by other equipment not specifically designed for power
1749 quality measurement. Sharing resources in this manner allows the cost of measurement to be
1750 shared with the primary cost of the device: reclosers, capacitor switch controllers, etc.
1751
1752
B.3 Locations and types of surveys
1753
B.3.1 Monitoring Locations
1754
1755 The choice of locations to install power quality monitors will be dependent upon the objective
1756 of the survey. If the monitoring objective is to diagnose an equipment performance problem
1757 then the monitor should be placed as close to the load as possible. This applies to
1758 performance problems with both sensitive electronic loads such as computers and adjustable
1759 speed drives, and electrical distribution equipment such as circuit breakers and capacitors.
1760 After the voltage fluctuations are detected, the monitor may be moved upstream on the circuit
1761 to determine the source of the disturbance.
1762
1763 Monitoring location may also be determined by cost and convenience as long as it does not
1764 compromise the technical, regulatory, or legal objectives. For example, it is less costly to
1765 monitor at low voltage than high voltage. Measuring in a substation is generally less
1766 expensive than part way out on a feeder on a pole.
1767
1768 For compliance monitoring related to service contracts, a monitoring location must be agreed
1769 to by all parties to the contract in advance. This is typically defined as the Point of Common
1770 Coupling (PCC) between the customer and the system. Where the PCC is defined as: The
1771 point on a public power supply network, electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other
1772 loads are, or could be, connected.
1773
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1774
1775
B.3.2 Pre-Monitoring Site Surveys
1776
1777 Prior to conducting a measurement campaign, it is recommended that information regarding
1778 the system environment be gathered to facilitate proper instrument placement, operation, and
1779 analysis. Elements that are common to all surveys include among others:
1780
1781 • Electrical system data (single-line diagrams, transformer specifications, transformer
1782 connection, short circuit levels, capacitor bank size and location, branch circuit data,
1783 load data, grounding, etc.)
1784 • Changes in installation topology over time (e.g. power factor capacitor status, loads,
1785 transformers in/out of service, etc.)
1786 • Known disturbing loads, rating and operating regime
1787
1788
B.3.3 Customer Side Site Survey
1789 For surveys within a customer’s installation, in addition to the information mentioned above, it
1790 is useful to gather information on any problems encountered problems. For example the
1791 nature and characteristics of sensitive equipment, the time stamp of any events that coincide
1792 with a reduction in performance. These events should be checked for coincidence with
1793 operations within the installation and on the network.
1794
1795
B.3.4 Network Side Survey
1796
1797 Surveys of the supply network itself require that network specific information be gathered
1798 including:
1799
1800 • Network protection equipment and settings
1801 o If the settings are changed for any reason during the course of a survey, it can
1802 impact the statistics of voltage dips for example
1803 o Permits evaluation of alternative protection scenarios based on survey results
1804 • Existence and characteristics of ripple control (or other relevant telecontrol via power
1805 line carrier) that may impact measurements.
1806 • Load characteristics (eg industrial, commercial, residential or mixture)
1807 • Network operation protocol with regards to volt/var control – regulation.
1808
1809
B.4 Connections and quantities to measure
1810
B.4.1 Equipment Connection Options
1811
1812 There are several decisions that need to be made related to connecting the measurement
1813 equipment. These decisions include:
1814
1815 • Single-phase versus three-phase measurement
1816 • Line-to-Line versus Line-to-Neutral or Line-to-Ground connection
1817 • High side versus low side measurement near transformers
1818
1819 These decisions will be heavily influenced by the reason for the survey. Sometimes
1820 connection requirements may be specified inherently by a particular standard against which
1821 the survey is being conducted. Whatever the case the connection should be made in a way
1822 that is consistent with the requirements or connection of the affected equipment – taking into
1823 account transformer connection issues.
1824
1825 A general observation can be made that when measuring steady state phenomena such as
1826 harmonics and flicker, single-phase measurements can often be made instead of three phase
1827 measurements. This is possible because these phenomena are often reasonably balanced.
1828 This assumption should be checked by performing a temporary three-phase measurement.
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1829 When voltage dips and swells are the primary reason for monitoring, it is necessary to monitor
1830 all phases powering the affected equipment.
1831
1832 When general surveys are being performed with a three-phase connection and/or there are
1833 several voltage transformations downstream from the monitored location, connecting the
1834 measurement equipment from line-to-neutral on grounded systems is recommended because
1835 the line-to-line values can often be derived either in the instrument or off-line.
1836 Where this is not the case, the connection mode of the monitoring instrument should be
1837 chosen taking into account both the connection mode of the potentially affected equipment
1838 and the successive voltage transformations downstream.
1839
1840
B.4.2 Priorities: Quantities to Measure
1841
1842 The quantities to measure will generally be defined by the monitoring objectives, relevant
1843 compliance standards, and other factors. For general surveys it will be necessary, in order to
1844 conserve memory space, to identify a priority order for the quantities to monitor. For example:
1845
1846 1. Power parameters (V, I, P, Q, S, DPF, TPF, etc. – these are not generally considered
1847 to be power quality parameters)
