NAME: ​ADDIE SCHLEGEL​
APPROACHES, RESEARCH METHODS AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
TERM DEFINITION
1. Empiricism A method of study relying on
empirical evidence, which includes
things you've experienced: stuff you
can see and touch
2. Cognitive the scientific field that is concerned
Neuroscience with the study of the biological
processes and aspects that underlie
cognition, with a specific focus on the
neural connections in the brain which
are involved in mental processes
3. Levels of used in the social sciences to point to
Analysis the location, size, or scale of a research
target
4. Biopsycho- considers biological, psychological,
social and social factors and their complex
Approach interactions in understanding health,
illness, and health care delivery
5. Psycho- the science of measuring mental
metrics capacities and processes
6. Basic has the scientific research aim to
Research improve scientific theories for
improved understanding or prediction
of natural or other phenomena
7. Applied a methodology used to solve a specific,
Research practical problem of an individual or
group. The study and research is used
in business, medicine and education in
order to find solutions that may cure
diseases, solve scientific problems or
develop technology
8. Psychiatry the study and treatment of mental
illness, emotional disturbance, and
abnormal behavior
UNIT 1: ​HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY,
APPLICATION OF
TERM/SIGNIFICANCE (IN YOUR
OWN WORDS AND IN A SENTENCE)
If you believe in the Easter Bunny or the
Tooth Fairy, you're out of the realm of
empiricism​ — there are no facts to support
those myths.
If you are interested in how the brain is
biologically connected to how we think
then you may want to study ​cognitive
neuroscience.
You use ​levels of analysis​ to identify
factors of research in psychology.
Biopsychosocial approaches​ need to be
considered to understand mental health and
mental processes.
I work in the field of ​psychometrics​ to help
measure the way we think and act as
humans.
My friend, Tom, is a ​basic research
psychologist but instead of talking to
people and helping them, he does the
research behind it.
My friend, Jerry, is an ​applied research
psychologist but he does the part about
talking to people and helping them instead
of all that boring research.
I treat patients with odd behaviors and
mental illnesses. I am a ​psychiatrist​.
9. Hindsight the inclination, after an event has
Bias occurred, to see the event as having
been predictable, despite there having
been little or no objective basis for
predicting it
Hindsight bias​ was proven when Joe told
me that because I am a brunette I am
smarter.

10. Theory a supposition or a system of ideas People have a ​theory​ that the Earth is flat.
intended to explain something,
especially one based on general
principles independent of the thing to
be explained

11. Operational the articulation of operationalization Operational definition​ is needed to define

Definition (or statement of procedures) used in terms, phenomenons, and things that
defining the terms of a process (or set happen.
of validation tests) needed to determine
the nature of an item or phenomenon (a
variable, term, or object) and its
properties such as duration, quantity,
extension in space

12. Replication the action of copying or reproducing I wish I could ​replicate​ that donut I ate this
something morning.

13. Population a particular section, group, or type of There is a ​population​ of people who all
people or animals living in an area or believe that the Holocaust never happened.
country

14. Random a method of selecting a sample from a
Sample statistical population in such a way that
every possible sample that could be
selected has a predetermined
probability of being selected.
I want to make sure I take a ​random sample
of people for my experiment later to see if
blondes are actually dumber.

15. Correlation a mutual relationship or connection There is a ​correlation​ between blondes and
between two or more things lower IQs but they are not automatically
hand in hand.

16. Scatterplot a graph in which the values of two I graph my “dumb blonde” experiment on a
variables are plotted along two axes, scatterplot​ to find out if they are caused by
the pattern of the resulting points one another or just happen to be correlated.
revealing any correlation present

17. Illusory the phenomenon of perceiving a It is an ​illusory correlation​ to say that

Correlation relationship between variables even blondes are less intelligent.
when no such relationship exists

