PLANT DISEASES

VIRAL DISEASE

DISEASE AGENT HOST

•Tobacco Mosaic •Tobacco Mosaic Virus •Tobacco,
•Potato leaf roll •Solenum Virus - 14 •Potato
•Leaf curl •Nicotiana Virus •Papaya.
BACTERIAL DISEASE
Disease Agent Host
• Tundu Disease • Corynebacterium • Wheat
• Citrus canker • Xanthomonas citri • Citrus sps.
• Paddy blight • Xanthomonas Oryzae • Rice
• Crown gall • Agrobacterium tumefaciens • Almond
• Ring spot of • Cornybacterium repidonicuss • Potato
Potato
FUNGAL DISEASE
DISEASE AGENT HOST
• Black Rust • Puccinia graminis tritici • wheat
• Brown Rust • P. Recondita • wheat
• Yellow Rust • P. Striformis • wheat
• Coffee Rust • Hemileia vastatrix • Coffee
• Will of Cotton • Fusarium oxisporum • Cotton
• Early blight of Potato • Alternaria solani • Potato
• Late Blight of Potato • Phytopthora infestens • Potato
• Tikka disease of groundnut • Cercospora personata • Groundnut
• Red rot of sugarcane • Colletotrichum falcatum • Sugarcane
• Ergot of Rye • Claviceps purpurea • Rye
 DISEASE AGENT HOST
• Foot rot of Paddy • Fusarium moniliforme • Rice
• Downy mildew of crucifer • Peronospora parasitica • Cauliflower, mustard
• Downy mildew of grape • Plasmophora viticola • Grapes
• White rust of crucifers • Albugo candida • Raddish, Turnip
• Powdery mildew of wheat • Erysyphae graminis • Wheat
• Loose smut of wheat • Ustilago tritici • Wheat
• Karnal bunt • Telletia • Wheat
• Bunt of Rice • T. barcalayanum • Wheat
• Loose smut of Barley • Ustilago nuda • Barley
• Covered smut of barley • U. Hordei • Barley
MYCOPLASMAL DISEASES
DISEASE AGENT HOST
• Little leaf • Mycoplasma • Brinjal
• Potato witches broom • Mycoplasma • Potato
NEMATODAL DISEASES
DISEASE AGENT HOST
• Molya disease • Heterodera avenae • Wheat, Barley
• Ear Cockle • Anguina tritici • Wheat
IMPORTANT FAMINE OF WORLD
• Irish famine • due to Phytopthora infestense a
(1845-46) fungus causal organism of late
• Bengal famine blight of potato.
(1943-46) • due to Helmintnosporium oryzae a
• Sri Lanka fungus causal organism of leaf
Famine spot of Rice
• Hemellia sp. - Causal organism of
coffee rust
Human Diseases
 VACCINE:
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a
particular infectious disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe,
its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
• The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a
threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms
associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
• The administration of vaccines is called vaccination.
• Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;
widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide
eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles,
and tetanus from much of the world.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are
currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections.
Type of vaccine
• Live attenuated vaccines It contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause
disease. Eg.,Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine) Varicella (chickenpox) Influenza (nasal spray)

• Inactivated vaccines The virus is first killed with chemicals, heat, or radiation and then used to make the vaccine.
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t require refrigeration, and they can be easily stored and transported in a freeze-dried
form. Hepatitis A, Influenza, polio, rabies

• Sub-unit vaccine A piece of the virus that is important for immunity, like the spike protein of COVID-19, is used to make
the vaccine. Hepatitis B Human papillomavirus vaccines

• Toxoid vaccines It contain a toxin or chemical made by the bacteria or virus. They make a person immune to the harmful
effects of the infection, instead of to the infection itself. Diphtheria and tetanus

• Polysaccharide Vaccines Polysaccharide vaccines are a unique type of inactivated subunit vaccine composed of long
chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria. Pneumococcal disease, meningococcal
disease, and Salmonella Typhi
• DNA vaccine The gene that codes for the COVID-19 spike protein is inserted into a small, circular piece of DNA,
called a plasmid. The plasmids are then injected as the vaccine.