1848 2. Voltage dips/swells
1849 3. Harmonic voltage
1850 4. Harmonic Current
1851 5. Unbalance
1852 6. Transients (e.g. capacitor switching – low frequency)
1853 7. Flicker
1854 8. Interharmonic voltages and currents
1855 9. Mains signaling
1856
1857 NOTE DPF is Displacement Power Factor, or the cosine of the angle between the fundamental voltage and the
1858 fundamental current. TPF is true power factor, or the ratio between Watts and Volt-Amps .
1859
1860 This ordering is an example; the actual prioritization depends on the overall goals and
1861 objectives of a particular measurement campaign.
1862
1863 Once the priority is established and an instrument chosen based on those priorities, it is
1864 recommended that as much information as the instrument can provide be utilized. It is
1865 generally easier to discard data after a survey rather than to derive it when a quantity is
1866 desired later that was not directly measured. Generally the only issues affecting this decision
1867 are instrument storage capabilities and communication time / cost impacts.
1868
1869
B.4.3 Current Monitoring
1870
1871 In general, customers are responsible for the current that their equipment draws from or
1872 injects into the system and the supplier is responsible for the supply voltage. This fact can be
1873 used as the basis for deciding when to measure currents.
1874
1875 The measurement of current is important for the concept of emission assessment, however
1876 the critical point is to accurately determine the phase angle, this becomes increasingly difficult
1877 when trying to measure harmonic currents.
1878
1879 The measurement of current can be invaluable in determining sources/cause of power quality
1880 events, since it can help to determine if the cause of the event is up stream or down stream of
1881 the measuring instrument. This is particularly true for voltage dips.
1882
1883
1884
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1885
1886
B.5 Selecting the monitoring thresholds and monitoring period
1887
1888
B.5.1 Monitoring Thresholds
1889
1890 Monitoring thresholds may be determined by the power quality indices against which the
1891 results are to be compared, or may be determined by the load requirements. Once again, the
1892 reasons for performing the power quality survey must be consulted.
1893
1894 The difference between thresholds used for disturbance capture, versus thresholds used for
1895 event characterization, counting, and analysis, should be considered.
1896
1897 As a general recommendation, thresholds should be as tight as feasible (while avoiding
1898 continuous triggering). Wider thresholds can be effectively implemented subsequently on
1899 captured data, but data that was missed due to loose thresholds can never be recaptured.
1900
1901 Thresholds on sliding references should be used when measuring at an unregulated portion of
1902 the network. For example, monitors deployed on distribution feeders with load tap changers
1903 or capacitor bank based voltage regulation may be able to use fixed thresholds. Transmission
1904 systems or other portions of the network that are not directly regulated with regards to voltage
1905 should use the sliding reference method.
1906
1907
1908
B.5.2 Monitoring Period
1909
1910 The monitoring period will be determined by the reasons for performing the power quality
1911 survey. For example, if the results are to be compared against power quality indices, there
1912 may be guidance in those indices regarding the monitoring period.
1913
1914 It is often useful to compare power quality measurements over time, for example comparing
1915 one year to the previous year. If this type of comparison is useful, the monitoring period may
1916 be permanent.
1917
1918 Some standards may specify minimum measurement periods. In any case, event
1919 measurements such as voltage dips and swells generally require longer measurement periods
1920 in order to capture enough events to provide meaningful statistics (months). Rarer events
1921 such as interruptions may require even longer periods; in contrast, for harmonics and other
1922 steady state measurements, meaningful information may be captured in relatively short
1923 periods of time (minimum of one week).
1924
1925 For compliance monitoring, the monitoring period should already be specified in the relevant
1926 standard. For practical reasons, one may need to interpret the standard – e.g. do you need to
1927 measure for one year for EN50160 compliance? Does it need to be continuous?
1928
1929
B.6 Statistical analysis of the measured data
1930
1931 A suitable statistical analysis method must be chosen for the data. Different statistical
1932 methods may be selected, depending on the power quality parameter and measurement
1933 objectives, but the methods can be roughly divided into:
1934
1935 • Methods that count the number of events that exceed some threshold, and
1936 • Methods that summarize large numbers of quasi-steady-state measurements into a
1937 single number, or a few numbers.
1938
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1939 For the latter methods, various possible numbers may be chosen as the most useful summary
1940 value: maximum value, 99% value, 95% value, average value, minimum value, etc. In many
1941 references, the 95% probability value has been found to be useful.
1942
1943
B.6.1 Indices
1944
1945 Prior to carrying out a measurement campaign it is necessary to understand the indices
1946 against which the results of the campaign will be compared. This information will help to
1947 determine the duration of the campaign, trigger thresholds and statistical analysis of the
1948 results. In the absence of a recognized standard it will be necessary to devise a specific set of
1949 indices for each measurement campaign.
1950
1951 There has been much work done by various professional bodies around the world on the
1952 subject of power quality indices. Some of the more well known of these are listed under the
1953 bibliography.
1954
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1955
B.7 Trouble-shooting applications
1956
B.7.1 General
1957 Power-quality-related trouble-shooting is generally performed in response to operational

