PRACTICAL -1

INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATION AND

HENCE SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS.

 1 3 2 
1. Find the inverse of a matrix A   3 3 1 by using elementary row operations and hence solve the
 2 1 0 
system of equations x  3y  2z  2,  3x  3y  z  0, 2x  y  3
1 3 2
Sol. A  3 3 1  1 0  1  3  0  2   2  3  6  ]
2 1 0
 1  6  6   1  0
1
 A is a non-singular matrix. Hence A exists.
By definition A.A 1  I
 1 3 2  1 0 0
 3 3 1 A 1   0 1 0 
   
 2 1 0   0 0 1 
By R 2  3R 1 , R 3  2R1
 1 3 2   1 0 0
 0 6 5  A 1   3 1 0 
   
 0 5 4  2 0 1 
By R 2  R 3
 1 3 2   1 0 0
 0  1 1  A 1   1 1 1 
   
 0 5 4   2 0 1 
By R1  3R 2 and R 3  5R 2
 1 0 1  2 3 3
 0 1 1  A 1   1 1 1 
   
 0 0 1   3 5 6 
By R1  R 3 and R 2  R 3
1 0 0 1 2 3
 0 1 0  A 1   2 4 5
   
 0 0 1   3 5 6 
By  1 R 2
1 0 0 1 2 3 
 0 1 0  A 1   2 4 5 
   
 0 0 1   3 5 6 
  1 2 3
 A   2 4 5 
1

 3 5 6
The given system of linear equations can be written in the matrix form as A.X  B , where
 1 3 2  x   2 
A   3 3 1 , X   y  , B   0 
   
 2 1 0   z   3 
Since A.X  B
 A 1  AX   A 1.B  X  A 1B
 x   1 2 3   2  2  0  9   7 
  y    2 4 5   0    4  0  15  11
 z   3 5 6   3   6  0  18 12 
On equating corresponding elements, we get
x  7, y  11, z  12

1 2 3
2. Find the inverse of a matrix A   1 1 5  by using elementary row operations and hence solve the
 2 4 7 
system of equations x  2y  3z  6 , x  y  5z  7, 2x  4y  7z  13
1 2 3
Sol. A  1 1 5  1 7  20   2  7  10   3  4  2 
2 4 7
 13  6  6  1  0
A is a non singular matrix. Hence A 1 exists
by definition of inverse A.A 1  I
1 2 3 1 0 0 
  1 1 5  A  0 1 0 
  1

 2 4 7  0 0 1 
By R 2  R1 , R 3  2R 1 we get
1 2 3  1 0 0
 0 1 2  A 1   1 1 0
   
 0 0 1   2 0 1 
By  1 R 2
1 2 3   1 0 0
 0 1 2  A 1   1 1 0
   
 0 0 1   2 0 1 
By R1  2R 2
1 0 7   1 2 0 
 0 1 2  A 1   1 1 0 
   
 0 0 1   2 0 1 
 By R1  7R 3 , R 2  2R 3
1 0 0  13 2 7 
 0 1 0  A 1   3 1 2 
   
 0 0 1   2 0 1 
 13 2 7 
 A   3 1 2 
1

 2 0 1 
The given system of linear equations can be written in the matrix form as A.X  B , where
1 2 3  x  6
A  1 1 5  , X   y  , B   7 
   
 2 4 7   z  13
Since A.X  B  A 1  AX   A 1B
 X  A 1B
 x   13 2 7   6   78  14  91  1
  y    3 1 2   7    18  7  26   1
 z   2 0 1  13  12  0  13  1
On equating corresponding elements, we get
x  1, y  1, z  1

3. The cost of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens and 2 dozen erasers is Rs.60. The cost of 2 dozen pencils, 4
dozen pens and 6 dozens erasers is Rs. 90. and the cost of 6 dozen pencils, 2 dozen pens and 3 dozen
erasers is Rs. 70. Find the cost of each item per dozen, using elementary row transformations on matrix,
use inversion method .
Sol. Let the cost of one dozen of pencils, one dozen of pens and one dozen of erasers by x, y, z rupees
respectively.
Linear equations in x, y, z are 4x  3y  2z  60.............................. 1
2x  4y  6z  90 i.e. x  2y  3z  45..................................... 2 
and 6x  2y  3z  70..........................................  3 
which can be written in matrix form as A.X  B
 4 3 2 x   60
where A  1 2 3 , X   y  , B   45
   
 6 2 3  z   70
4 3 2
A  1 2 3  4  6  6   3  3  18   2  2  12 
6 2 3
 0  45  20  25  0
A is a non-singular matrix. Hence A 1 exists.
By definition of inverse A.A 1  I
 4 3 2 1 0 0 
 1 2 3  .A 1  0 1 0 
   
 6 2 3  0 0 1 
By R 1  R 2
1 2 3 0 1 0 
 4 3 2  .A 1  1 0 0 
   
 6 2 3  0 0 1 
By R 2  4R 1 and R 3  6R 1
1 2 3  0 1 0
 0 5 10  .A 1   1 4 0 
   
 0 10 15  0 6 1 
 1  1
By    R 2 and    R 3 we get
 5  5
1 2 3  0 1 0 
 0 1 2  .A 1   1 5 4 5 0 
  
 0 2 3   0 6 5 1 5 
By R1  2R 2 and R 3  2R 2
 1 0 1  2 5 3 5 0 
 0 1 2  A 1    1 5 4 5 0 
  
 0 0 1  2 5 2 5 1 5
By  1 R 3
 1 0 1  2 5 3 5 0 
 0 1 2  A 1    1 5 4 5 0 
  
 0 0 1   2 5 2 5 1 5
By R1  R 3 and R 2  2R 3
1 0 0  0 1 5 1 5 
 0 1 0  A 1   3 5 0 2 5
  
 0 0 1   2 5 2 5 1 5 
 0 1 5 1 5   0 1 1 
1
 A 1   3 5 0 2 5   3 0 2 
5
 2 5 2 5 1 5   2 2 1 
Since A.X  B  X  A 1B
x  0 1 1   60 
1
 y    3 0 2   45
  5  
 z   2 2 1   70 
 0  45  70   25 5
1  1   
  180  0  140    40   8 
5 5
 120  90  70   40  8 
By definition of an equality of matrix
x  5, y  8, z  8