• m-RNA vaccine The vaccine contains messenger RNA, called mRNA. mRNA is processed in cells to make proteins.
Once the proteins are produced, the immune system will make a response against them to create immunity. In
this case, the protein produced is the COVID-19 spike protein.
 Mission Indradhanush:
• To give maximum protection to the children against Vaccine Preventable Diseases
(VPDs). The government has launched ‘Mission Indradhanush’ in December 2014
to fully immunize children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated
under UIP.
• The mission was launched in 2014 and targets children under 2 years of age and
pregnant women for immunization.
• Mission Indradhanush provides vaccination against 7 diseases diphtheria,
whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B.
• In addition, vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenza
type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.
• Mission Indradhanush aims to increase full immunization coverage in India to at
least 90% children by December 2018.
• Earlier the increase in full immunization coverage was 1% per year which has
increased to 6.7% per year through the first two phases of ‘Mission
Indradhanush’.
 Intensified Mission Indradhanush:

• The Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) has been launched by government of

India in 2017 to reach each and every child under two years of age and all those
pregnant women who have been left uncovered under the routine immunization
programme.

• The target under IMI is to increase the full immunization coverage to 90% by
December 2018.

• Under Intensified Mission Indradhanush, greater focus was given on urban areas
which was one of the gaps of Mission Indradhanush.

• These areas have been selected through data available under national surveys,
Health Management Information System data and World Health Organization
concurrent monitoring data.
 Mission Indradhanush 2.0:
• The government’s flagship scheme is aimed at immunizing children under the age of 2
years and pregnant women.
• The Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0 has been launched to focus on 272 districts of
27 states and 652 blocks of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar among hard-to-reach and tribal
populations.
• The program aims to escalate efforts to achieve the goal of attaining 90% national
immunization coverage across India.
• The Intensified Mission Indradhanush immunization drive will consist of four rounds of
immunization. The program will be completed by March 2020.

• Focus on urban, underserved population and tribal areas

 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD):
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) can be defined as a diverse group of communicable diseases that
prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions. These diseases affect more than one billion people and
cost developing economies of the respective countries billions of dollars every year. Populations living in
poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals
and livestock are the worst affected.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that looks into
matters regarding public health. According to the WHO, some of the major NTDs can be listed as
follows:

Some Examples of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) according to WHO

Buruli Ulcers , Chagas Disease, Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) , Treponematoses (Yaws),Dengue &
Chikungunya, Rabies, Endemic Sleeping Sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis)
Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Soil-Transmitted HelminthiasisTaeniasis or Cysticercosis, Guinea
Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
 India & Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD)
According to the World Health Organization report of 2017, India was able to eliminate Leprosy
in 82% of the cities and districts.

• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare also mentioned that India has eradicated
Infectious Trachoma along with the chronic disease Yaws from the country.
• The most common NTDs in India are Lymphatic Filariasis, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Rabies,
Leptospirosis, Dengue and Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections (STH).
• NTDs are commonly seen to affect people living in poverty and hence, many people in India
are afflicted by these diseases every year.
• As per WHO data, India ranks number 1 in the number of cases for many major NTDs in the
world.
 Government’s Initiatives towards Neglected Tropical Diseases
• National Rabies Control Programme:.

• National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): It is a comprehensive

programme for the prevention and control of vector borne diseases namely Malaria, Filaria, Kala-azar,
Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Dengue and Chikungunya.

• National Leprosy Eradication Programme: The programme was launched with the goal of
elimination of leprosy as a public health problem. In 2005, it was officially declared eliminated as a
public health concern in India. This was when the new cases fell to less than 1 per 10,000. Yet, India
accounts for the largest number of leprosy-affected people in the World Neglected Tropical Diseases

• The National Health Policy: Established in 2017, it sets an ambition to stimulate innovation to
meet the health needs and ensure that new drugs are affordable for those who need them most; but it
does not specifically tackle neglected diseases.

