Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

EDUCATION OF EDUCATION OF EDUCATION
Region IV-A CALABARZON Region IV-A CALABARZON
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Biñan
Division of Biñan Division of Biñan
Jacobo
Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National Z. Gonzales
High School Memorial National High School
FIRST PERIODICAL IN RESEARCH FIRST PERIODICAL IN RESEARCH
HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF SERPENTINA (Andrographis paniculata)
LEAVES AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON WHITE MICE (Mus musculus)

Jomar M. Alonde
Mae Kristel C. De Vera
Neil Andrews I. Dojeta
Katrina Mae G. Escondo
Ana Camille M. Espeleta
Rizaldy A. Eulin
Judy Ann J. Forteza
Alieyah D. Manalaysay
Aira Lhaine V. Ogoc
Maria Elizabeth Joyce B. Ogoc
Sarah Michelle A. Orejo

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

in Research IV

Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School

San Antonio Biñan City, Laguna

March 2019

Mrs. Maribel L. Nayad

Research Adviser
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers wish to express her heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to every

person who, in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in

making this research possible;

Ms. Maribel L. Nayad, Research teacher, for her patience and steadfast

encouragement all throughout the research process;

Mrs. Anna Marie Mandapat, science teacher, whose science laboratory served as

the researchers working hub in preparation of their research paper.

Mr. Romeo Cerdeña and Ms. Leonor Remedillo, science teachers, for their

enduring support and pieces of advice to this project.

Ms. Anne Catherine Recillo, the researchers' former Research adviser for her

continous suppport and encouragement for the researchers and their study .

Lastly, the ALMIGHTY GOD who guide the researchers in doing all necessary

steps in this study, for being safe during the conduct of the study and for making all things

possible and successful.

 ABSTRACT

The innermost reason why this study was conducted is to know the hypoglycemic

effect of Serpentina leaves aqueous extract on white mice. The objectives of this study is

to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Serpentina leaves aqueous extract on white mice,

provide an effective Serpentina leaves extract on white mice, investigate the hypoglycemic

effect of Serpentina leaves aqueous extract on white mice and determine the amount of

Serpentina leaves extract to lower the glucose level of white mice.

The researcher conducted the study at Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High

School in the City of Binan, Laguna from June to March. Sixteen white mice will be used

as test subjects. The test animals will be divided into four treatments with four replications.

In treatment 1 (T1), the white mice will be treated with 1mL of Serpentina leaves extract

each with the concentration level of 15g/dL twice, daily, treatment 2 (T2), they will receive

1mL of Serpentina leaves extract each with the concentration level of 30g/dL twice, daily

and for treatment 3 (T3), white mice will be treated with 1mL of Serpentina leaves extract

each with the concentration level of 45g/dL twice daily.

 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
Hyperglycemia is now a burning issue which involves the medical and health world.

According to Dr. Ma. Cecille Añonuevo Cruz, in the Philippines, 7.2% of the population

are diabetic and everyday there are estimated five hundred Filipinos having this disease.

Diabetes comes in three types: The type 1 diabetes or the juvenile diabetes, that is usually

develop in children and teenagers. Type 2 diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) that occurs in the

adulthood and the gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

There are different ways on treating diabetes, the commercial and the alternative

ones. The commercial way involves metformin and insulin theraphy but these ways were

too expensive that is why many of Filipinos did not afford it but instead, they go for the

alternative once and one of these is by the use of Serpentina plant (Androgaphis

Paniculata).According to Zhang XF (2000), the Serpentina plant possesses anti-diabetic

property that is why it maybe use as an alternative way of treating this disease.

Therefore, the researcher will use the serpentina leaves (Androgaphis Paniculata)

extract in decreasing the blood sugar level. They will use the white mouse (Mus musculus)

as a test subject of the study.

B. Background of the Study

Serpentina is a medical plant as the “King of Bitters” and is known for treating

diseases such as diabetes which is very common in the Philippines. It is known for its

antibiotic properties like analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial and the like, (Dy, 2012). In

this study, the researchers will examine the effect of serpentina leaves (Androgaphis

paniculata) extract on a white mouse (Mus muculus). of a white mouse ( Mus muculus).

