REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ECE 409

DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND LOGIC DESIGN

LABORATORY 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT

SUBMITTED BY:

LONTOK, MA. FATIMA JULIET B.

EE-4105

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. RENZ RANIEL V. SERRANO

INSTRUCTOR

SEPTEMBER 29, 2018

I. INTRODUCTION

A combinational logic circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any time are
determined directly from the present combination of inputs without regard to previous
inputs. In other words, the combinational logic circuits do not have the ability to memorize
their past. In a combinational circuit, some input signal changes propagate through the logic
gates and interconnections and produce output signal changes, while some input changes
may have no effect on outputs; furthermore, the same input patterns will always produce the
same outputs. No matter how complex a combinational logic circuit might possibly be, it
will always be comprised of basic logic gates such as NAND gates, NOR gates, inverters
and so on.

The logic function that a combinational logic circuit represents is usually

expressed using a Boolean function, or a set of Boolean functions. Quite often, the given
Boolean functions to be implemented in combinational logic circuits are not simplified
(minimized). In order to keep the number of the logic gates that implement the Boolean
functions minimum, these Boolean functions must be simplified before they are
implemented in discrete logic circuits.

This experiment aims to introduce the basic circuit wiring and troubleshooting.
The behavior of several basic logic gates will tested and in this lab we will also connect
several logic gates to create a simple circuits.

II. DATA AND RESULTS

 FOR EXPERIMENT 1:

Table 1.1
Inverter Logic Behavior

Y
A
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 1.892 V 1

1 2.001 V 0

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION:

If the output is High, the multimeter will read approximately 4.4 volts and if it is
Low, the multimeter will read about 0.15 volts. The first input is 0 and the desired output
is (1) which is HIGH. It is said that if you read a voltage between these 2 values, you
have likely wired your circuit incorrectly.

The principle of operation is that the circuit operates on just two voltage levels,
called logic 0 and logic 1. When either of these voltage levels is applied to the inputs, the
 output of the gate responds by assuming a 1 or a 0 level, depending on the particular logic
of the gate. The result is that combinational logic circuits have no feedback, and any
changes to the signals being applied to their inputs will immediately have an effect at the
output. In other words, the output is dependant at all times on the combination of its
inputs. So if one of its inputs condition changes state, from 0-1 or 1-0, so too will the
resulting output as by default combinational logic circuits have “no memory”, “timing”
or “feedback loops” within their design. The logic gates are combined in such a way that
the output state depends entirely on the input states.

 FOR EXPERIMENT 2:

Table 1.2

NAND
A B
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 0 1.6667 V 1

0 1 1.747 V 1

1 0 1.808 V 1

1 1 0.582 V 0

AND
A B
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 0 0.078 V 0

0 1 0.010 V 0

1 0 0.236 V 0

1 1 1.877 V 1

OR
A B
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 0 367.1 mV 0

0 1 333.4 mV 1

1 0 329 mV 1

1 1 325 mV 1
 NOR
A B
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 0 1.78 V 1

0 1 95.8 mV 0

1 0 102.5 mV 0

1 1 87.4 mV 0

XOR
A B
VOLTAGE LOGIC

0 0 0.1128 V 0

0 1 2.649 V 1

1 0 2.647 V 1

1 1 0.14 V 0

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION:

A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and
produces a single binary output. Because, in binary logic there are only two states, 1 and
0 or ‘on and off,’ NOT in the world of binary logic therefore means ‘the opposite of’. If
something is not 1 it must be 0, if it is not on, it must be off. So NAND (not AND) simply
means that a NAND gate performs the opposite function to an AND gate. The AND gate
implements the AND function, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in
order for the output to be a logic 1. With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to
logic 0. The OR gate is sort of the reverse of the AND gate. The OR function, like its
verbal counterpart, allows the output to be true (logic 1) if any one or more of its inputs
are true.

Using combinations of logic gates, complex operations can be performed. In

theory, there is no limit to the number of gates that can be arrayed together in a single
device. But in practice, there is a limit to the number of gates that can be packed into a
given physical space. Arrays of logic gates are found in digital integrated circuits (ICs).