• The National Policy on Treatment of Rare Diseases: Mostly focuses on identifying and
researching treatments for rare diseases and infectious tropical diseases.
 National Health Policy 2017
Major features of the policy that aims to transform healthcare in India:

• The policy aims for attainment of highest possible level of health and well-being for every citizen
through a preventive and promotive healthcare orientation.
• It seeks to provide and deliver healthcare services, particularly to underprivileged and socially
vulnerable groups of people in the country.
• Under the policy, every family will have a health card for access to primary care facility as well as
to defined package of services nationwide.
• Health and hygiene to become part of school curriculum – Yoga would be introduced much more
widely in schools and work places as part of promotion of good health.
• The policy envisages a three dimensional integration of AYUSH systems by promoting cross
referrals, co-location and integrative practices across systems of medicines.
• The policy also seeks to address health security and promotes Make in India for drugs and devices.
• It seeks to establish a Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) in all states.
• It also proposes rising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP in a time bound manner.
 Targets set under the NHP 2017
• Increasing life expectancy to 70 years from 67.5
• Reduce fertility rate to 2.1 (Replacement levels) by 2025.
• Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019.
• Reduce Under Five Mortality to 23 by 2025.
• Reducing premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory
diseases by 25% by 2025
• The policy seeks to achieve ’90:90:90′ global target by 2020 – implying that 90% of all people living
with HIV know their HIV status, 90% of those diagnosed with HIV infection receive sustained
antiretroviral therapy and 90% of those receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression.
• Reducing the prevalence of blindness to 0.25 per 1000 persons by 2025 and
• The disease burden to be reduced by one third from the current levels.
• Elimination of leprosy by 2018, kala-azar by 2017 and lymphatic filariasis in endemic pockets by
2017.
 Ayush Wellness Centres under National Ayush Mission

Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the inclusion of AYUSH Health and
Wellness Centres (AYUSH HWCs) in the National AYUSH Mission (NAM).

AYUSH HWC is a component of the Ayushman Bharat.

• The National Health Policy 2017 advocated for mainstreaming the potential of
AYUSH systems (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-rigpa
and Homoeopathy) within a pluralistic system of integrative healthcare.
• In 2018, the Government of India decided that 1.5 lakh health & wellness Centres
would be created by transforming existing sub-health centres and primary health
centres to deliver comprehensive primary health care.
• So, it was decided that the Ministry of AYUSH would operationalize 10% of the
total sub-health centres as HWCs under Ayushman Bharat.
 Benefits:
• Enhanced accessibility to achieve universal health coverage for affordable
treatment.
• Reduced burden on secondary and tertiary health care facilities.
• Reduced out of pocket expenditure due to self-care model.
• Integration of AYUSH in implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)
3 (Good Health and Well-being), as mandated by the NITI Aayog.
• Validated holistic wellness model in target areas.
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
DIPTHERIA
MODE OF
TRANSMISSI0N
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
AND
RESPONSIBLE DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD

Bacteria infect
Sore throat, fever, vomiting,
Irregular rod respiratory tract by
formation of a grey
(Corynebacterium carrier, direct
membranous deposit in the
diptheriae) contact, droplet and
throat, difficult breathing.
food; 1-7 days
PNEUMONIA
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Bacteria
transmitted to Chills, pain in the chest,
Diplococcus respiratory tract, rusty sputum, rapid
pneumonia including the lungs breathing, abdominal
by droplet pain, jaundice
infection;
PLAGUE OR BUBONIC PLAGUE
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Sudden onset, high fever,

Rat flea spreads vomiting, hot dry skin,
Yersinia pestis disease from rat to thirst, black spots on skin,
man; 2-10 days lymph nodes in groin
swollen
TETANUS OR LOCKJAW
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Bacteria in soil,
Clostridium Spasms of muscles and
enter through
tetani convulsions, lockjaw
wound; 2-40 days
TYPHOID OR ENTERIC FEVER
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Flies, food, faeces, Fever, nausea, vomiting,

