FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Institut Teknologi Pertama Institut Jati

 Kolej Universiti Linton IASM SOLUTIONS

CODE/SUBJECT MME 3253 FLUID MECHANICS 1

DATE

LECTURER Mohd Fairuz Abd Manab PAGE Of

Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a Steady and Unsteady 1
1 Laminar and turbulent 1
Compressible and uncompressible 1

b Flow that is not a function of time is called steady flow. Steady-state flow refers to the
condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not change over time. Time
dependent flow is known as unsteady (also called transient). Whether a particular flow is
steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of reference. For instance, laminar flow
over a sphere is steady in the frame of reference that is stationary with respect to the sphere. 4
In a frame of reference that is stationary with respect to a background flow, the flow is
unsteady.

In contrast, high Reynolds numbers (Re>>1) indicate that the inertial effects have more
c effect on the velocity field than the viscous (friction) effects. In high Reynolds number flows, 2
the flow is often modeled as an inviscid flow, an approximation in which viscosity is
completely neglected. Eliminating viscosity allows the Navier–Stokes equations to be
simplified into the Euler equations. The integration of the Euler equations along a streamline 2
in an inviscid flow yields Bernoulli's equation. When, in addition to being inviscid, the flow
is irrotational everywhere, Bernoulli's equation can completely describe the flow
everywhere. Such flows are called potential flows, because the velocity field may be
expressed as the gradient of a potential energy expression. 2

Most flows of interest have Reynolds numbers much too high for DNS to be a viable 1
option, given the state of computational power for the next few decades. Any flight vehicle
large enough to carry a human (L > 3 m), moving faster than 20 m/s (72 km/h) is well beyond 2
d the limit of DNS simulation (Re = 4 million). Transport aircraft wings (such as on an Airbus
A300 or Boeing 747) have Reynolds numbers of 40 million (based on the wing chord 2
dimension). Solving these real-life flow problems requires turbulence models for the
foreseeable future. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined
with turbulence modelling provides a model of the effects of the turbulent flow. Such a 2
modelling mainly provides the additional momentum transfer by the Reynolds stresses,
although the turbulence also enhances the heat and mass transfer.
Total 20
Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass
2 of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the 3
mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady
state, and in the absence of work and fluid flow, the energy within the control volume
remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.

All fluids are viscous, meaning that they exert some resistance to deformation: neighboring
b parcels of fluid moving at different velocities exert viscous forces on each other. The velocity
gradient is referred to as a strain rate; it has dimensions. Isaac Newton showed that for many
familiar fluids such as water and air, the stress due to these viscous forces is linearly related 2
to the strain rate. Such fluids are called Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of proportionality
is called the fluid's viscosity; for Newtonian fluids, it is a fluid property that is independent
of the strain rate.
2

c
2

2
d
2

Total 20
Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass
3 of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the 3
mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady
state, and in the absence of work and fluid flow, the energy within the control volume
remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.

All fluids are viscous, meaning that they exert some resistance to deformation: neighboring
b parcels of fluid moving at different velocities exert viscous forces on each other. The velocity
gradient is referred to as a strain rate; it has dimensions. Isaac Newton showed that for many
familiar fluids such as water and air, the stress due to these viscous forces is linearly related 2
to the strain rate. Such fluids are called Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of proportionality
is called the fluid's viscosity; for Newtonian fluids, it is a fluid property that is independent
of the strain rate.
2

c
2

2
d
2

Total 20
Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass
4 of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the 3
mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady
state, and in the absence of work and fluid flow, the energy within the control volume
remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.

All fluids are viscous, meaning that they exert some resistance to deformation: neighboring
b parcels of fluid moving at different velocities exert viscous forces on each other. The velocity
gradient is referred to as a strain rate; it has dimensions. Isaac Newton showed that for many
familiar fluids such as water and air, the stress due to these viscous forces is linearly related 2
to the strain rate. Such fluids are called Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of proportionality
is called the fluid's viscosity; for Newtonian fluids, it is a fluid property that is independent
of the strain rate.
2

c
2

2
d
2

Total 20
Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a Dams are built much thicker at the bottom because the pressure force increases with depth,
5 and the bottom part of dams are subjected to largest forces. Dam construction requires an 3
enormous amount of concrete, so tapering the dam in this way saves a lot of concrete, and
therefore a lot of money 2

The resultant hydrostatic force acting on a circular surface always passes through the center
of the circle since the pressure forces are normal to the surface, and all lines normal to the
b surface of a circle pass through the center of the circle. Thus, the pressure forces form a 2
concurrent force system at the center, which can be reduced to a single equivalent force at
that point. If the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant 2
hydrostatic force are known, the tangent of the angle the resultant hydrostatic force makes
with the horizontal is 1

2
1
1
2
1

1
2

Total 20
Question
No. SOLUTIONS Marks
Ques a Assumptions
6 1 Water is a nearly incompressible substance. 1
2 Flow through 1
the hose is steady. 1
3 There is no waste of water by splashing.

Analysis
b (a) Noting that 10 gal of water are discharged in 50 s, the volume 4
and mass flow rates of water are

c 2
1

2
1

1
2

Total 20