Respon Spektrum Concept - Global Classroom UMP April 2019 PDF

Response
p Spectrum
p Conceptp in
Earthquake Engineering
by
Dr. Ade Faisal
Program Studi Teknik Sipil
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara
Medan, Indonesia
Presented in Global Classroom Program,

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
April 10th, 2019
Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

FCEE, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
by Dr. Ade Faisal
References
Trifunac, M.D. (2006) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering 26, pp. 491-500
Trifunac, M.D. (2008) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering 28, pp. 676-685
Chopra, A.K. (2012) Dynamics of Structures (4th Ed.),

Prentice-Hall
1
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Definition of Response Spectrum
Acceleration
Spectrum
Response spectrum is the
maximum amplitudes plot
of damped system
response for various Response Spectrum
Acceleration
natural periods (or
frequency)

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Early Progress of Response Spectrum
• Proposed by Prof
Prof. Maurice AA. Biot in 1932 (Chapter 2 of
his PhD Dissertation) in Caltech, which therefore it is well
recognized as Biot’s Spectrum.
• Prof. George.W. Housner (1949) has promoted this
spectrum in order to exploring the soil vibration
characteristics due to earthquake and its effect to the
structures
• The spectrum is then extended into tripartite form by Prof.
A.S. Veletsos dan Prof. N.M.Newmark in 1965 in order to
investigate the shape of response spectra by using the
peak acceleration, velocity, and displacement
2
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Type of Response Spectrum in

1. Response Spectrum of Acceleration (pseudo)

2. Site-Specific Elastic Design Spectrum (Deterministic)
3. Elastic Design Spectrum (Probabilistic)
4. Inelastic (Design) Response Spectrum
(1) (2) (3)

by Dr. Ade Faisal

1 Response Spectrum of Acceleration (pseudo)
1.
The response spectrum is developed using a ground motion
acceleration record. It is developed based on the response
of damped SDOF system for various period (or frequency).
Ground Motion Records Its response spectrum
3
by Dr. Ade Faisal

2 Site
2. Site-specific
specific Elastic Design Spectrum
This spectrum is developed
using a number of response
spectrum accelerations. It is
calculated by considering the
median, stand. deviation &
median+1. The line is
smoothed based on the peak
value & the sensitive period
range of accel., velocity &
displacement. It is considered
as Deterministic Method.

by Dr. Ade Faisal

3 Elastic Design Spectrum
3.
This spectrum type is using in all seismic prone region countries
It is based on Probabilistic Method, which is initially produced

Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) in short period and 1.0s period.
g, magnitude,
UHS considers the seismic hazard zoning, g , fault type,
yp ,
attenuation function, soil type etc.
The final spectrum line is developed considering the peak values

of acceleration, very short periods, constant acceleration of
periods range, long periods and very long periods.
4
by Dr. Ade Faisal

3 Continued
3.

by Dr. Ade Faisal

4 Inelastic (Design) Response Spectrum
4.
The inelastic response spectrum type is calculated by considering
the yield strength Fy of damped SDOF system. The Fy can be related
to the ductility of the system.
The inelastic design spectrum type is
simply developed by using Newmark-
Hall Method.
Method They used the relation
coefficient of force reduction (Ry) with
ductility (), so that the elastic design
spectra can be scaled-down directly by
those factors to develop inelastic
design spectra
5
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Concept of Response Spectrum

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Spectrum
Response
Displacement
6
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Response Spectrum
Dispacement (RSD)
Response Spektrum
Velocity (RSV)
Response Spectrum
Acceleration (RSA)

by Dr. Ade Faisal
SDOF
To calculate the response SDOF, u(t), from the equation above,

the numerical method is needed. Commonly, we can use the
methods of Interpolation of Excitation Function, Central-
Difference, and/or Newmark. These are fully described in
Chopra’s
Chopra s book (see numerical method in the last section).
section)
Once we get the response of damped SDOF system, we can
plot the spectrum by using its maximum value for various natural
periods
7
by Dr. Ade Faisal
The steps to develop the response spectrum:

1. Select the ground motion record (global database)
2. Define the damping ratio (commonly <1) and a series of
natural period Tn (commonly 0,04 – 4 s or 0,04 – 10 s).
Mass and stiffness are assumed to be 1.
3. Conduct the numerical analysis to define the displacement
and velocity
velocity, for singleTn and time step
4. From the result of response of displacement u(t), we get the
absolute maximum displacement (D):

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Continued:
5. Do again step 3 to 4, for different natural period Tn
6. Plot all max absolute of displacement (D) vs period, Tn.
7. Calculate response spectrum velocity:
8 Calculate response spectrum acceleration :