Salmonella typhi water and carriers; sever e abdominal pain,
10-14 days chills and diarrhoea
CHOLERA
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Acute severe diarrhoea

Flies, food, stools, with stools, vomiting,
Vibrio cholera water and carriers, rapid dehydration,
1-2 days muscular cramps and
stoppage of urine (anuria)
BACILLARY DYSENTERY
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Fever, nausea,
Flies, food, faeces vomiting, severe
Shigella water and carriers; abdominal pain, and
1-4 days blood in the stools and
diarrhoea.
GONORRHOEA (CLAP)
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Redness, swelling, pus

Neisseria Sexual intercourse; discharge through urethra,
gonorrhoea 2-6 days frequent and burning
urination
SYPHILLIS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

A hard, painless sore or

chancre (ulcer) on the
Direct contact,
genitalia, variable types
chiefly sexual
Treponema pallidum of skin eruption s, an d
intercourse; 10-90
serious tissue
days
destruction in any part of
the body.
LEPROSY
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Ulcers, nodules,
Long and close
Mycobacterium deformities of fingers and
contact with
leprae toes, and wasting of body
infected persons
parts.
BOTULISM
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Severe gastrointestinal
Organism produces upset, vomiting and
Clostridium
poison in food; 18- diarrhoea fatigue
botulinum
66 hours disturbance of vision,
paralysis.
JAUNDICE
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

through infected Yellowness of body, eye

Leptospira
food & urine
TUBERCULOSIS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Bacteria
transmitted to Symptoms vary with the
lungs, bones and organ affected, cough,
Mycobacterium other organs by fever in the evening,
tuberculosis direct contact, fatigue, loss of weight, X-
droplet infection, ray pictures show
food and milk, infection in the lungs
variable
DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS
MALARIA
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
HABITAT AND
RESPONSIBLE DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD

shivering and rising

resides inside Transmitted to man
temperature to its
RBCs, and by bite of an
Plasmodium maximum, severe
carried by blood infected female
headache, pain in back and
to all organs anopheles mosquito
joints, vomiting
AMOEBIC DYSENTERY OR AMOEBIASIS
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS
HABITAT AND
RESPONSIBLE OF DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD

Transmitted from Acute dysentery with

man to man through blood and mucous in
Entamoeba ingestion of cysts in stools, and severe
Large
drinking water, abdominal pain.
histolytica intestine
vegetables and food
contaminated with
faeces
SLEEPING SICKNESS (TRYPANOSOMIASIS)
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS
HABITAT AND
RESPONSIBLE OF DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD
Fever, severe headache,
enlargement of glands at
Reaches
back of neck, rash on the
lymph nodes
Transmitted by bite back and chest, joint
Trypanosoma via lymphatic
of tsetse fly pains, swelling of eyelids,
blood and
ankles and hands,
infects brain
trembling, loss of
appetite,
KALA-AZAR OR BLACK SICKNESS
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS
HABITAT AND
RESPONSIBLE OF DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD

Leishmania Enlargement of spleen,

endothelial by bite of Sand fly
donovani liver, fever, jaundice,
Cells
DISEASES CAUSED BY WORM
TAENIASIS