1958 incidents or problems. Consequently, it is often desirable to produce results as quickly as
1959 possible, rather than producing data of archival or contractual value. Nevertheless, this need
1960 for fast diagnosis should not lead to premature or unfounded conclusions.
1961 Typically, raw unaggregated samples are most useful for trouble-shooting, as they permit any
1962 type of post-processing that may be desired, for example, signatures, wavelets, etc. However,
1963 to minimize the amount of data to be stored and reviewed, for trouble-shooting, it is useful for
1964 the instrument to record and present only data that were recorded just prior to, during, and
1965 after an event such as a voltage dip or transient.
1966
B.7.2 Power quality signatures
1967 Signatures are graphic presentations of power quality events, often accompanied by a short
1968 table of numeric characteristics.
1969 The most common form is a time-domain plot of voltage and current. Other forms, such as
1970 histogram displays of harmonics, cumulative probability distributions, etc. may also be useful.
1971 Common time-scales for signatures range from 100-µs to 30-day. Usually an instrument
1972 determines the best time-scale for presenting a power quality event based on the event’s
1973 characteristics and duration.
1974 It is generally agreed that useful signatures show the signal before, during, and after the
1975 power quality event (pre-trigger system). Typically, one-fourth of the graph is allocated to the
1976 signal just prior to the event.
1977 These power quality signatures are useful for trouble-shooting problems throughout electrical
1978 networks, including customers’ installations. Typically, they are used to identify and locate the
1979 source of a power quality event and to select an appropriate solution.
1980 An expert might use the signature of a voltage dip, for example, to determine that the cause is
1981 a large motor starting downstream from the monitoring location, and to select an appropriate
1982 solution. Although this example deals with voltage dips, widely available reference books set
1983 out the typical signatures for hundreds of different power quality events: switching of power
1984 factor correction capacitor, lightning strikes, utility and customer faults, loose wiring, arcing
1985 contacts, radio transmission interference, electronic loads that share circuits with motors, etc.
1986 Although many experts can identify common power quality events from their voltage
1987 signatures alone, having current signatures as well greatly increases the range and precision
1988 of statements that can be made about a power quality event. Moreover, current signatures
1989 can assist in identifying the direction of the cause of a disturbance.
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1990 Annex C
1991 (informative)
1992
1993 Conducted emissions in the 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz range
1994
1995
1996 Conducted emissions in the 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz range are gaining increasing attention due to:
1997 ▪ The increasing number of devices that emit currents or voltages in this frequency range;
1998 ▪ The use of power-line communication in this frequency range, often in combination with
1999 remotely-read meters and other communication between end-customers and the electricity
2000 networks and markets.
2001 ▪ The recognition that the frequency range 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz is often missing in
2002 standardization.
2003 Conducted emissions in the 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz may be unintentional (for example, switching
2004 noise from an electronic device), or they may be intentional (for example, some
2005 communication systems).
2006 Background information about measurement in the 2 kHz ~ 150 kHz range can be found in
2007 IEC 61000-4-7, Annex B (2-9 kHz) and CISPR 16 (9-150 kHz). For immunity test methods,
2008 information is given in IEC 61000-4-19 (project). For applications where highly detailed
2009 measurements are required, such as type tests for emissions measurements, the
2010 measurement methods found in IEC 61000-4-7 and/or CISPR 16 should be considered.
2011 However, for the purpose of in-situ power quality measurements, the measurement methods
2012 in 61000-4-7 and CISPR 16 can be too complex and expensive to implement due to their
2013 gapless measurements and accuracy requirements, and may provide an overwhelming
2014 amount of data.
2015 This annex sets a practical measurement method for in-situ power quality applications.
2016 These measurements may be affected by transducers, if present. Guidance about effects of
2017 transducers may be found in IEC TR61869-103 Ed 1 (draft at this time).
2018
C.1 Measurement method
2019 – Class A
2020
2021 On each channel, the measurements should be made through digital, analog, or other filter
2022 mechanisms that limit the measurement to the frequency range of 2kHz ~ 150 kHz.
2023
2024 The minimum, average, and maximum magnitude of the r.m.s. voltage in each 2 kHz-wide
2025 segment of the 2kHz ~ 150 kHz range should be recorded each 10/12 cycle interval. In
2026 addition, the single maximum value in any segment, on any channel, should be recorded.
2027
2028 NOTE 1: Measurement methods that exceed these requirements, such as those in 61000-4-7 Annex B combined
2029 with CISPR 16-1-2, should be permitted. Such measurement methods may be useful in some applications in which