8.
9. Plot the result of step 7 and 8 versus Tn
8
by Dr. Ade Faisal
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM
System with very short period and

veryy light
g damping:
p g
• RSA  PGA
• Very low RSD
Ground motion
Percepatan
Response SDOF
Percepatan Period, Tn (sec.)
RSA = Response spectrum acceleration

RSD = Response spectrum displacement
PGA = peak ground acceleration

by Dr. Ade Faisal
System with Very Long Period and

low damping:
p g
•RSD  PGD
• Very low RSA
Ground Motion
Displacement
ResponseSDOF
Displacement
Period, Tn (sec.)
RSA = Response spectrum acceleration

RSD = Response spectrum displacement
PGA = peak ground acceleration
9
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Short Period
System with Ta=0.035

0 035 <Tn< Tb=0.125
0 125:
• PGA < RSA (increase & not max) Short
• Depend on Tn and  period
System with Tb=0.125 <Tn< Tc=0.5:

• PGA < RSA (tends to constant & max)
• Depend on 
System with Tn > Tc=0.5

=0 5
• RSA (decrease & not max)
• Depend on Tn dan 
Tn < Tc=0.5s is so-called

Sensitive period range for
acceleration Period, Tn (sec.)

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Moderate period
System with Tn< Tc=0.5

0 5:
• PGV < RSV (increase & not max) Moderate
• Depend on Tn and  period
System with Tc=0.5 <Tn< Td=3.0:

• PGV < RSV (tend to constant & max)
• Depend on 
System withTn > Td=3.0
• RSV (decrease & not max)
• Depend on Tn and 
Tc=0.5s <Tn<Td=3s is so-called

Sensitive period range for velocity
RSV = Response spectrum velocity
Period, Tn (sec.)
PGV = peak ground velocity
10
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Long Period
System with Tn< Td=3.0

3 0:
• PGD < RSD (increase & not max) Long
• Depend on Tn and  period
System with Td=3.0 <Tn< Te=10:

• PGD < RSD (tend to constant & max)
• Depend on 
Sistem dgn Tn> Te=10:

• RSD (decrease & not max)
• Depend on Tn and 
Td=3.0s <Tn<Te=10s is so-called

Sensitive period range of
displacement Period, Tn (sec.)

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Comparison of Near-Field Earthquake

(NFE) with Far
Far-Field
Field Earthquake (FFE) NFE
• Sensitive period range for velocity due

to NFE much shorter than FFE
• Sensitive period range for velocity due
to FFE tend to be placed in higher
period
FFE
• Sensitive period range for acceleration
and displacement due to NFE much
wider than FFE
Period, Tn (sec.)
However, trend of FFE response spectrum in all period ranges can generally
be assumed the same with NFE response
11
by Dr. Ade Faisal

• Small changes of natural period would
be sensitive for the response of system
with zero damping
• Response decrement due to damping is
not the same for all of sensitive period
ranges
• The damping would not affect the
response if the period Tn  0 (mass of
structures would displace identically with
the ground) Effect of damping
p g on the SDOF
response depends on Tn ,
• The damping would not affect the
response if Tn  , (mass of structure
remain in the position when the ground
moves)
• Effect of damping on the response tends to be higher on the
sensitive period range of velocity
• Effect of damping would be higher in small damping value

by Dr. Ade Faisal
ELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM
It is idealized based on 3 period (Site-Specific)
ranges as aforementioned,
It is deterministic method. Steps:
FEMA Method
• Calculate response spectrum of
ground motions (GM) for a site
• Calculate the mean & standard
deviation () of all response for
each period. Calculate also
(mean +1)
• Draw straight line at max RSA &
RSV, mean, mean+1,
(perpendicular with its axis).
Connect the line to PGA, Tb, Tc,
Td.
• Connect the line to Ta & Te
12
by Dr. Ade Faisal
ELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM
(Site-Specific)
Newmark Hall Method

Newmark-Hall
It can be extended for various sites or region if large motion data available

by Dr. Ade Faisal
ELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM:
13
by Dr. Ade Faisal
ELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM:
NEHRP2000 / FEMA368
(deterministic method)
• Calculate spectrum from

a group of selected
ground motions
• Calculate its mean &
standard deviation ()
values for each period.
Then define mean +1+1 of
spectrums (PSA)
• Draw the smoothed Tn  T0 :
spectra (SA) as indicated
in Figure

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Numerical method as a tool to calculate

the response spectrum of damped SDOF
system under random vibration
2019
14
FCEE, Universiti
Program Malaysia
Studi Teknik PahangMuhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (UMSU)
Sipil, Universitas
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Response of SDOF System Under Random Vibration
p(t)
External force, p(t) is in form of random shape.
For this condition, we need numerical method to solve (approximate) the

equation of motion, such as Time-Stepping method.