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effects of serpentina leaves (Androgaphis

paniculata) extract to the blood sugar level of a white mouse (Mus musculus).

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. determine the scores of control and experimental group before and after

application of treatment.

2. determine the effects of serpentina leaves extract to the blood sugar level of white

mouse.

3. compare the blood sugar level of white mouse before and after the application of

treatment.
Statement of Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the

control and experimental group during the first and second data gathering.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant difference between the mean scores

of the control and experimental group during the first and second data gathering

Null Hypothesis (Ho): The serpentina (Androgaphis paniculata) leaves extract has no

significant effect on the blood sugar level of whit mouse (Mus musculus)

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The serpentina (Androgaphis paniculata) leaves extract has

a significant effect on the blood sugar level of whit mouse (Mus musculus)

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference between the blood sugar level of

white mouse before and after the application of serpentina leaves extract.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant difference between the blood sugar

level of white mouse before and after the application of serpentina leaves extract.

Significance of the Study

Nowadays, diabetes is one of the most common diseases especially among adults. Most

of them cannot afford to have a monthly checkup and provide sufficient medicines.

Therefore, the researchers planned to conduct this study which is making an extract out of

serpentina leaves to help people with diabetes in decreasing their blood sugar level.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study is intended to determine the effects of serpentina (Androgaphis

paniculata) extract to the blood sugar level of a white mouse (Mus musculus). The

serpentina extract will be used to know whether it can decrease the blood sugar level or

not. The extract will be tested using glucometer in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). This

study is limited to the test samples which is the white mouse and are not applicable to

humans as test subjects. Moreover, the study is focused on determining the effects of

serpentina leaves extract to the blood sugar level of white mouse and not in decreasing it.

Conceptual Framework

HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF SERPENTINA (Andrographis paniculata) LEAVES

AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON WHITE MICE (Mus musculus)

Serpentina Leaves Extract

 Nutrients available (such

as Andrographolide) Effect on the blood sugar

level of a White Mouse
 Appropriate amount/ratio (Mus muculus).
of serpentina leaves

extract
H. Time and Place of the Study

This study will be conducted at Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High

School in the City of Biñan Laguna from June to March 18.

I. Definition of Terms

 Androgapholide- a labdane diterpenoid that is produced by the Andrographis

paniculata plant, which has a broad range of therapeutic applications including anti-

inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic

properties.

 Antibiotics- are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections. They either kill

bacteria or keep them from reproducing.

 Antioxidants- are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some

types of cell damage.

 Diabetes Mellitus - a disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to

the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism a carbohydrates

and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.

 Extraction - the act or process of getting something by pulling it out, facing it out.

 Glucometer/Glucose meter - is a medical device for determining approximate

concentration of glucose in the blood. It can alsobe a strip of glucose paper dipped

into a substance and measured to the glucose chart.

 Herb - a plant or part of plant that is used as medicine or give flavor in ffood Insulin

- is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

 Oxidation - the reaction caused by contact between substances and oxygen

molecules. Such substances may be metals or non-metals, such as living tissues.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Successful breeding of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is critical to the

establishment and maintenance of a productive animal colony. Additionally, mouse

embryos are frequently studied to answer questions about developmental processes. A wide

variety of genetic tools now exist for regulating gene expression during mouse embryonic

and postnatal development, which can help scientists to understand more about heritable

diseases affecting human development.Even though the human genome was mapped over

10 years ago, scientists are still far from understanding the function of every human gene!

One way to evaluate how a gene functions is to disrupt the sequence encoding it and then

evaluate the impact of this change (the phenotype) on the animal’s biology. This approach

is commonly used in the mouse (Mus musculus), since it shares a high degree of genetic

similarity with humans. To track the animals bearing genetic changes over several

generations, it is necessary to screen the DNA of each mouse in a process known as

genotyping (Society For Muscosal Immunology, 2014).

Mice are used in a vast range of experiments, many of which are classified as

fundamental research, investigating the physiology of mammals. Inbred strains of mice

were used as disease models, long before the mouse genome project and transgenics. There

are a large number of laboratory strains available, and their long breeding history means

that mice of a single laboratory strain are isogenic. This is useful in experiments, as it

reduces natural variation between subjects. Some inbred strains are used for their
predisposition to certain mutations or genetic diseases, while others are used for their

general health and resistance to mutations (Laufenberg,2014).