MODE OF
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
TRANSMISSION AND
RESPONSIBLE DISEASE
INCUBATION PERIOD

Part of the life cycle in

Abdominal discomfort chronic
Taenia solium, small pig, man gets infected
indigestion, anaemia
intestine (jejunum) on eating pork,
diarrhoea alternating with
of man infected stage being
constipation.
mature cyst in pork
ASCARIASIS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN
TRANSMISSION AND MAIN SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE
RESPONSIBLE
INCUBATION PERIOD
Transmission from
person to person, ripe
Larvae in lung cause pneumonia. May give rise to
Ascaris lumbricoides eggs passed out in
typhoid-like fever, causes protein and Vitamin A
small intestine faeces, infection
deficiencies resulting in protein-calorie
(jejunum) of man affected by swallowing
malnutrition
ripe Ascaris eggs with
raw vegetables.
FILARIASIS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN
TRANSMISSION AND MAIN SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE
RESPONSIBLE
INCUBATION PERIOD
Part of the life-cycle in
mosquito in which larvae
develop and become
Wuchereria bacrofti infective to man, with Elephantiasis i.e., enormous enlargement or certain
lymphatic vessels and mosquito bite larvae parts such as that of leg, scrotum, penis, labia,
lymph nodes deposited on skin which clitoris, breast, forearm.
enter through puncture
wound and reach
lymphatic channels
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
SMALLPOX
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGEN MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
AND
RESPONSIBLE DISEASE
INCUBATION
PERIOD

Onset sudden or
Direct contact gradual, High fever,
(droplets); headache, backache skin
Variola virus indirect by rash on third day, passes
infected article; through stages of macules
12 days (bright red spots),
papules,
Monkey pox:

• Several cases of monkeypox have been reported from the United Kingdom by health agencies.
• As per the WHO the cases are found close to tropical rainforests where there are animals that carry the virus.

Outbreaks:
• The first case of monkeypox was reported in 1958 in monkeys and in humans in 1970 in the western Africa.
• Nigeria witnessed the biggest outbreak of the disease in 2017.
• Thereafter, the disease has been reported in many countries including the USA, Singapore, UK.

About:
• Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease that occurs primarily in tropical rainforest areas of Central and West Africa and is
occasionally exported to other regions.
• Monkeypox is caused by monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae.
• The clinical presentation of monkeypox resembles that of smallpox, a related orthopoxvirus infection which was declared
eradicated worldwide in 1980.

Symptoms:
Fever, Rash and swollen lymph nodes, Headaches and nausea

How is it different from smallpox:

The main difference between symptoms of smallpox and monkeypox is that the latter causes lymph nodes to swell
(lymphadenopathy) while smallpox does not.
Transmission:
• Monkeypox virus is mostly transmitted to people from wild animals such as rodents and primates, but human-to-
human transmission also occurs.
• Monkeypox virus is transmitted from one person to another by contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory droplets
and contaminated materials such as bedding.

Treatment and Vaccine:

• There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for Monkeypox infection. In the past, the anti-smallpox vaccine
was shown to be 85% effective in preventing Monkeypox.

• But the world was declared free of smallpox in 1980 so the vaccine isn’t widely available anymore.

• Currently, there is no global system in place to manage the spread of Monkeypox, with each country struggling to
contain any outbreak whenever it occurs.

Way Forward:
• Improved surveillance and response, raise awareness of the disease and avoid contact with wild animals, especially
monkeys.
• Any animals that might have come into contact with an infected animal should be quarantined, handled with standard
precautions and observed for monkeypox symptoms for 30 days.
CHICKENPOX
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Fever, cold, skin eruption

Direct contact
starts as red spots,
(droplets); indirect
vesicles and crusts.
Varicella virus by infected
Scab; forma- formation
objects 12-16
in 36 hours which fall off
days
within 5 to 20 days.
COMMON COLD
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Headache, cough, nasal

Rhinovirus Contact; 2-5 days
discharge, mild fever
MEASLES (RUBELLA)
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

First stage marked by

running nose, sneezing,
Direct contact, fever, headache,
virus transmitted backache and chills.
through air by Second stage starts 2-3
Measles Virus days later with
droplets during
(Paramyxovirus) talking, coughing inflammation of mucous
and sneezing; membrane of upper
respiratory tract,
10-14 days constant flow of mucus
and a red blotchy skin
rash
MUMPS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

