UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Vaccines - definition, History of vaccine development

• Requirements for immunity, Basics of immunization- Epitopes,
linear and conformational epitopes, characterisation and location
of APC, MHC and immunogenicity
• Immunization programs and role of WHO in immunization
programs
VACCINES
ASHRA SINDHIKKAA M
 WHAT IS A VACCINE?
• Biological preparation - Living organisms/its
components
• Triggers immunity to a specific disease
• Immune system – Identify foreign agent &
destroy it
• Memory cells – Act fast later encounters
• Oral, nasal or injection
 VACCINES & ITS COMPONENTS
• Prophylactic - Against or prevent disease
• Therapeutic - Treat disease
• Components:
Antigens
Excipients [fluids (Water/Saline), additives
or preservatives and adjuvants]
VACCINES & ITS COMPONENTS
 ADJUVANTS

• Boost the immune response

• Aluminium salt
• Potassium aluminium sulfate - better
antibody responses
TYPES OF VACCINES
TYPES OF VACCINES
 EDWARD JENNER, FOUNDER OF
VACCINOLOGY
• 1764 - Surgeon Edward Jenner
• Dairy workers - Never have often-fatal/disfiguring disease smallpox
• They had cowpox
• Very mild effect - Humans
 EDWARD JENNER, FOUNDER OF
VACCINOLOGY
• 1796, Jenner - Pus from the hand of a
milkmaid with cowpox
• Scratched - Arm of an 8-year-old boy
• Nine days - Boy with cowpox - Did not
catch smallpox
• Jenner - 1798 - Safe in children and
adults
 LOUIS PASTEUR
• Second generation vaccines -1880s by Louis Pasteur
• Developed vaccines - Chicken cholera & anthrax
• Chicken cholera causative organism - Pasteurella
multocida
• In 1879, Pasteur - Discovered by chance - Bacterium
gradually lost their virulence over time
 LOUIS PASTEUR
• Before leaving to holiday - Pasteur instructed an assistant
• Inject latest batch of chickens - Fresh cultures of P. multocida.
• Assistant - Forgot
• One month old culture - Inoculated chickens
(stoppered only with a cotton-wool plug)
• Inoculated chickens - Mild symptoms but recovered fully
 LOUIS PASTEUR
• Whole organism vaccines
• 1879 - Cholera chicken, attenuation
• 1881 - Anthrax vaccine development
• 1885 - Attenuated rabies vaccine
 TOXOID VACCINES
• 1890 - Emil von Behring, and Shibasaburo Kitasato
• Inactivated toxin (formalin treatment) - Induce antibody
production
• Toxoids vaccine - Tetanus and diphtheria
 BCG VACCINE - BACILLUS CALMETTE-
GUERIN
• 1905-1918 - Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin
• Tuberculosis
• Tubercle bacillus - Sub cultured 230 times
• On slices of potato soaked in bile and glycerol
• 13-years - Irreversibly attenuated
• 1921 – First administration in human
 TIMELINE FOR VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT
• 1924 – Tetanus toxoid
• 1945 – Bivalent whole inactivated vaccine of
influenza A and influenza B
• 1947 – 1st combination vaccine of diphtheria and
tetanus toxoid
• 1949 – DTP
• 1955 – Killed vaccine for Polio virus
 TIMELINE FOR VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT
• 1977 – Small pox eradication
• 1979 – 1st Recombinant vaccine for HBV,
Recombivax HB
• 1985 - Protein–polysaccharide vaccines for
Hib
• 1990 - Recombinant vaccine based on the
HIV-1 gp120 antigen plus alum adjuvant
 TIMELINE FOR VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT
• 1991 – Therapeutic vaccine for HIV
associated disease
• 2000 – Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunization
• 2000 – Reverse vaccinology
• 2017 – Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness
Innovations
 TIMELINE FOR VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT
• 2017 – Dengvaxia, a Dengue virus vaccine
• 2019 - Recombinant Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV
COVID - 19
COVID - 19
SUMMARY