The white haired/red eye mice that you are familiar with are that way because they

are albinos. Albinos are useful because many phenotypes (traits) are easier to track in

albinos and inbreeding these traits is a crucial tool for genetic studies. This is especially

true before the days of easy genotyping where physical markers were the only way to

identify genetic changes (Pan, 2017).

Andrographis paniculata is an annual herb and widely cultivated in Southeast

Asian countries for its medicinal use. In recent investigations, A. paniculata was found to

be effective against Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM). Here, we used a non-genetic

out-bred Sprague-Dawley rat model to test the antidiabetic activity of A. paniculata against

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR)

spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analyses was used to evaluate the A.

paniculata and metformin induced metabolic effects on the obese and obese-diabetic (obdb)

rat models. Compared to the normal rats, high levels of creatinine, lactate, and allantoin

were found in the urine of obese rats, whereas, obese-diabetic rats were marked by high

glucose, choline and taurine levels, and low lactate, formate, creatinine, citrate, 2-

oxoglutarate, succinate, dimethylamine, acetoacetate, acetate, allantoin and hippurate

levels. Treatment of A. paniculata leaf water extract was found to be quite effective in

restoring the disturbed metabolic profile of obdb rats back towards normal conditions. This

study shows the anti-diabetic potential of A. paniculata plant extract and strengthens the

idea of using this plant against the diabetes. Further classical genetic methods and state of

the art molecular techniques could provide insights into the molecular mechanisms
involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetic effects of A. paniculata

water extract (Akhtar, Sarib, et. al., 2016).

Andrographis may trigger adverse effects like headache, fatigue, allergic

reactions, nausea, and diarrhea. Anyone using medications (including blood-thinning

drugs, blood pressure medicines, and chemotherapy drugs) should consult a physician

before using andrographis. Also, the safety of supplements in pregnant women, nursing

mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has

not been established. You can get further tips on using supplements here.Due to the limited

research, it's too soon to recommend andrographis as a treatment for any condition. If

you're still considering using the herb, make sure to consult your health care provider first

rather than self-treating and avoiding or delaying standard care (Wong, 2018).

Serpentina is effective in controlling diarrhea. Elders know that their grandchildren

suffer from low birth weight, they make tea made of Serpentina leaves. How do you make

the tea? Take five pieces of the leaves and chop them in a cup of water. Do this three times

a day. Because of its very bitter taste, you may want to bite a bit of chocolate for every tea

you drink. Some people drink some honey for at least they can not taste its bitter taste. In

many cases, Serpentina can cure your stomach problem, whether it is painful or diarrhea

(Lumacad,2018).

Lab mice differ in important ways from the common house mouse (mus musculus)

that humans have lived with for centuries. For one thing, lab mice are essentially genetic

clones of each other—the product of generations of careful inbreeding. This genetic

identity allows researchers to be able to separate the influence of genes from environment

(Tontonoz,2014).
 Andrographis paniculata with respect to the medicinal usage, phytochemistry,

pharmacological activities, toxicity profile and therapeutic usage, in order to bridge the gap

requiring future research opportunities. This review is based on literature study on

scientific journals and books from library and electronic sources. Diterpenes, flavonoids,

xanthones, noriridoides and other miscellaneous compounds have been isolated from the

plant. Extract and pure compounds of the plant have been reported for their anti-microbial,

cytotoxicity, anti-protozoan, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunostimulant, anti-

diabetic, anti-infective, anti-angiogenic, hepato-renal protective, sex hormone/sexual

function modulation, liver enzymes modulation insecticidal and toxicity activities. The

results of numerous toxicity evaluations of extracts and metabolites isolated from this plant

did not show any significant acute toxicity in experimental animals. Detailed and more

comprehensive toxicity profile on mammalian tissues and organs is needed in future studies

(Okhuarobo, Falodun, et.al.,2014).

A. paniculata is widely used to get rid of body heat, dispel toxins from the body;

prevent common cold, upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis and fever and

as an antidote against poisons of snakes and insects. The plant has been reported to exhibit

various mode of biological activities in vivo as well as in vitro viz., antibacterial, antiviral,

anti-inflammatory, anti HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus), immunomodulating/

immunostimulatory and anticancer. The plant showed potential therapeutic action in curing

liver disorders, common cough and colds in human. The characteristic secondary

metabolites encountered in this plant have considerably enhanced its importance in the

arena of medicinal plants (Joselin J, et. al.,2014).

