What is a eukaryote?

What is a eukaryote?

An organism composed of one or more cells

containing visible evidence of nuclei and
organelles.
 How did eukaryotes evolve?

cellular symbiosis among prokaryotic cells

What is a symbiosis?
 What is a symbiosis?

When two dissimilar organisms live

together and form an intimate and life-
sustaining relationship that is mutually
beneficial.
What is a prokaryote?
 What is a prokaryote?

A cellular organism (such as bacterium or

blue-green alga) that does not have a distinct,
membrane-bound nucleus.
Since:
1) Apparently, the first cells to appear in the
fossil record (3.5 billion years ago) were
bacteria-like and prokaryotic
 1) Apparently, the first cells to appear in the
fossil record (3.5 billion years ago) were
bacteria-like and prokaryotic
AND:
2) Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a
nucleus,
 Scientists postulate or hypothesize
that:
The origin of complex eukaryotic cells was
most likely a type of symbiosis among
prokaryotic cells.
Scientists hypothesize that:

Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria evolved

into chloroplasts; which are the
descendants of the green algae lineage,
later giving rise to multicellular plants.
Protozoa are a diverse assemblage with
mixed characteristics:
a. They lack a cell wall, unlike plants

b. b. They have at least one motile stage in the life

cycle.

c. c. Most ingest their food.

1. Protozoa have intracellular specialization or
organization of organelles in cells
1. Protozoa have intracellular specialization or
organization of organelles in cells.
2. Cells may have distinct functions; some colonial
protozoa have separate somatic and
reproductive zooids.
1. Protozoa have intracellular specialization or
organization of organelles in cells.
2. Cells may have distinct functions; some colonial
protozoa have separate somatic and
reproductive zooids.
3. Asexual reproduction occurs by mitotic division.
1. Protozoa have intracellular specialization or
organization of organelles in cells.
2. Cells may have distinct functions; some
colonial protozoa have separate somatic
and reproductive zooids.
3. Asexual reproduction occurs by mitotic
division.
4. Some have true sexual reproduction with
zygote formation.
5. Responses to stimuli represent the
simplest reflexes and inborn behaviors
known.
5. Responses to stimuli represent the simplest
reflexes and inborn behaviors known.
6. Shelled protozoa have the simplest
exoskeletons
5. Responses to stimuli represent the simplest
reflexes and inborn behaviors known.
6. Shelled protozoa have the simplest
exoskeletons.
7. Basic enzymes systems support all types of
nutrition: autotrophic, saprozoic and
holozoic.
5. Responses to stimuli represent the simplest
reflexes and inborn behaviors known.
6. Shelled protozoa have the simplest
exoskeletons.
7. Basic enzymes systems support all types of
nutrition: autotrophic, saprozoic and
holozoic.
8. Many have develop
1. Over 64,000 species are named; half are fossils.
1. Over 64,000 species are named; half are fossils.
2. Although they are unicellular organisms,
protozoan cell organelles are highly
specialized.
1. Over 64,000 species are named; half are fossils.
2. Although they are unicellular organisms,
protozoan cell organelles are highly
specialized.
3. They are ecologically diverse, widely dispersed,
but many are limited to narrow environmental
ranges.
 General Features
5. About 10,000 are symbiotic in or on animals or
plants; some are human disease agents.
5. About 10,000 are symbiotic in or on animals or
plants; some are human disease agents.
6. Some are colonial with multicellular stages but
have noncolonial forms
5. About 10,000 are symbiotic in or on animals or
plants; some are human disease agents.
6. Some are colonial with multicellular stages but
have noncolonial forms.
7. Protozoa have only one non-reproductive cell
type and lack embryonic development; embryonic
development is one of the criteria for metazoa.
Exercise 0 KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Exercise1 Phylum Porifera
• Exercise2 Phylum Cnidaria
• Exercise3 Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Exercise4 Phylum Nematoda
• Exercise5 Phylum Mollusca
• Exercise 6 Phylum Annelida
• Exercise 7 Phylum Arthropoda
Exercise 8 Phylum Echinodermata
Exercise 9 Phylum Chordata
KINGDOM PROTISTA
1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.
1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.

2. Most are microscopic.

1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.

2. Most are microscopic.

3. All symmetries are present within members of the

group.
1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.

2. Most are microscopic.

3. All symmetries are present within members of the

group.

4. No germ layers are present.

1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.

2. Most are microscopic.

3. All symmetries are present within members of the

group.

4. No germ layers are present.

5. No organs or tissues are formed, but specialized

organelles serve many of these functions.
1. They are unicellular with some colonial and
multicellular stages.

2. Most are microscopic.

3. All symmetries are present within members of the

group.

4. No germ layers are present.

5. No organs or tissues are formed, but specialized

organelles serve many of these functions.

6. They include free-living, mutualistic, commensal and

parasitic forms.
7. They move by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and they
can direct cell movements.
 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1.Phylum Amoebozoa Amoeba proteus

2. Phylum Ciliophora Paramecium

3. Phylum Euglenozoa Euglena

4.Phylum Apicomplexa Plasmodium

SPOROZOA
Plasmodium and malaria