First stage marked by

high fever, headache,
Direct contact;
backache, reddened
virus in saliva and
taste buds, either excess
Mumps virus secretion of nose
of saliva or mouth and
(Paramyxo virus) invades salivary
throat very dry. In
glands; 12-21
second stage swelling of
days
salivary glands about ear
and jaws for 7-10 days.
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

headache, vomiting,
Contact, high fever, sore throat
houseflies, fleas, and loose bowels,
Enterovirus
food and water; 7- weakness, stiffness of
14 days neck and back, paralysis,
coma
RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA)
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Headache, nausea,
vomiting, fever,
insomnia, hoarse voice,
Bite of a mad
Rabies virus sight of water sends
(rabid) dog; 2-16
(rhbdovirus) throat muscles into
weeks or longer
painful spasms (fear of
water), convulsions,
paralysis, death.
DENGUE FEVER OR BREAKBONE FEVER
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Fever, headache, pain in

joints, back muscles and
Mosquito (Aedes)
Dengue virus eye-balls, skin rash for a
bite; 4-8 days
few days, prolonged
convalescence.
INFLUENZA
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Through
Orthromixo respiratory track Fever, muscle pain, dry
virus of infected person cough, chills.
to other
 EBOLA:
• EVD in humans is caused by four of five viruses of the genus Ebolavirus.
• Bundibugyo virus (BDBV),
• Sudan virus (SUDV),
• Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
• Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly Zaire Ebola virus),
• Reston virus (RESTV), is not thought to cause disease in humans, Vaccines
VACCINE
rVSV-ZEBOV, was approved in the United States in December 2019.
COVID-19:
About CORONA Variant
COVID BEEP-India’s first Physiological Parameters Monitoring System

• Country’s first cost effective indigenously made wireless physiological parameters monitoring system for the patients who
are suffering from COVID-19.
• developed by the ESIC Medical College Hyderabad in association with the Department of Atomic Energy and Electronics
Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL).
• COVID BEEP which stands for ‘Continuous Oxygenation & Vital Information Detection Biomed ECIL ESIC Pod’

• COVID BEEP’s latest version has

 NIBP monitoring; Aged people who are affected have the highest COVID-19 death rates and hence, NIBP monitoring is
necessary.
 ECG monitoring; The drugs which are being used such as prophylaxis or Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin etc have
effects on the patient’s heart and hence, it is important for the ECG monitoring.
 The Respiratory Rate; COVID BEEP calculates the respiratory rate by the Bio Impedance method.

COVID BEEP will help in reducing of transmission and will help in saving resources like PPE kits, etc.
‘Feluda’ test for Covid-19 approved by India:-
Feluda is the acronym for FNCAS9 Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay.

It is an accurate and low-cost paper-based test strip to detect Covid-19 in less than 30 minutes.
It was approved recently for commercial launch by the Drugs Controller General of India.
Developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Tata Group.
How it works?

It uses indigenously developed CRISPR gene-editing technology to identify and target the genetic
material of SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes Covid-19.

Significance:

According to CSIR, the test matches accuracy levels of RT-PCR tests.

It has a quicker turnaround time and requires less expensive equipment.
‘Feluda’ is also the world’s first diagnostic test to deploy a specially adapted Cas9 protein to
successfully detect the virus.
HGCO19:
• India’s first mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine

• The Drugs Controller General of India (DGCI) gave nod for

Phase-2 and Phase-3 trails of India’s first mRNA-based
COVID-19 vaccine,HGCO19,
• is being developed by a Pune-based biotechnology company,
Genova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd.
ZyCoV-D vaccine:
• DCGI approves this vaccine for Emergency Use Authorization

• ZyCoV-D vaccine is the world’s first and India’s indigenously developed DNA-based vaccine for COVID-
19.

• It will be administered to humans including children and adults aged 12 years and more.

• Zydus Cadila developed this vaccine in partnership with the Department of Biotechnology under
Mission COVID Suraksha.

• It will be implemented by Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).

2DG- DRDO’s Anti-Covid Drug:

 It was developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS-a

laboratory operating under DRDO) in collaboration with Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories.

• The drug ensures faster recovery of hospitalized patients and will reduce supplemental
oxygen dependence during clinical trials.
• It accumulates in infected cells and stops viral synthesis.

• The DGCI has granted permission for emergency use of the drug in moderate to severe
COVID-19 patients.