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Source of Materials

This experimental study involves the production of an extract using serpentina

leaves to decrease the glucose level of diabetic white mice. A tray will be provided to wash

and dry the leaves and also a strainer to remove the leaves from the extract after boiling

On the other hand, in testing the blood sugar level of white mice a glucometer (mg/dl) and

test strips will be used. In order to get the blood sample from the mice, she will use lancets

to prick the tail vein. In handling the mice, eight wire cages will be provided which will

serve as the house of the mice and separated individually. For safety purposes, protective

gloves will be used as well as sanitizer or alcohol before and after the experimentation. A

syringe for injection is also needed in applying the test drug on mice.

Collection of Plant Material

The leaves of serpentina plant will be collected from Biñan City, Laguna,

Philippines. A sample will be brought to the National Museum or Bureau of Plant Industry

(BPI) for authentication. It will also undergo phytochemical analysis for extraction,

screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants.

Preparation of Diabetic White Mice

White mice, the test subject of this study will undergo fasting for 8-10 hours before

obtaining their normal blood glucose level using the glucometer. The white mice will be

kept in a cage one week prior to the administration of the different doses of streptozotocin.
In order to prepare the diabetic mice, intraperitoneal injection will be performed with an

expert wherein streptozotocin will be injected into the abdominal cavity of the white mice.

Streptozotocin will be administered to the sixteen normal white mice at 125ml/kg once a

day for six days. On the 7th day, the blood glucose will be obtained by the tail cut technique

and read with a glucometer. An increase of their blood sugar levels (glucose level > 175

mg/dl) will be considered diabetic and will be used for the study.

Animals and Experimental Protocol

White mice weighing 100-150g will be purchased from Research Institute for

Tropical Medicine (RITM)-Alabang. The animal handling protocols of this study will be

in accordance with the guidelines of the animal care of Institutional Animal Care and Use

Committee (IACUC) by placing them in cages with free access to water and feed standard

diet.

Each group will be given the same amount of food pellet (5mg) and water (15ml)

once a day. The diet will be maintained for 20 days. Body weight will be monitored

regularly during the study. Blood glucose will be monitored by pricking the tail vein of

mice in each group via glucometer.

Data Gathering

The sixteen white mice will be used in the study. On the other hand, the researchers

will conduct daily to check the blood glucose level. After the preparation of the aqueous

extract will be brought to the Department of Science and Technology, which will perform

the application of treatment twice a month and in additional, they will provide the materials
for the experiment. Phytochemical analysis will also used to know the chemical content of

Serpentina leaves that will be used to test if it have a hypoglycemic effects on white mice.

Experimental Design and Treatmenent

In this study, sixteen streptozotocin-induced white mice will be used as test subjects.

The test animals will be divided into four treatments with four replications in order to

observe the hypoglycemic effect on the white mice. In treatment 1(T1), the white mice will

be treated with 1mL of serpentina leaves extract each with the concentration level of

15g/dL of twice daily, treatment 2 (T2) they will receive 1 mL of serpentina leaves extract

each withe the concentration level of 30g/dL twice daily, treatment 3 (T3) white mice will

be treated with 1 mL of Serpentina leaves extract each with the concentration level of

45ml/dL twice daily. However, Treatment 4 (T4), the positive control will be given a

commercialized glibenclamide orally, twice daily to the test subjects.

Statistical Analysis

The researchers will use mathematical formula in computing the difference of the blood

glucose level of white mice before and after the treatment to determine the effects of

Serpentina leaves aqueous extract.

To make it more valid and reliable, they will also use the tool One-way Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) where basic statistical calculations are made to determine Sx, Sx2 and

n for each group and paired sample t-test.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

1.Calculating the correction factor

2.Calculating the Sum of Squares Total value (SS Total)

SS Total = Sx2 – CF

3.Calculating the SS Group value

4.Calculating the SS Error value

SS Error = SS Total - SS Group

5.Calculating MS Group value

6.Calculating MS Error value

7.Calculating F value (V.R.)

