Tunnelling Methods

INDONESIA RAILWAY POLYTECHNIC

Terminology:

A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding

soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each
end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used
immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring
methods
A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than
twice the diameter, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed,
such as cross passages between tunnels.

The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to
source. For example, the definition of a road tunnel in the United Kingdom is
defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150
metres (490 ft) or more."[1] In the United States, the NFPA definition of a
tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than 23 m
(75 ft) and a diameter greater than 1,800 millimetres (5.9 ft)."[2]
The choice of tunnelling method may be dictated
by:

• Geological and hydrological conditions,

• Cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,
• Local experience and time/cost considerations (what is
the value of time in the project),
• Limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.
Tunnel Construction Methods:

• Classical methods
• Mechanical drilling/cutting
• Cut-and-cover
• Drill and blast
• Shields and tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
• New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM)
• Immersed tunnels
• Special methods (Tunnel jacking, etc.)
 Classical Methods

• Among the classical methods are the Belgian, English, German,

Austrian, Italian and American systems. These methods had much
in common with early mining methods and were used until last
half of the 19th century.
• Excavation was done by hand or simple drilling equipment.
• Supports were predominantly timber, and transportation of muck
was done on cars on narrow gauge tracks and powered by steam.
• Progress was typically in multiple stages i.e. progress in one
drift, then support, then drift in another drift, and so on.
• The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are no longer applicable, although
some of their principles have been used in combination up to
present day. Nevertheless some of the world’s great tunnels were
built with these methods.
The English method (crown-bar
method, figure left)

started from a central top heading

which allowed two timber crown
bars to be hoisted into place, the
rear ends supported on a
completed length of lining, the
forward ends propped within the
central heading.
Development of the heading then
allowed additional bars to be
erected around the perimeter of
the face with boards between each
pair to exclude the ground. The
system is economical in timber,
permits construction of the arch of
the tunnel in full-face excavation,
and is tolerant of a wide variety of
ground conditions, but depends on
relatively low ground pressures.
• The Austrian (cross-bar) method

required a strongly constructed

central bottom heading upon which
a crown heading was constructed.
The timbering for full-face
excavation was then heavily braced
against the central headings, with
longitudinal poling boards built on
timber bars carried on each frame of
timbering.
As the lining advanced, so was the
timbering propped against each
length to maintain stability. The
method was capable of withstanding
high ground pressures but had high
demand for timber.
The German method (core-leaving method)

provided a series of box headings within which the

successive sections of the side walls of the tunnel were
built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunner of
the system of multiple drifts.
The method depends on the central dumpling being
able to resists without excessive movement pressure
transmitted from the side walls, in providing support to
the top 'key' heading prior to completion of the arch
and to ensuring stability while the invert arch is
extended in sections.
The Belgian system (underpinning or flying arch
method)

started from the construction of a top heading, propped

approximately to the level of the springing of the arch for a
horseshoe tunnel. This heading was then extended to each side to
permit construction of the upper part of the arch, which was
extended by under- pinning, working from side headings. The system
was only practicable where rock loads were not heavy.
The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel on
the St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method of
construction, based on the use of successive headings to construct
sections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner to
the German system described above.
 -
Mechanical Drilling and Cutting Crushing Strength of rock
The Rove Tunnel near Marseille measured 22 x 15, 40m,
and was excavated with multiple drifts.
Classical multiple face excavation
Cut and Cover Method

construction involves using

excavation equipment to dig
a large trench or rectangular
hole in the ground which is
then covered by a concrete
deck. Once the deck is in
place, surface activity can
largely resume as
construction works continue
below.
1. Installation of retaining
wall

2. Excavation and
installation of stell strut
3. Installation of decking and
roof slab

4. Construction of station box

5. Installation of side walls and
base slab

6. Backfilling and reinstatement

Drill and blast Methods:

Drilling and blasting is the

controlled use of explosives
and other methods such as
gas pressure blasting
pyrotechnics, to break rock for
excavation. It is practiced most
often in mining, quarrying and
civil engineering such as dam,
tunnel or road construction.
The result of rock blasting is
often known as a rock cut.
 The process for bored tunnelling involves all or some of the following
operations:

• Probe drilling (when needed) • Transportation of muck

• Grouting (when needed) • Lining or coating/sealing
• Excavation (or blasting) • Draining
• Supporting • Ventilation
Shields and tunnel boring machines (TBMs)

Tunnel boring machines are used

as an alternative to drilling and
blasting (D&B) methods in rock and
conventional "hand mining" in soil.
TBMs have the advantages of
limiting the disturbance to the
surrounding ground and producing
a smooth tunnel wall. This
significantly reduces the cost of
lining the tunnel, and makes them
suitable to use in heavily urbanized
areas. The major disadvantage is
the upfront cost.
TBM General Component:
New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM):

also known as the sequential

excavation method (SEM) or sprayed
concrete lining method [1](SCL), is a
method of modern tunnel design and
construction employing sophisticated
monitoring to optimize various wall
reinforcement techniques based on
the type of rock encountered as
tunneling progresses. This technique
first gained attention in the 1960s
based on the work of Ladislaus von
Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and
Franz Pacher between 1957 and
1965 in Austria
NATM has seven elements:

1. Exploitation of the strength of native rock mass – Relies on the inherent

strength of the surrounding rock mass being conserved as the main
component of tunnel support. Primary support is directed to enable the rock
to support itself.

2. Shotcrete protection – Loosening and excessive rock deformation must be

minimised. This is achieved by applying a thin layer of shotcrete
immediately after face advance.

3. Measurement and monitoring – Potential deformations of the excavation

must be carefully monitored. NATM requires installation of sophisticated
measurement instrumentation. It is embedded in lining, ground, and
boreholes. In the event of observed movements, additional supports are
installed only when needed, with a resultant overall economy to the total
cost of the project.
NATM has seven elements:

4. Flexible support – The primary lining is thin and reflects recent strata
conditions. Active rather than passive support is used and the tunnel is
strengthened by a flexible combination of rock bolts, wire mesh and steel
ribs, not by a thicker concrete lining.

5. Closing of the invert – Especially crucial in soft ground, the quick closing of
the invert (the bottom portion of the tunnel) which creates a load-bearing
ring is important, and has the advantage of engaging the inherent strength
of the rock mass surrounding the tunnel.

6. Contractual arrangements – Since the NATM is based on monitoring

measurements, changes in support and construction method are possible,
but only if the contractual system enables them.

7. Rock mass classification, ranging from very hard to very soft, determines
the minimum support measures required and avoids economic waste that
comes from needlessly strong support measures. Support system designs
exist for each of the main rock classes. These serve as the guidelines for
tunnel reinforcement.
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