• 2-DG is a generic molecule and thus can be easily produced and made available in plenty
in the country.
REGEN-COV2- Monoclonal antibodies

• REGEN-COV2 is a cocktail of two monoclonal antibodies that targets SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Monoclonal antibodies bind to specific parts of spike protein and block its ability to infect healthy cells.

Monoclonal Antibodies:
• artificial antibodies that perform the activity of our immune systems,

• are produced by extracting specific antibodies from human blood and then cloning them.,

• are designed to target a virus or specific part of one the virus. For example.

Uses:
• to treat cancers, Ebola and HIV, besides covid-19

Limitation
Monoclonal therapies have shown results in high-risk groups with mild to moderate Covid-19 infections.
However, they are not approved for use in severe Covid-19 cases that require oxygen. Further, emerging
variants like Delta Plus have also displayed ability to nullify the use of monoclonal antibodies.
Q. The term ‘ACE2” is talked about in the context of (2021)
(a) genes introduced in the genetically modified plants
(b) development of India’s own satellite navigation system
(c) radio collars for wildlife tracking
(d) spread of viral diseases
ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
MODE OF
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION MAIN SYMPTOMS OF
RESPONSIBLE AND INCUBATION DISEASE
PERIOD

Via blood and

sperm among
Loss of body weight,
homosexuals,
Human T-cell fever of unknown
heterosexuals,
Leukaemia virus origin, pneumonia, brain
intravenous
(HTLV- III); tumours, haemorrhage,
drug-users,
also called LAV unremitting diarrhoea,
haemophiliacs
(retrovirus) swelling of lymph
promiscuous
glands, mouth ulcers.
individuals and
prostitutes
1. ELISA TEST:- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and
measures antibodies in your blood.

An ELISA test may be used to diagnose:

HIV,
rotavirus
syphilis
toxoplasmosis
Zika virus

2. Western blotting test – Viral antigen confirmation

 HEPATITIS
• Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
• Yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite,
vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Chronic hepatitis may progress to
scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.

TYPES:
• Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water.

• Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby
during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood.

• Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle
sharing by intravenous drug users.

• Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.

 Ravidasvir:
• The drug ravidasvir has been approved for use along with an existing drug named
sofosbuvir, in Malasiya.

• According to the World Health Organization, around 71 million people globally are thought
to be living with Hepatitis C which is a blood-borne virus that is one of the leading causes
of liver cancer and can lead to cirrhosis.

• Hepatitis C has no vaccine.

. The WHO plans to eliminate this disease by reducing new infections by 90% and deaths by
65 % by the year 2030.

 Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing
by intravenous drug users.
 The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to Harvey J. Alter, Michael
Houghton and Charles M. Rice for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.
Nipah Virus
• Recent in Kerala (2021), earlier in 2018 in Kerala

• first discovered in 1999 following an outbreak of disease in pigs and people in Malaysia and
Singapore.

• NiV is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus.

• It is a zoonotic virus, meaning that it initially spreads between animals and people. The animal
host reservoir for NiV is the fruit bat (genus Pteropus), also known as the flying fox. Infected
fruit bats can spread the disease to people or other animals, such as pigs.

• People can become infected if they have close contact with an infected animal or its body fluids
(such as saliva or urine)—this initial spread from an animal to a person is known as a spillover
event. Once it spreads to people, person-to-person spread of NiV can also occur.

• The symptoms start to appear five to 14 days after exposure. Initial symptoms are fever,
headache, and drowsiness, followed by disorientation and mental confusion. Respiratory issues

• There is no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals. The primary
treatment for humans is supportive care.
Point-of-care tests:
• The point-of-care tests has been developed by ICMR-National Institute of Virology.

• Point-of-care testing (POCT or bedside testing) is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point
of care—that is, at the time and place of patient care.

• beneficial to diagnose KFD which is also called as monkey fever. Thus, point-of-care test will quickly
manage the patient and control further spread of virus.

• The disease is tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever which is endemic to South-western part of India.