2030 bin widths as narrow as 200 Hz are desired.
2031
2032 NOTE 2: The following example design demonstrates the intent of the measurement method, measurement range,
2033 and measurement uncertainty:
2034 (a) The measurements should be made on each channel through cascaded High Pass and LowPass filters.
2035 The High Pass filter should have 2 poles, with a 3dB point at 1,5 kHz. The Low Pass filter should have 4
2036 poles, with the 3dB point at 200 kHz. The measurement range after the filters should be at least ±50V
2037 instantaneous, with a resolution of 12 bits or more.
2038 (b) Measurements should be taken at the output of the cascaded filters at equally spaced time intervals such
2039 that 32 approximately equally-spaced measurements are taken each 10/12 cycle interval. Cross-channel
2040 synchronization is not necessary. Each measurement should consist of 512 samples taken at a sampling
2041 rate of 1,024 MHz.
2042 (c) The 512 samples should be processed with a Discrete Fourier Transform or equivalent, yielding 256 bins
2043 spaced at 2 kHz. The lowest bin, and the upper 181 bins, should be discarded. The magnitudes of the
2044 remaining 74 bins contain the emissions from 2 kHz to 150 kHz. These emissions should be reported as
2045 an r.m.s. value.
2046 (d) At each 10/12 cycle interval, 32 sets of these 74 bins are available. At each 10/12 cycle interval, the
2047 minimum, average, and maximum value of the 32 magnitudes of each of these 74 bins should be reported.
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 64 – 77A/805/CD
2048 In addition, at each 10/12 cycle interval, a single maximum value of all 74 bins across all channels should
2049 be reported.
2050
2051
2052 – Class S
2053 Not required, but if included then the manufacturer should specify the measurement method.
2054
C.2 Measurement range and measurement uncertainty
2055 – Class A
2056
2057 The measurement range should be at least ±50Vpk. For conducted emissions of 1,0Vrms or
2058 larger, at any frequency between 2 kHz and 150 kHz the uncertainty should be ±0,5Vrms or
2059 better.
2060
2061 – Class S
2062 If included the manufacturer should specify the measurement uncertainty and the measuring
2063 range.
2064
C.3 Aggregation
2065 – Class A
2066 At each 10/12 cycle interval, 32 r.m.s. voltage values are available, representing equally
2067 spaced intervals in time, for each of the 74 2-kHz-wide segments of the 2kHz ~ 150 kHz
2068 range. For each segment, the minimum, average, and maximum value of these 32 values
2069 should be reported at each 10/12 cycle interval. In addition, at each 10/12 cycle interval, a
2070 single maximum value of all values across all channels should be reported.
2071
2072 NOTE 1 The average value could be used, for example, to determine typical emissions. The maximum value
2073 could be used, for example, to determine worst-case emissions. The difference between the minimum and
2074 maximum values could be used, for example, to detect the presence of amplitude modulation. The single maximum
2075 value could be used, for example, to set worst-case 95% limits.
2076
2077 NOTE 2 This measurement method generates a large amount of data, which, depending on the application, may
2078 need to be stored, transmitted, analyzed, and/or archived. Depending on the application, the amount of data may
2079 be reduced. To reduce the amount of data, consider applying statistical methods at the measuring location, or
2080 storing only extreme and average values, or storing detailed data only when trigger thresholds are exceeded, or
2081 other methods.
2082
2083 – Class S
2084 The manufacturer shall specify the aggregation method.
2085
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 65 – 77A/805/CD
2086 Annex D
2087 (informative)
2088
2089 Underdeviation and Overdeviation
2090
2091
2092
D.1 Underdeviation and Overdeviation
2093 Underdeviation and overdeviation parameters may be useful when it is important to avoid, for
2094 example, having sustained undervoltages being cancelled in data by sustained overvoltages.
2095
D.1.1 Measurement method
2096 – Class A
2097 The U rms(10/12) shall be used to assess the underdeviation and overdeviation parameters in
2098 percent of U din. The underdeviation U rms-under and overdeviation U rms-over parameters are
2099 determined by equations (4A),(4B), (5A), (5B) and (6) and (7):
2100 Underdeviation assessment:
2101 the following rule (4) applies for the calculation of U rms −under ,i :
2102 If U rms (10 / 12 ),i > U din then U rms −under ,i = U din (4A)
2103 If U rms (10 / 12 ),i ≤ U din then U rms − under ,i = U rms (10 / 12 ),i (4B)
2104
2105 Overdeviation assessment:
2106 the following rule (5) applies for the calculation of U rms −over ,i :
2107 If U rms (10 / 12 ),i < U din then U rms −over ,i = U din (5A)
2108 If U rms (10 / 12 ),i ≥ U din then U rms − over ,i = U rms (10 / 12 ),i (5B)
2109
2110 NOTE On single-phase systems, there is a single underdeviation assessment and overdeviation assessment value
2111 for each interval. On 3-phase 3-wire systems, there are 3 values for each interval. Either 6 values or 3 values may
2112 be measured on 4-wire systems.
2113 – Class S
2114 Not mandatory.
2115
D.1.2 Measurement uncertainty and measuring range
2116 The underlying U rms(10/12) values shall be consistent with the requirements of Subclause 5.2.2.
2117
D.1.3 Aggregation
2118 – Class A
2119 underdeviation assessment:
2120
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 66 – 77A/805/CD
∑U 2
rms −under ,i
U din − i =1
2121 U under = n [%] (6)

