Rivera, Kristine Bernadette G.

Research Method
MGM Block 6- Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

Research
 is the systematic investigations into study of a natural phenomena or materials or
sources or existing condition of the society in order to identify facts or to get
additional information and derive new conclusions.
 a research paper/report is a systematic write up on the findings of the study including
methodologies, discussion, conclusions .

General types of reports:

1. Informational - inform or instruct present information. The reader sees the details of
events, activities or conditions. No analysis of the situation, no conclusion, no
recommendation.
2. Analytical –Written to solve problems. Information is analyzed. Conclusion are
drawn and recommendation are made
3. Persuasive – An extension of analytical reports; main focus is to sell an idea, a service or
product; Proposals are the most common type.

Reports with diverse Audience:

Incident Report - A report describing how close you are to completing something you planned.
Progress Report- An academic report on how and why something has changed over time.
Recommendation Report- report on how practical a proposal is
Situational Report: To describe one-time events, such as trips, conferences, and seminars
Investigative/Informational: To examine problems and supply facts – with little analysis.
Research Studies:
To study problems scientifically by analyzing a problem, developing hypotheses, collecting
data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusion
The critical dimension of the research report is to establish credibility of the research
method findings, and conclusions. This can only be accomplished only is the report is
accurate, believable and professionally organized. These three dimension cannot be treated
separately for they collectively operate to build credibility into the research document.

Research Report
The key objective is to provide the audience with a clear, concise interpretation of the research
project.
Research Report
 A culmination of the entire study and therefore must communicate the systematic
manner in which the study was designed.
 The second objective is to provide accurate, credible and easy to understand
information of the readers.
 the end of the report is its ability to act as reference document to guide future
researchers and serve as an information source to them .
Research Written Report
- A research report containing finding, analysis, interpretations, conclusions and
recommendations.
- A researcher is the expert on the topic and knows the specific ways no one elses can.A
research is an authoritative one way communication.
Professional Business Research Report:
4 Primary Objectives
1. Effective communicate the findings of the research projects
2. To provide interpretations of the findings in the form of sound recommendation
3. To illustrate the credibility of the research report
4. To serve as future reference documents for strategic or tactical decisions
A clear logical thinking , precise expression and accurate presentation constitute
believability.
Helpful Advice in Developing the Report
1. Make an outline of all major points, with supporting details in their proper position and
sequence
2. Always keep the reader informed of where the topical development of the report is
going
3. Use short, concise sentences and paragraphs
4. Always say exactly what you intend to say, don’t leave the reader hanging or grasping
for more information
5. Always select wording that is consistent with the background and knowledge level of
the reader
6. Rewrite the report several times, this will force you to remove clutter and critically
evaluate the document for errors.
Pre writing concerns:
1. What is the purpose of this report? – one way to crystallize the problem
2. Who will read the report? – Thought should be given to the needs, temperament and
biases of the audience. The research should not distort the facts to meet these needs
but they should be considered while developing the presentation. Consider the
technical background, the gap in the subject knowledge between the reader and the
writer. The greater the gap the more difficult it is to convey the full finding meaningfully
and concisely
3. What are the circumstances and limitation under which you are writing? Is the nature of
the subject highly technical? Do you need the statistics and charts? What is the
importance of the topic? A crucial subject justifies more effort than minor on. What
should be the scope of the report? How much is the time available? Deadlines often
impose limitations of the report.
The Outline:
- Once the researcher has made the first analysis of the data, drawn tentative
conclusions, and completed statistical significance tests, it is time to develop an outline,
- Outline is a “blueprint” or “plan” for your paper. It helps you to organize your
thoughts and arguments. A good outline can make conducting research and then
writing the paper very efficient.
 I. Major Topic Heading
A. Major Subtopic Heading
1. Subtopic
a. Minor Subtopic
(1) Further Detail
(a) Even Further detail
Widely Used Styles:
1. Topic Outline – a key word or two is used. The assumption is the writer knows its
significance and will later remember the nature of the argument represented by that
word or phrase or alternately. The writer knows that a point should be made but not
sure how to make it.
2. Sentence Outline – expresses the essential thoughts associated with the specific topic.
This approach leaves less development work for later writing, other than elaboration
and explanation to improve readability. This has the obvious advantage of pushing the
writer to make decisions on what to include and how to say it. Divides writing job into
two major components, what to say and how to say it.

Topic Outline Sentence Outline

I. Demand 1. Demand for refrigerators
1. Voluntary error A. Measured in terms of factory
2. Shipping error shipments as reported to the Dept.
a. Monthly variance
Of Commerce
1. Error is introduced into year to
year comparisons because
reporting is voluntary.
2. A second factor is variations
from month-to-month because
of shipping and invoicing
patterns
a) Variations up to 30 percent
this year depending whether
shipments were measure by
actual shipment date or
invoice date.

Writing the Draft - - happens when the outline is complete. When the decisions can be made on
where to place the graphics, tables and charts.

Research Proposal Guide:

 - Understanding the research proposal guide, the researcher has to understand the
components of a research proposal.

Format of Thesis/ Dissertation:

I. Front Matter
-is the first section of a book and is generally the shortest; it is also sometimes called
the prelims, or preliminary matter. It can be as simple as a single title page, or it can
include multiple title pages, foreword, a preface, and much more.
Title Page
- Indicates the major variable of the study and the context of the study. It also indicates
the subject of the report and the name of the researcher.
- The brief descriptive label that sub-serves the theme of the study as a whole.
Approval Sheet
- Prove that the authors have passed the requirements needed for the thesis
- Signed by the thesis adviser, panel and the dean
- Also states the grade obtained by the authors
Acknowledgement
- Some researchers indicate their acknowledgements to the people who assisted them in
the conduct of the study.
- Also an opportunity to express gratitude to the respondents/groups covered by the
study and the sponsoring company/agency who financed the research
Abstract
- Summarizes the report including the hypotheses, procedures and major findings.
Table of Contents
- Provides a brief view for the reader of the major topics covered by the research.
- Contains the major headings, sub headings and page

Body or Text

Chapter 1. The Problem And Its Background

Introduction
- Discusses the general context under which a research problem is to be studied.
- May also cover a characterization of an organization implementing the program which
enables the reader to situate what company/agency implements it and what specific
components of the program will be highlighted in the evaluation , its objectives, process
and methodologies
- Statement can be made on why it is important to focus on the program or project being
evaluated or assessed in a particular research
- Also a part where students explain the background of the study and cite situation or
statements of authorities to explain why the study is being conducted.
- Where the researcher points out the study is about a special problem different from any
other problems (significance and nature)
- May also cover a characterization of the organization implementing the program which
enables the readers to situate what particular company or agency implements it and
 what specific components will be highlighted In the evaluation. The objectives, process
and methodology of the program should be given emphasis in this section.

Background of the Study:

- This portion states the setting of the identified research problem.
- Briefly expressed the need to undertake the study about the said problem
- Gives narrative exposition on the nature and background of the problem in general and
rationale of the study

 In a thesis or dissertation , a program and its organizational context may require a

separate section for discussion under the background and or locale of the study

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework:
- Justifies the rationale for investigation. It gives reason to search for new data and for
analyzing, interpreting and synthesizing these data.
- Also cites the theory/theories on which the study is premised or anchored or theorized
in order to establish the relationship among variables in the study.