In additional, An ANOVA table is made as shown below

Where:

N : the total number of measurements

k : the total number of groups

df : degrees of freedom

SS: sums of squares

MS: mean squaresF: the variance ratio

For degrees of freedom, N and k are used in the following formulas.

TOTAL df = N - 1

GROUP df = k - 1

ERROR df = N – k

PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

Step 1: Subtract each Y score from each X score.

Step 2: Add up all of the values from Step 1.Set this number aside for a moment.

Step 3: Square the differences from Step 1.

Step 4: Add up all of the squared differences from Step 3.

Step 5: Use the following formula to calculate the t-score:

ΣD: Sum of the differences (Sum of X-Y from Step 2)

ΣD2: Sum of the squared differences (from Step 4)

(ΣD)2: Sum of the differences (from Step 2), squared.

 Chapter IV

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the discussions of findings, analysis and interpretation of data

that were gathered to determine the effects of Serpentina (Andrographis paniculata) leaves

extract in decreasing the blood sugar level of white mouse (Mus musculus).

The results of this study with regards to the testing of blood sugar level of white

mouse before and after the application of treatments, were presented in detailed form

through the given tables with corresponding textual presentation below.

Before-Application of Treatment

Table 1. The values of Control Group in terms of blood sugar level of white mouse.

Control Group

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

1 97 mg/dl

2 83 mg/dl

3 102 mg/dl

As shown in the table the values of control group in terms of the blood sugar level

of white mouse before the application of treatment. The first mouse’ estimated blood sugar

level was 97 mg/dl. The second mouse’ blood sugar level that was tested was 83 mg/dl.

The third mouse’ blood sugar level measures 102 mg/dl. The average blood sugar level of

white mouse in the control group is 94 mg/dL.

Table 2. The values of Experimental group (A) in terms of blood sugar level of white

mouse.

Experimental Group(A)

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

4 84 mg/dl

5 101 mg/dl

6 99 mg/dl

As presented in the table the values of experimental group in terms of the blood

sugar level of white mouse before the application of treatment. Mouse 4 blood sugar level

is 84 mg/dl. The fifth mouse blood sugar level is 101 mg/dl and the sixth mouse blood

sugar level is 99 mg/dl. The average blood sugar level of white mouse in the control group

is 94.67 mg/dL.

Table 3. The values of Experimental group (B) in terms of blood sugar level of white

mouse.

Experimental Group(B)

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

7 84 mg/dl

8 101 mg/dl

9 99 mg/dl
Table 4. The values of Experimental group (C) in terms of blood sugar level of white

mouse.

Experimental Group(C)

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

10 84 mg/dl

11 101 mg/dl

12 99 mg/dl

Table 5. The values of Control group in terms of blood sugar level of white mouse.

Control Group

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

1 97 mg/dl

2 86 mg/dl

3 104 mg/dl

As shown in the table the values of control group in terms of the blood sugar level

of white mouse after the application of Serpentina leaves extract. Mouse 1 blood sugar

level remains 97 mg/dl. The second mouse’ blood sugar level increases to 86 mg/dL and
the third mouse blood sugar level became 104 mg/dl. The average blood sugar level of

white mouse in the control group is 95.67 mg/Dl.

Table 6. The values of Experimental group in terms of blood sugar level of white

mouse.

Experimental Group

White mouse Blood sugar level (mg/dl)

4 80 mg/dl

5 100 mg/dl

6 96 mg/dl

As written in the table the values of experimental group in terms of the blood sugar

level of white mouse after the application of organic extract. Mouse 4’s blood sugar level

decreases, and became 80 mg/dl. Also, the fifth mouse blood sugar level became 100 mg/dl

and the sixth mouse blood sugar level became 96 mg/dL. This table shows the decrease in

blood sugar level of white mouse after applying the Serpentina extract. The average blood

sugar level of white mouse in the control group is 92 mg/dL.

 Table 7. Difference between the mean scores of Control and Experimental Group

values before the application of treatment.