U din
2122 where n = number of 10/12-cycle r.m.s. values for under- or overdeviation during the
2123 aggregation interval
th
2124 and U rms −under ,i is the i 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value
2125
2126 overdeviation assessment:
∑U 2
rms −over ,i
i =1
− U din
2127 U over = n [%] (7)
U din
2128 where
2129 U rms −over ,i is the ith U rms(10/12) value
2130
2131 NOTE Both underdeviation and overdeviation parameter equations (4) and (5) give positive values.
2132
2134 – Class S
2135 Not mandatory.
2136
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 67 – 77A/805/CD
2137 Annex E
2138 (informative)
2139
2140 Class B Measurement Methods
2141
2142
2143
E.1 Background for Class B
th
2144 When this Standard was first drafted in the final years of the 20 century, the Working
2145 Group’s goal was to provide measurement methods that would cause two compliant
2146 instruments, when connected to the same signals, to provide identical results.
2147
2148 The Working Group realized at the time that such a Standard could make existing, useful
2149 instruments obsolete, and did not desire that result. So two Classes were defined: Class A,
2150 which achieved the goal above, and Class B, which would avoid making existing instruments
2151 obsolete. (Class S, for Survey instruments that produce statistically useful but not necessarily
2152 identical results, was added later in the Second edition.)
2153
2154 Class B instruments existed in 2003 when this Standard was first published. Edition 2 of this
2155 Standard made it clear that Class B methods are not recommended for new designs. In the
2156 present Edition 3, Class B has now been moved from the Normative section of this Standard
2157 to the Informative section.
2158
2159 Because Class B only exists only exists to support existing instruments still in operating but
2160 becoming obsolete, it is expected that Class B will be removed from the next Edition of this
2161 Standard.
2162
2163 E.4.4 Class B - Measurement aggregation over time intervals

