Chemical

BONDING
Atoms
•Smallest quantity of an element that retains the
unique properties of that element.
Subatomic particles
•Protons
- positively-charged particles
•Neutrons
- neutral particles
(forms the nucleus of an atom with the proton)
•Electrons
- negatively-charged particles
Subatomic particles
•The number or protons and neutrons determine the
mass of the element. (Atomic Mass)
•The number of protons determine what element it is.
(Atomic Number)
•Electrons are the ones responsible for chemical
bonds.
Subatomic particles
•If there are subatomic particles, structures that are
smaller than atoms, why are they not considered
the smallest unit of elements?
Subatomic particles
•Because subatomic particles (esp. electrons) can
be transferred from one atom of an element to
another.
Chemical Bonds
•A weak or strong electrical attraction that holds
atoms in the same vicinity.
•Bonds occur to stabilize unstable atoms.
•Three types of bonds:
> covalent bonds
> ionic bonds
> hydrogen bonds
Covalent Bond
•Formed when atoms share electrons to form a new
compound. (usually between non-metals)
Covalent Bond
•Mechanism of formation:
•Imagine two atoms approaching each other. (1)
•As they get closer, the nucleus of each atom
attracts the electron of the other atom more and
more strongly. (2)
•When the two atoms interpenetrate each other,
repulsions between the two nuclei and the
electrons also begin to increase. (3)
Covalent Bond
•Mechanism of formation:
•But at an optimum distance between the nuclei,
where attraction and repulsion are equal, the two
atoms become stable and forms a covalent bond
between the valence electrons. (4)
Covalent Bond
•Two types:
> polar covalent bond
> non-polar covalent bond
Electronegativity
•An atom or molecule’s tendency to attract
electrons to form bonds.

•In the periodic table, electronegativity increases

from left to right, and decreases from top to
bottom.
Polarity
•Depending on the electronegativity of atoms in a
covalent bond, the shared electrons may reside
closer to the more electronegative atom thus
forming a dipole moment.
- asymmetrical positive and
negative charges.
Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent
•Occurs when one side of the covalent bond is
more electronegative than the other side, thus the
shared electrons are localized closer to that
element.
Covalent Bond
Non Polar Covalent
•Occurs when both sides of the covalent bond
have slightly more or less similar electronegativity
that the shared electrons are localized precisely in
the middle of the two atoms.
Polar & Nonpolar
•To determine whether a covalent bond is polar or
non-polar, the electronegativity difference (ΔEN)
will be calculated.
•If the (ΔEN) ranges from 0-0.4, the bond is
nonpolar covalent.
•If it values 0.5-1.7, polar covalent.
•If greater or equal to 1.8, the bond is ionic.
Polar & Nonpolar
•Try to determine whether the following compounds
are covalent (polar and non-polar) or ionic.

1. NO N=3.0, O=3.5 ΔEN=0.5 Polar covalent

2. MgO Mg=1.2, O=3.5 ΔEN=2.3 Ionic
3. Br2 Br=2.8 ΔEN=0 Non-polar cov.
4. LiH Li=1.0, H=2.1 ΔEN=1.1 Polar covalent
Ionic Bonds
•An ion is an atom which has lost or gained an
electron(s), thus having an electrical charge.
•Two types of ions:
•Anion is negatively-charged (gained electrons)
and is usually a non-metal.
•Cation is positively-charged (lost electrons) and is
usually a metal.
Ionic Bonds
•Is an ongoing, close association between ions of
opposite charges.
•Usually formed between metals and non-metals.
Monatomic ions
-a cation or anion derived from a single atom
of one element.
Binary ionic compound
-an ionic compound composed of two
elements.
Polyatomic ionic compounds
-an ionic compound composed of 3 or more
elements.
Predicting number of
electrons lost or gained
For a group of elements, we usually find metal
atoms lose electrons and non-metal atoms gain
electrons to form ions with the same number of
electrons as in the nearest noble gas.
Predicting number of
electrons lost or gained
Why the noble gas electron configuration?

Because noble gasses are inert, unreactive, thus

extremely stable due to their electronic configuration.
And ionic atoms form ionic compounds with the same
goal, to be stable.
Predicting number of
electrons lost or gained
METALS (Lose electrons)
elements in Group 1A and 1B loses 1 electron,
elements in Group 2A and 2B loses 2,
elements in Group 3A and 3B loses 3.
Predicting number of
electrons lost or gained
NON METALS (gains electrons)

elements in Group 7A, gains 1 one electron.

elements in Group 6A gains 2,
elements in Group 5A gains 3.
Predicting number of electrons lost or gained

Why is Group 4A excluded?

Because the carbon group with 4 valence electrons

tend to form covalent bonds.
Predicting number of electrons lost or gained

Why Group 8A are excluded?

Because they are noble gasses following the octet rule.

An atom with eight valence

electrons tends to be stable.
Predicting number of electrons lost or gained
Formula of ionic compounds
1. Arrange the atoms, metals first then nonmetals second.
2. Determine the charges of the monatomic atoms, write
as superscripts.
3. The charge of the metal becomes the subscript of
the nonmetal, VV.
*subscript 1 is understood, no need to indicate
*reduce the subscripts to the smallest whole number that
retain the ratio of atoms
Formula of ionic compounds
Name of ionic compounds
1. Cation (metal) name first. Then add ide to the root
word of the anion (non-metal).
Name of ionic compounds
2. When the compound is composed of two or more
of the same element, use the numerical prefixes.
Name of ionic compounds
3. The prefix mono can only be used when the anion
normally exist as a molecule.
Name of ionic compounds
Hydrogen Bonds
•Are formed when a weakly positive Hydrogen atom
already bonded to one electronegative atom is
attracted to another electronegative atom from
another molecule.
•In simpler terms, it always includes Hydrogen that is
already a part of a polar molecule.