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Vitamin A
• Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are Preformed (retinol)
essential in small amounts for body processes.
• Active form of vitamin A
body requirements.
• Helps prevent infection.
Requirements
• Vitamin allowances given by weight in milligrams (mg) Vitamin A Requirements
or micrograms (mcg or μg)
dietary allowance)
• Mentally retarded
• Night blindness; dry, rough skin; increased
• Children receiving inadequate care
susceptibility to infections; and blindness or
xerophthalmia
• Celiac disease
2
• Crohn’s disease
serving.
• Milk, fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, fortified
• Heat canned vegetables quickly and in their own margarine
liquid.
• Most milk in the U.S. has 10 μg of vitamin D
• Follow package directions when cooking frozen concentrate added per quart.
vegetables or fruit.
51-70 years
• Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
1
• 10.0 μg (400 IU)
70+ years
• Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
• 15.0 μg (600 IU)
• Synthetic Vitamin K (menadione)
Pregnant and lactating women
• Vitamin K is destroyed by light alkalis.
Functions of Vitamin K
What are the signs and symptoms you may expect to see • Formation of prothrombin; clotting of blood
Excess
• Clients who suffer from faulty fat absorption
• Deposits of calcium and phosphorus in soft tissues, • After extensive antibiotic therapy
Deficit
• Clients being treated for hemorrhage
• Antioxidant
• 2 μg/day
infants
• 2.5 μg/day
1 mg of α-TE = 1 IU
Deficit
Deficit
malabsorption.
1
• Deficiency symptoms include irritability, depression,
Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin and dermatitis.
Riboflavin B
2
• Deficiency in infants can cause various neurological
• Necessary for: the metabolism of carbohydrates, symptoms and abdominal problems.
protein, and fats; tissue maintenance (especially the • Toxicity is rare; may cause temporary neurological
skin around the mouth); and healthy eyes.
characterized by sores on the lips and cracks at the • Oral contraceptives interfere with metabolism of
corners of the mouth); glossitis (inflammation of the vitamin B and can result in a deficiency.
6
tongue); dermatitis; and eye strain in the form of
itching, burning, and eye fatigue.
• Essential for protein metabolism and absorption, and • 400 μg for adults
• To be absorbed, must bind with intrinsic factor in • Average female adult requires 75 mg/day.
• intrinsic factor.
• Stress and cigarette smoking increase need.
• Symptoms inclued megaloblastic anemia, pernicious • Found in sailors who lived without fresh fruits and
anemia (if intrinsic factor absent), anorexia, glossitis, vegetables.
sore mouth, tongue, pallor, depression, dizziness, • Deficiency of Vitamin C: bleeding gums, loose teeth,
weight loss, neurological system damage.
tendency to bruise easily, poor wound healing,
scurvy.
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
• Has antioxidant properties and protects food from
oxidation.
• Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up • Concentrated minerals only if prescribed.
• Minerals are necessary to promote growth and • Bones provide storage for calcium.
drink.
• Electrically charged atoms resulting from chemical • Bones become increasingly fragile as calcium is
reactions
withdrawn from them.
Maintain the body’s fluid balance, contribute to electrical • Bone mass will remain stable in women until
balance, assist in transmission of nerve impulses and menopause with adequate consumption of calcium,
contraction of muscles, help regulate the body’s acid- phosphorus, and vitamin D.
base balance.
Calcium: Sources
What is the best way to receive an adequate intake of • Milk and milk products
A balanced diet is the only safe way of including minerals • When vegetables contain oxalic acid, as spinach and
in the amounts necessary to maintain health!
Swiss chard do, the calcium remains unavailable
because the oxalic acid binds it and prevents it from
Toxicity being absorbed
• Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio that includes no more • Cereals, legumes, nuts, soft drinks
• Presence of lactose
Phosphorus: Requirements
Retards absorption Adequate Intake
Pregnant women
Phosphorus: Deficiency
• 14-18 years - 1,300 mg
• Deficiency is rare.
Lactating women same as nonlactating women of same • Symptoms of deficiency include bone
age
demineralization (loss of minerals), fatigue, and
anorexia.
Calcium: Supplements
• Calcium carbonate, form found in calcium-based Potassium (K)
antacid tablets, has highest concentration of • Found primarily in intracellular fluid.
bioavailable calcium.
• Essential for fluid balance and osmosis.
• Appear to be absorbed most efficiently when • Maintains fluid level within the cell.
Potassium: Sources
Calcium: Deficiency • Fruits–especially melons, oranges, bananas, peaches
• Rickets results in poorly formed bone structure and • Vegetables–mushrooms, brussel sprouts, potatoes,
causes bowed legs, “pigeon breast”, enlarged wrists tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, carrots
• Cause constipation
presence of vitamin D.
• Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses
essential for normal muscle function.
Phosphorus: Sources
Sodium: Sources
• Table salt contains 40% sodium.
Magnesium: Requirements
• One teaspoon of table salt contains 2,000 mg of Adequate Intake
sodium.
0-6 months 30 mg
1 year 225 mg
Girls 14-18 years 360 mg
perspiration.
Lactating women 14-18 years 360 mg
failure.
• Experimentally induced symptoms include nausea,
• Treatment includes sodium-restricted diets; 3-4g (no- mental, emotional, muscular disorders.
• Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and • Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair
acid-base balance.
and tissue.
• Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is • Found in protein-rich foods.
necessary during immune responses when white • Neither the amount of sulfur required by the human
blood cells attack foreign cells.
body nor its deficiency is known.
• Deficiency is rare.
• Component of hemoglobin.
Magnesium (Mg)
• Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in
• Vital to both hard and soft body tissues.
muscles that provides oxygen to cells.
Iron: Sources
Magnesium: Sources • Meat, poultry, and fish are the best sources of iron.
• Found primarily in plant foods.
Animal flesh contains heme iron, which is absorbed
• Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, more than twice as efficiently as nonheme iron.
Factors that Affect Iron Absorption • Lack of iodine results in decrease in thyroxine and
Increase
triiodothyronine.
• High body demand for red blood cells (blood loss, • Myxedema is a condition of hypothyroidism in adults.
pregnancy)Increase
• Cretinism is low thyroid in a child; retards physical
• Low body stores of iron
and mental development.
• Vitamin C
Zinc (Zn)
Decrease
• Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes.
• Some antacids
• RDA for normal adult males is 11 mg.
Selenium (Se)
• Iron supplement commonly prescribed during
pregnancy.
• Constituent of most body tissues.
Iron: Excess
Copper (Cu)
• Hemochromatosis is a condition due to an inborn
error of metabolism and causes excessive absorption • Found in all tissues; heaviest concentration in the
of iron.
liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain.
• Sources include organ meats, shellfish, legumes,
nuts, cocoa, whole grain cereals, and human milk.
Iodine (I)
• No RDA; NRC’s estimated safe intake for adults is
• Component of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and 1.5-3 mg/day.
triiodothyronine (T3).
• Deficiency is rare.
may result.
• Sources include milk, liver, legumes, and cereals.
Manganese (Mn)
• Constituent of several enzymes involved in
metabolism.
Fluoride (F)
• Increases resistance to dental caries, and may
strengthen teeth and bones.
Fluoride: Requirements
0-6 months .01 mg
Chromium (Cr)
• Associated with glucose and lipid metabolism.