Means Independent Sample T-test

Control Experimental Computed Critical Interpretation

Blood sugar 94 mg/dL 94.67 mg/dL -0.09 2.78 Not Significant

As presented in the table the difference between the means of control and

experimental groups values before the application of treatment. The control group’s

average mean for the blood sugar level is 94 mg/dl and and 94.67 for the experimental

group. Using the independent sample t-test, the researchers get the computed value of -

0.09 and 2.78 for the critical value.

Table 8. Difference between the mean scores of Control and Experimental Group

values after the application of treatment.

Means Independent Sample T-test

Control Experimental Computed Critical Interpretation

Blood sugar 95.67 mg/dL 92mg/dL 0.45 2.78 Not Significant

As shown in the table the difference between the mean scores of control and

experimental groups values after the application of treatment. The average mean of the

control group values for the blood sugar level is 95.67 mg/dl while the experimental group

gets an average of 92 mg/dL for. Using the independent sample t-test, the researchers get

the computed value of 0.45that is less than the critical value of 2.78.
 Table 9. Difference between the mean scores of Control Group values Before and

After the application of treatment

Means Paired Sample T-test

Before After Computed Critical Interpretation

Blood sugar 94 mg/dL 95.67 mg/dL -1.9 4.303 Not Significant

As written in the table the difference between the means of control groups values

before and after the application of Serpentina extract. The control group’s average mean

for the blood sugar level before the application of treatment is 94 mg/dl and 95.67 for the

after application treatment value. Using the paired sample t-test, the researchers get the

computed value of -1.9 that is less than the critical value of 4.303.

Table 10. Difference between the mean scores of Experimental Group values Before
and After the application of treatment.
Means Paired Sample T-test

Before After Computed Critical Interpretation

Blood sugar 94.67 mg/dL 92mg/dL 3.03 4.303 Not Significant

As presented in the table the difference between the means of experimental groups

values before and after the application of treatment. The mean of experimental group

before applying the extract is 94.67 mg/dL and 92 mg/dL for the average mean of after

application treatment. Using the paired sample t-test, the researchers get the computed

value of 3.03 that is less than the critical value which is 4.303.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations of the

study. The study primarily determines the effects of Serpentina (Andrographis paniculata)

leaves extract in the blood sugar level of white mouse (Mus musculus).

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. determine the scores of control and experimental group before and after application of

treatment.

2. determine the effects of Serpentina leaves extract to the blood sugar level of white

mouse.

3. compare the blood sugar level of white mouse before and after the application of

treatment.

Summary of Findings

The salient findings of the study are as follows:

1.) In the first data gathering, control group has the lowest mean score in terms of blood

sugar level which is 94mg/dL compared to the mean score of the experimental

group that is 94.67mg/dL. On the second data gathering, the experimental group

has the lowest mean score in terms of blood sugar level which is 92mg/dL

compared to the mean score of the control group that is 95.67mg/dL. The data

shows that there are changes in the blood sugar level of white mouse for each data

gathering.
 2.) The average scores of the experimental group before the application of treatment is

94.67 mg/dL and it lowers to 92 mg/dL after the application of treatment. This

shows that the blood sugar level of white mouse has lowered after the application

of treatment, however the statistical analysis of data shows that the serpentine

leaves extract has no significant effect on the blood sugar level of white mouse.

3.) The mean scores of the experimental group before the application of treatment is

94.67 while the mean score after the application of treatment is 92 mg/dL.

Statistically, it shows that there is no significant difference between the blood sugar

level of white mouse before and after the application of treatment.

Conclusions

Base on the results of the study the following conclusions were drawn:

1. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the control and

experimental group before and after the application of treatment thus, the null

hypothesis is accepted.

2. The serpentina leaves extract has no significant effect on the blood sugar level of

white mouse. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted

3. There is no significant difference between the blood sugar level of white mouse

before and after the application of treatment. Therefore, the null hypothesis is

accepted.
Recommendations

Base on the results of the study, the following recommendations were drawn:

1. The researchers of the study recommended that the number of white mice will be

at least 30 because the quantity of the test subject will affect the testing of

significance.

2. The researchers of the study recommended that the number of the Serpentina leaves

that will be collected will be at least 10 and at most 15 to 20 leaves because the

concentration of extract will affect the testing of its significance.

3. The researchers of the study recommended that they will include the test subject’s

weight as one of the data that they will gather because the weight of the test subjects

may affect their blood sugar level.