TERMINAL AND

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES

Values are different for each person. While one

person might value honesty, another might value
wealth. You see, values have been defined as ideals
or beliefs that a person holds desirable or
undesirable.

SUBMITTED BY:

UDDESH PRAKASH SINGH

2019DC-01

SUBMITTED TO:

DR.V.S.R.KRISHNAIAH
INTRODUCTION

Every person has different values, but did you know there are different types of values!
We will look at the different types of values and explain their relation to the world around
us.

What Are Values?

Values are different for each person. While one person might value honesty, another
might value wealth. You see, values have been defined as ideals or beliefs that a person
holds desirable or undesirable. The variability in that statement is, first, what a person
could value, and second, the degree to which they value it. A person can value honesty
and wealth but not to the same degree. For example, a person might have to let their
values towards honesty slip a little when it involves increasing their wealth.

The Importance of Values:

Values are part of the makeup of a person. They remind us as to what is important in our
lives, such as success or family, but also, by the virtue of their presence, they provide
contrast to what is not important. For example, if family is important, then potentially,
achievement in a high-powered job is not important. Since you value family, it would be
hard to value a high-powered job that might take you away from your family. Thus, all
values exist in a balance within us.

That is not to say that, over time, values cannot change. As we grow and change as
individuals, we will begin to value different aspects of life. If we value family when we
are younger, as our children get older, we might start to value success in business more
than family so we can pay for things like college, cars, etc.

Regardless of what we value or why, the importance of values cannot be ignored. They
are the guideposts of our lives, and they direct us to who we want to be. By doing that,
they help us become who we are and are a huge part of our makeup, ethical compass,
and, ultimately, personality.
 Instrumental Values and Terminal Values

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES:

Instrumental values can be defined as specific methods of behavior. Instrumental values

are not an end goal, but rather provide the means by which an end goal is accomplished.
Character traits and personal characteristics, such as being imaginative and independent,
make up most of the instrumental values.

TERMINAL VALUES:

The end goals that we strive to achieve and are most important to us are known as
terminal values.Terminal values are the overall goals that we hope to achieve in our
lifetime. Terminal values include inner harmony, social recognition, and a world of
beauty.

Instrumental values are one of two types of values distinguished by social psychologist
Milton Rokeach.

In a nutshell, Terminal Values signify the objectives of the life of a person – the ultimate
things the person wants to achieve through his or her behavior (the destination he wants
to reach in life) whereas Instrumental Values indicate the methods an individual would
like to adopt for achieving his life's aim .

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a social psychologist, Milton Rokeach, set out to define
what we mean when we refer to our 'values'. In 1973, Rokeach wrote a book titled The
Nature of Human Values, in which he develops his own definition of values. Rokeach's
definition of values says the following:

We each possess values not only for ourselves, but also for others in our society. The
values we hold for ourselves can be the same as or different than the ones we hold for
society. For example, you may think that you should always go out of your way to be
polite to others, but that society should not be as concerned with being polite.

Rokeach refers to values as enduring beliefs. This indicates that values are stable.
However, it is possible for values to change as we continue to make decisions in which
we have to put one value ahead of another.
Perhaps the most important piece of Rokeach's definition of values is the distinction that
he makes between values that are end-states of our existence and values that are specific
modes of behavior. Terminal values are those that are end-states. Instrumental values are
those that are specific modes of behavior.

# Terminal values are the goals in life that are desirable states of existence. Examples of
terminal values include family security, freedom, and equality. Examples of instrumental
values include being honest, independent, intellectual, and logical.

#Instrumental values are the means by which we achieve our end goals. Terminal values
are defined as our end goals.

Examples of instrumental values include being polite, obedient, and self-controlled.

Examples of terminal values include family security, national security, and salvation.

What is the difference between terminal and instrumental values, as proposed by

Rokeach?

A) Terminal values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her
lifetime, while the instrumental values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving
these values.

B) Instrumental values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her
lifetime, while terminal values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving theses
values.

C) Terminal values are the highest values in a person's value system, while instrumental
values are the ones that are most often used.

D) Instrumental values are the values that are used in day to day life, terminal values are
those that come into play at times of great stress.

E) Terminal values are the values shared by the group as a whole, instrumental values are
the values that differ within a group and give rise to conflict.
CASE STUDY

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES AND TERMINAL VALUES OF INDONESIAN

MICRO-FINANCE ENTREPRENEURS:
A total of 540 micro-finance entrepreneurs participated in the study. The results show
that three main terminal values for Indonesian micro-finance entrepreneurs are success,
honest, and happiness. Furthermore, honest, hardwork and religious are found as three
main instrumental values. Identification of terminal and instrumental values of
Indonesian micro-finance entrepreneurs can be foundation for scale development of
terminal and instrumental values in Indonesian context. Research findings and research
contributions are discussed and areas of future research are indicated.

The importance of identifying terminal and instrumental values of entrepreneur in

Indonesia context. Though Rokeach (1973) developed 18 terminal and 18 instrumental
values through intensive research, but those 36 values were developed in western-based
context. On the other hand, every culture has its own specific values. For instance,
Indonesian values are mutual assistance, democracy, religion, harmony, hospitality,
religious fanaticism, and individualism (Sihombing, 2013).

On the other hand, American values are achievement and success, time and activity,
efficiency and practicality, progress, materialism, individualism and conformity, freedom
of choice,humanitarianism, youthfulness, and fitness and health .Beside the reality of
every culture shapes personal and social values in that culture,this research is significant
because people values are changing. There are several signifcant factors that influence
value changes such as globalization and technology . Thus, relied on Rokeach (1973)
terminal and instrumental values to understand Indonesian entrepreneurs’ values may
slightly weak foundation.

The importance of developing scales to produce reliable and valid indicators of terminal
and instrumental values. The next step after identifying terminal and instrumental
valuesof Indonesian micro-finance entrpreneurs is to develop reliable and valid
instrumental and terminal values scales.