18. Random an experimental technique for I picked names out of a hat, which is called
Assignment assigning human participants or animal
subjects to different groups in an
experiment using randomization, such
as by a chance procedure or a random
number generator
19. Double- an experimental procedure in which
Blind neither the subjects of the experiment
Procedure nor the persons administering the
experiment know the critical aspects of
the experiment
20. Placebo a beneficial effect, produced by a
Effect placebo drug or treatment, that cannot
be attributed to the properties of the
placebo itself, and must therefore be
due to the patient's belief in that
treatment
21. Experi- the group in an experiment that
mental Group receives the variable being tested
22. Control participants who do not receive the
Group experimental treatment. They also
closely resemble the participants who
are in the experimental group or the
individuals who receive the treatment
23. Indepen- the characteristic of a psychology
dent Variable experiment that is manipulated or
changed
24. Con- factors other than the independent
founding variable that may cause a result
Variable
25. Dependant the variable that is being measured in
Variable an experiment
26. Mode the most frequently occurring score in
a set of given numbers
random assignment​, to choose who I used
for my experiment.
The doctors, researchers, and patients don't
know who was chosen for what which is
called a ​double-blind procedure​.
I thought my medicine was making me
better but it was actually just a ​placebo
effect​.
I got to take the actual medicine because I
was apart of the ​experimental group​.
Mary don't get to take the actual medicine
because she was apart of the ​control group​.
In an experiment about how much more a
plant grows depending on the amount of
sunlight it receives, the sunlight is the
independent variable.
In an experiment about how much more a
plant grows depending on the amount of
sunlight it receives, the temperature of the
area the plant is in, the amount of water,
and the initial health and growth of the
plant are the ​confounding variables.
In an experiment about how much more a
plant grows depending on the amount of
sunlight it receives, the plant growth is the
dependant variable.
In an experiment about high school
student’s grades, 85 is the ​mode​.
27. Mean The average; calculated by adding all
scores and then dividing by the number
of scores
28. Median the middle score in a set of given
numbers
29. Standard scores around the mean of a
Deviation distribution. It measures how much a
set of scores is dispersed around an
average measure of variability
30. Statistical the probability of some result from a
Significance statistical test occurring by chance
31. Attribution how the social perceiver uses
Theory information to arrive at causal
explanations for events. It examines
what information is gathered and how
it is combined to form a causal
judgment
32. Funda- the tendency people have to
mental overemphasize personal characteristics
Attribution and ignore situational factors in
Error judging others’ behavior
33. Foot-in- the tendency for people to comply with
door some large request after first agreeing
phenomenon to a small request
34. Cognitive a situation involving conflicting
Dissonance attitudes, beliefs or behaviors
Theory
35. Conformity the most common and pervasive form
of social influence
36. Normative a type of social influence leading to
Social conformity. It is defined in social
Influence psychology as "the influence of other
people that leads us to conform in
order to be liked and accepted by
them"
In an experiment about high school
student’s grades, 78 is the ​mean​.
In an experiment about high school
student’s grades, 76 is the ​median​.
In an experiment about high school
student’s grades, the numbers around 78
would be the ​standard deviation.
There is a ​statistical significance​ in the
random results of an experiment about
plant growth.
The ​attribution theory​ makes me connect
and attribute intelligence to grades
Because of the ​fundamental attribution
error​, if a student is acting out I easily think
that it is because they don’t care about their
education when in reality they are stressed
about things at home and do not know how
to properly handle their emotions.
I want $100 so I would ask my parents for
$10 and start asking for more from there.
This is the ​foot-in-the-door phenomenon​.
The ​cognitive dissonance theory​ explains
why people’s attitudes and behaviors don’t
align.
When media shows us an image of what
“beauty” is, people tend to ​conform​ to that
standard.
When other people start wearing and
talking about a certain shoe brand,
everyone feels like they have to buy that
shoe brand to “fit in” because of ​normative
social influence​.
37. Informative a phenomenon where people assume
Social the actions of others in an attempt to
Influence reflect correct behavior in a given
situation
38. Social the tendency for people to perform
Facilitation differently when in the presence of
others than when alone
39. Social the phenomenon of a person exerting
Loafing less effort to achieve a goal when they
work in a group than when they work
alone
40. Dein- as the loss of self-awareness in groups,
dividuation although this is a matter of contention
41. Group the tendency for a group to make
Polarization decisions that are more extreme than
the initial inclination of its members
42. Groupthink occurs within a group of people in
which the desire for harmony or
conformity in the group results in an
irrational or dysfunctional
decision-making outcome
43. Norm the accepted standards of behavior for
any given group
44. Prejudice an unjustified or incorrect attitude
(usually negative) towards an
individual based solely on the
individual's membership of a social
group
45. Stereotype any thought widely adopted about
specific types of individuals or certain
ways of behaving intended to represent
the entire group of those individuals or
behaviors as a whole
46. Ingroup a pattern of favoring members of one's
Bias in-group over out-group members
Informative social influence​ causes people
to assume how one person will act so that
they know and can act properly.
When you are surrounded by family you
will change your behavior to fit what they
assume and want you to be and act like
because of ​social facilitation​.
In a group project I am much more likely
not to do as much work because ​social
loafing​ makes it seem like if I slack off
others will make up for it.
Sometimes, because of ​deindividuation​,
people may lose their sense of beliefs and
opinions when surrounded by a group of
people.
Someone may know that murder is bad but
if they are apart of a gang and the group is
killing people they may do so because of
group polarization.
When everyone says to jump off of a
bridge and one person doesn’t think it’s a
good idea, because of ​groupthink​ they most
likely won’t say anything.
It is the ​norm​ for boys to be more sexual
than girls.
Bisexual people are often called “greedy”
and are “not real.” This is an example of
prejudice​.
Bisexual people are often called “greedy”
and are “not real.” This is an example of
stereotypes​.
When white people favor other white
people over people of color, this reflects
 ingroup bias.

