SOIL NAILING

 Soil nailing technique is derived from a technique called New Austrian Tunneling Method
developed to support rock excavation. This tunneling method consists of the installation of
passive steel reinforcement in the rock (e.g., rockbolts) followed by the application of
reinforced shotcrete. This concept of combining passive steel reinforcement and shotcrete
has also been applied to the stabilization of rock slopes since the early 1960s.
 The combination of passive reinforcement and shotcrete when applied to soil, in place
of rock, is termed as soil nailing.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

 One of the first applications of soil nailing was in 1972 for a railroad widening project
near Versailles, France, where an 18 m high cut-slope in sand was stabilized using soil
nails.
 The first major research program on soil nail walls was undertaken in Germany from
1975 through 1981 by the University of Karlsruhe and the construction company Bauer.
This investigation program involved full-scale testing of experimental walls with a variety
of configurations and the development of analysis procedures to be used in design.
 In France, the Clouterre research program, involving private and public participants, was
initiated in 1986. This research effort consisted of full-scale testing, monitoring of in-
service structures, and numerical simulations.
 in the United States one of the first published applications of soil nailing was the support
of the 13.7 m deep foundation excavation in dense silty lacustrine sands for the expansion
of the Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland, Oregon in 1976.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE-
Soil nailing can be applied on natural slopes where without disturbing the natural slope very less
or negligible modification is required. It is less disruptive to traffic and causes less environmental
impact compared to other construction techniques also installation of soil nail walls is relatively
rapid and uses typically less construction materials. Soil nailing is advantageous at sites with
remote access because smaller equipment is generally needed.

APPLICATIONS -
  Stabilization of highway and roadway embankments and cut slopes
 Stabilizing steep cuttings to maximize development space.
 The stabilizing of existing over-steep embankments.
 Construction and retrofitting bridge abutments
 Tunnel portals in unstable and steep stratified slopes

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY-

 To study evolution of soil nailing techniques in various part of world.

 To study various approaches and their assumptions in designing given by various manuals
and design agencies.
 To compare various design methods