by Dr. Ade Faisal
The followings are the methods that are developed

based on Time-Stepping Method:
- Interpolation of Excitation Function Method
- Central-Difference Method
- Newmark Method
15
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
This method is proposed by Prof. Nathan M. Newmark in 1959, based

on the following expressions:
The method is developed for 2 conditions system namely linear

system and nonlinear system
For linear system, it has 2 cases: Method of average acceleration &
linear acceleration

by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
Average acceleration method
16
FCEE, Universiti
Program Malaysia
Studi Teknik PahangMuhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (UMSU)
Sipil, Universitas
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
Linear acceleration method

by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
These 2 cases method are governed by 2 parameters ( and  ).
Average acceleration ( = ½;  = ¼),
Linear acceleration method ( = ½;  = 1/6)
The step of numerical method is as follow:
1) Calculate the initial condition:
Define t
17
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
2) Calculate for each time step i for condition:
3) Calculate the next condition for each time step of (i+1): by repeating
the step 2.1 to 2.5.

by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
Calculation with Newmark Method is

stable only if following this condition:
Average acceleration method is stable only by following:
It is
i meantt that
th t the
th calculation
l l ti stability
t bilit would
ld achieve
hi iin any titime step
t
t. However, the accuracy will achieve only if the time step t is very
small.
The calc. with linear acceleration

method will stable only if following:
18
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
Example:
SDOF system has the following
properties: mass m = 0,2533 Ton-
sec2/cm, stiffness k = 10 Ton/cm,
natural period Tn = 1 detik (n = 6,283
rad/detik), and damping ratio  = 0,05.
Calculate the response,
p , u(t),
( ), if the
force p(t) applied with half-cycle sine
pulse using analytical and linear detik
acceleration methods. Time step is t 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
0,1 s. Gaya p(t) pulsa
sinus 1/2 siklus
Sistem SDOF

by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
Example:
Solution
1) Calculate initial condition, where given:
19
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
2) Calculate for each time step i conditions:
3) Calculate for each time step i conditions using table.

Repeat step 2.1 to 2.5 as aforementioned.

by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
4) Calculation table for each time step i :
20
by Dr. Ade Faisal

Newmark Method
4) Continued:

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Response of SDOF System Under Ground Motion
Ground motion acceleration

due to earthquake, , can
be used to replaced external
force p(t) in previous random
vibration.
21
by Dr. Ade Faisal
Response of SDOF System Under Ground Motion
Therefore, response of SDOF

system under quake ground
motion can be solved by using
Time-Stepping Method (e.g.
Newmark Method) as discussed
previously. It is only changing the
groundd motion
ti acceleration
l ti iinto
t
the external force p(t):
 p(t) Earthquake ground motion

accelerations

by Dr. Ade Faisal
Thank you
Terima kasih
22

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Response

Presented in Global Classroom Program,

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Trifunac, M.D. (2006) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake

Trifunac, M.D. (2008) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake

Chopra, A.K. (2012) Dynamics of Structures (4th Ed.),

Definition of Response Spectrum

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Early Progress of Response Spectrum

Type of Response Spectrum in

1. Response Spectrum of Acceleration (pseudo)

(1) (2) (3)

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Type of Response Spectrum in

Ground Motion Records Its response spectrum

Type of Response Spectrum in

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Type of Response Spectrum in

It is based on Probabilistic Method, which is initially produced

The final spectrum line is developed considering the peak values

Type of Response Spectrum in

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Type of Response Spectrum in

Concept of Response Spectrum

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Concept of Response Spectrum

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

To calculate the response SDOF, u(t), from the equation above,

The steps to develop the response spectrum:

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

8 Calculate response spectrum acceleration :

9. Plot the result of step 7 and 8 versus Tn

System with very short period and

Percepatan Period, Tn (sec.)

RSA = Response spectrum acceleration

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

System with Very Long Period and

RSA = Response spectrum acceleration

System with Ta=0.035

System with Tb=0.125 <Tn< Tc=0.5:

System with Tn > Tc=0.5

Tn < Tc=0.5s is so-called

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

System with Tn< Tc=0.5

System with Tc=0.5 <Tn< Td=3.0:

Tc=0.5s <Tn<Td=3s is so-called

System with Tn< Td=3.0

System with Td=3.0 <Tn< Te=10:

Sistem dgn Tn> Te=10:

Td=3.0s <Tn<Te=10s is so-called

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Comparison of Near-Field Earthquake

• Sensitive period range for velocity due

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Newmark Hall Method

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

ELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM:

ELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM:

• Calculate spectrum from

Presented in the Global Classroom Program, April 2019,

Numerical method as a tool to calculate

by Dr. Ade Faisal