IMMUNOLOGY VACCINE

COVID 19

Dr.dr. Andani Eka Putra, MSc

Diagnostic and Research Center for Infectious Disease
Faculty Of Medicine Andalas University
 “Do what
you can,
with what
you have,
where you
are..”
Theodore Roosevelt
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Schematic representation of genome organization of SARS-CoV-2

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§ ACE 2 receptor
§ Conformational change of the
ACE 2 receptor and Viral Fusion
§ Uncoating and synthesis orf 1a/1b
(RdRp) as viral template for
replication
§ Protease synthesis
§ Structural proteins (S, E, M dan N)
§ Assembling

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 HISTORY OF VACCINES 1955: Polio
1886: 1926: vaccine 1967:
Typhoid Discovery of Mumps
1855: MA
vaccine aluminum vaccine 1995:
passes first
salt as Varicella
US law 1891: 1969:
adjuvant zoster
mandating Glycerin used Rubella
1798: vaccination 1935: vaccine vaccine
to reduce 1926/1927 2006: HPV
Smallpox for germs in Pertussis & Yellow fever 1970: 1977: & shingles
vaccine schoolkids vaccines Tb vaccines vaccine Anthrax Pneumonia vaccines
vaccine vaccine

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2021

1813: 1896: 1923: 1936: 1963: 1999: 2021:

Congress Cholera Diphtheria Influenza Measles Rotovirus Covid
creates vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine 1974: vaccine Vaccine
National 1924: Tetanus Meningitis
Vaccine 1885: vaccine vaccine
Agency Rabies 1981/1986:
vaccine Hep B &
Hep A
vaccines

*Note that this timeline is abbreviated to give an overview of vaccine development and the recent explosion of discovery
VACCINE
EFFECTIVENESS

Graphic created by Leon Farrant

based on CDC data
Vaccination vs Immunisation
Aim of an ideal vaccine
§ To produce the same immune protection which
usually follows natural infection but without
causing disease
§ To generate long-lasting immunity
§ To interrupt spread of infection

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How vaccines work
§ Induce active immunity
Immunity and immunologic memory
similar to natural infection but
without risk of disease

§ Immunological memory allows Rapid recognition

and response to infection Prevents or modifies
effects of disease

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Types of Immunity

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Immune Response

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Immune response to an ideal vaccine:
ü Vaccine is taken up by antigen-presenting cells
ü Activates both T and B cells to give memory cells
ü Generates Th and Tc cells to the antigens
ü Antigen persists to continue to recruit B memory
cells and produce high affinity antibody

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Memory cell

• After the body has eliminated the infection some of

the B and T cells are converted into memory cells
• These can quickly divide into the specialised B and T
cells if re-exposure to the infection occurs
• The immune system’s capacity to have a memory of
previous encounters with an infection is the basis for
vaccination.

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Memory cell

Omilusik & Galdrath, 2017. Nature 552, 337-339 Dorner & Radbruch, 2007. j.immun. DOI 10.1016

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Mechanism of action for types of vaccines
Mechanism of action for types of vaccines (2)
Time intervals between vaccine doses

Allows each immune response to develop – e.g. primary

immunisation (1 month)
This allows the next response to be a true secondary
response– i.e. faster and bigger and with higher affinity IgG

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Induction of
antibodies by
infection and
vaccination

Spesisser & Bachmann, 2020. Vaccines. 8, 404

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Glycosylated and Methylate - RBD
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