2164 The manufacturer should specify the number and duration of aggregation time intervals.
2165 E.4.6 Class B - Real Time Clock (RTC) uncertainty

2166 The manufacturer should specify the RTC uncertainty and the method to determine
2167 aggregation intervals, if any.
2168 E.5.1.1 Class B – Frequency - measurement method

2169 The manufacturer should specify the process used for frequency measurement.
2170 E.5.1.2 Class B – Frequency - measurement uncertainty

2171 The manufacturer should specify the uncertainty over the measuring ranges 42,5 Hz ~ 57,5
2172 Hz / 51 Hz ~ 69 Hz.
2173 E.5.2.1 Class B – Magnitude of the supply – measurement method

2174 The measurement should be the r.m.s. value of the voltage over a period specified by the
2175 manufacturer.
2176
2177 E.5.2.2 Class B – Magnitude of the supply – measurement uncertainty and measuring
2178 range
2179 The measurement uncertainty should be specified by the manufacturer, in such a way as not
2180 to exceed ±1 % of U din , over a range specified by the manufacturer.
2181 E.5.3 Class B – Flicker

2182 Not applicable.
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 68 – 77A/805/CD
2183 E.5.4.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells - measurement method
2184 The manufacturer should specify the method used for U rms .
2185 E.5.4.5.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells – magnitude uncertainty
2186 The manufacturer should specify the uncertainty which shall not exceed ±2,0 % of U din.
2187 E.5.4.5.2 Class B – Supply Voltage Dips and Swells – duration uncertainty
2188 The manufacturer should specify the duration measurement uncertainty.
2189 E.5.5 Class B – Voltage interruptions

2190 All of Clause 5.5 should apply.
2191 E.5.7.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Unbalance – measurement method

2192 The manufacturer should specify the algorithms and methods used to calculate unbalance.
2193 E.5.7.2 Class B – Supply Voltage unbalance –uncertainty

2194 Should be same as Clause 5.7.2 Class A, except for the uncertainty which is less than 0,3%
2195 for any unbalance parameter that is evaluated.
2196 E.5.8.1 Class B – Voltage Harmonics – measurement method

2197 The manufacturer should specify the measurement method.
2198 E.5.8.2 Class B –Voltage Harmonics – measurement uncertainty and range

2199 The manufacturer should specify the measurement uncertainty and measurement range.
2200 E.5.9.1 Class B – Voltage Interharmonics – measurement method