47. Scapegoat the tendency to blame someone else for Mothers will often blame other things on
Theory one's own problems, a process that their kids behavior instead of finding their
often results in feelings of prejudice own fault because of the ​scapegoat theory​.
toward the person or group that one is
blaming

48. Other-Race the tendency to more easily recognize When someone is of the same race or
Effect faces of the race that one is most ethnicity as me, I can more easily connect
familiar with with them and recognize them for who they
are because of the ​other-race effect.

49. Just-World the tendency to believe that the world If someone is on death row they are always
Phenomenon is just and that people get what they guilty and always deserve to be there
deserve because of the ​just-world phenomenon.

50. Aggression a range of behaviors that can result in When I get angry I can easily express that
both physical and psychological harm anger through physical and verbal
to yourself, others, or objects in the aggression.
environment

51. Frustration- malicious behavior or attitude towards When I get upset it is easy to express that
Aggression someone or something, usually by being passive aggressive or wanting to
Principle triggered by frustration get revenge because of the
frustration-aggression principle.

52. Mere a psychological phenomenon by which When I understand something and see it I
Exposure people tend to develop a preference for tend to like it more because of the ​mere
Effect things merely because they are familiar exposure effect.
with them

53. Altruism acting out of concern for the Sometimes I choose to help people or carry
well-being of others, without regard to their burdens because of ​altruism​.
your own self-interest

54. Bystander a social psychological phenomenon in
Effect which individuals are less likely to
offer help to a victim when other
people are present
When a car is out of gas on the side of the
highway people often just drive by because
the ​bystander effect​ makes people feel like
they don’t need to because someone else
will stop.

55. Social perspective that explains social change Because of the ​social exchange theory
Exchange and stability as a process of negotiated change in social things is because of
Theory exchanges between parties negotiated exchanges.

56. Reciprocity refers to how positive actions bring When someone posts on social media about
Norm about more positive actions while being happy and feeling confident, it makes
 negative actions bring about more
negative actions
57. Social- a societal rule that tells people they
Responsibility should help others who need help even
Norm if doing so is costly
58. Social Trap a situation in which a group of people
act to obtain short-term individual
gains, which in the long run leads to a
loss for the group as a whole
59. Self- when a person unknowingly causes a
Fulfilling prediction to come true, due to the
Prophecy simple fact that he or she expects it to
come true
60. Super- refer to goals that require the
Ordinate Goals cooperation of two or more people or
groups to achieve, which usually
results in rewards to the groups
me much more positive and confident.
When someone posts about all the bad
things in their life and complains about
people it makes me feel like that. This is
because of the ​reciprocity norm.
When you see the opportunity to help
someone, no matter what cost it has for
you, the ​social-responsibility norm​ says
you should always help.
When people try to achieve small
materialistic goals, because of ​social trap
they often lead to a loss for the group
Self fulfilling prophecies ​cause people to
make something come true only because
they forced it and expected it to.
When two people are needed to do
someone they are fulfilling a ​superordinate
goal​.