2202 E.5.9.2 Class B –Voltage Interharmonics – measurement uncertainty and range

2204 E.5.10.1 Class B – Mains signalling voltage – measurement method

2206 E.5.10.2 Class B –Mains signalling voltage – measurement uncertainty and range
2208
2209
2210
61000-4-30/Ed3/CD2 © IEC (E) – 69 – 77A/805/CD
2211 Bibliography
2212 IEC 60044-1:1996, Instrument transformers – Part 1: Current transformers
2213 IEC 60044-2:1997, Instrument transformers – Part 2: Inductive voltage transformers
2214 IEC 61000-2-12, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-12: Environment –

2215 Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public
2
2216 medium-voltage power supply systems – Basic EMC publication
2217 IEC/TR3 61000-3-6:1996, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3: Limits – Section 6:

2218 Assessment of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power systems – Basic EMC
2219 publication
2220 IEC/TR3 61000-3-7:1996, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3: Limits – Section 7:

2221 Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power systems – Basic EMC
2222 publication
2223 IEC 61010, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
2224 laboratory use
2225 IEC 61010-2-032, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
2226 laboratory use – Part 2-032: Particular requirements for hand-held current clamps for
2227 electrical measurement and test
2228 IEEE 1159:1995, IEEE Recommended Practice on Monitoring Electrical Power Quality
2229 CISPR 16-1-2, Ed 1.2, 2006-8, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
2230 apparatus and methods – Part 1-2 – Ancillary equipment, conducted disturbances
2231 ___________
2232
2233

(BS EN 61000-4-30) - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30. Testing and Measurement Techniques. Power Quality Measurement Methods PDF

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(BS EN 61000-4-30) - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-30. Testing and Measurement Techniques. Power Quality Measurement Methods PDF

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Draft for Public Comment

BSI Group Headquarters

Title: Draft BS EN 61000-4-30 ED 3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -

Responsible Committee Secretary: Mrs G D Salt (BSI)

1 2 (3) 4 5 (6) (7)

No./Annex Figure/ ment MB comment submitted

(e.g. 3.1) Table/Note

The use of the UV photometer as an

alternative cannot be supported as

Delete reference to UV photometer.

serious problems have been encountered in its

use in the UK.

IEC/TC or SC : Project number

Copyright © 2012 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is

5.8.1 Measurement method ............................................................................... 29

A.4.7 Other characteristics and references ......................................................... 49

E.5.7.1 Class B – Supply Voltage Unbalance – measurement method ................. 68

Figure 1 – Measurement chain ............................................................................................. 16

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –

Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques –

The main changes from Edition 2 are:

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure:

General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)

Description of the environment

Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques

Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines

Part 6: Generic standards

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –

Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques –

Measurement of parameters covered by this standard is limited to conducted phenomena in power

5 IEC 60050(161), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161: Electro-

7 IEC 60050-300, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Electrical and electronic

12 IEC 61000-2-2:2002, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-2: Environment –

15 IEC 61000-2-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-4: Environment – Compatibility

20 IEC 61000-3-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3: Limits – Section 8: Signalling

23 IEC 61000-4-7{ed2.1}:2009-10, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and

27 IEC 61000-4-15{ed2.0}2010-08, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4: Testing and

30 IEC 62586 -1 & -2 (in Draft at present)

180 Rapid Voltage Change

233 4.1 Classes of measurement

263 4.2 Organization of the measurements

266 The whole measurement chain is shown in Figure 1.

Measurement Measurement Evaluation

Electrical input Input signal to Measurement Measurement

268 Figure 1 – Measurement chain

272 4.3 Electrical values to be measured

273 Measurements can be performed on single-phase or polyphase supply systems. Depending

281 Phase–to-phase instantaneous values can be measured directly or derived from

288 4.4 Measurement aggregation over time intervals

309 4.5 Measurement aggregation algorithm

310 4.5.1 Requirements

314 4.5.2 150/180 Cycle aggregation

332 4.5.3 10-min aggregation

10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles

150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n)

150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n + 1)

10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles 10/12 cycles

150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n)

150/180 CYCLE TIME INTERVAL (n)

361 4.5.4 2-hour aggregation

366 Same as Class A.