• It is caused by a virus from family Flaviviridae.

• Virus is transmitted to humans through bite of infected hard ticks, acting as a reservoir of KFD Virus.

• It is a typical RNA virus.

• How virus is transmitted?

Monkeys are the main hosts for KFD virus. Humans contract infection after the bite of nymphs of tick.
Yellow fever:

• Yellow fever is spread by a species of mosquito common to

areas of Africa and South America. Vaccination is recommended
before travelling to certain areas.
• Mild cases cause fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Serious
cases may cause fatal heart, liver and kidney conditions.
• No specific treatment for the disease exists.
• Vaccines are available.
Mucormycosis:
• also known as black fungus infection is increasing among the COVID patients.

• It is rare but was reported among COVID patients in Delhi, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

• The disease mainly affects the skin, lungs, Eye and Eyelids.

• Medication is anti fungal medicines.

 GENERIC DRUG:
A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that contains the same chemical substance as
a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents. Generic drugs are allowed
for sale after the patents on the original drugs expire. Because the active chemical
substance is the same, the medical profile of generics is believed to be equivalent in
performance. A generic drug has the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) as
the original, but it may differ in some characteristics such as the manufacturing
process, formulation, excipients, color, taste, and packaging.
 Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana:
• Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) is a campaign
launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals in 2008 under the name Jan
Aushadi Campaign.
• Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementation agency for PMBJP.
• The Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India works under the Ministry of Chemicals &
Fertilizers.
• PMBJP stores have been set up to provide generic drugs, which are available at
lesser prices but are equivalent in quality and efficacy as expensive branded drugs.
• It also intends to extend the coverage of quality generic medicines so as to reduce
the out of pocket expenditure on medicines and thereby redefine the unit cost of
treatment per person.
• It will create awareness about generic medicines through education and publicity
so that quality is not synonymous with an only high price.
 Biosimilar Medicine for Cancer
• Pharma major Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd has launched ‘Versavo (bevacizumab)’, a biosimilar of
Roche’s Avastin in India. The drug is for the treatment of several types of cancers.

• A biosimilar is exactly what its name implies — it is a biologic that is “similar” to another biologic
medicine (known as a reference product).

• Biologics or biological products are medicines made from living organisms through highly complex
manufacturing processes and must be handled and administered under carefully monitored conditions.

• Biologics are used to prevent, treat or cure a variety of diseases including cancer, chronic kidney disease,
diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders.

• Biosimilars are highly similar to the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, but may have
minor differences in clinically inactive components.

• India is one of the leading manufacturers of similar biologics. India developed a new guideline in 2012 for
the pre- and post-marketing approval of similar biologics. The guidelines also address the regulation of
manufacturing process as well as quality, safety, and efficacy of similar biologics.
Fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs):-
Combination drug is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) that includes two or more active pharmaceutical
ingredients combined in a single dosage form which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses, e.g.,
Paracetamol Plus, Ibuprofen. Initially, fixed-dose combination drug products were developed to target a single
disease such as antiretroviral FDCs which is used against AIDS. However, FDCs may also target multiple
diseases/ conditions. Each FDC product is mass-produced and thus requires having a critical mass of
potentially applicable in order to justify its manufacture, distribution, stocking, etc.

EXAMPLE:- Paracetamol + disodium Hydrogen Citrate + Caffeine

Nimesulide +Paracetamol suspension

Merits: FDCs offer a simple dosage schedule that improves patient compliance and therefore, improves. their
treatment outcomes. This is especially important in elderly patients or patients suffering from multiple
disorders. The FDCs are more economic (economically viable) than single ingredient drugs. Such reduced "pill
burden" can greatly enhance the overall treatment outcome.
Demerits:

• Multiple ingredients in an FDC can confuse the physician who may not remember the
exact composition and dose of individual active ingredient in a particular FDC. The
patient may not actually need all the drugs present, in the combination. That may lead to
therapeutic confusion of therapeutic aims and create false sense of superiority of two
drugs over one especially in case of antimicrobials and other as painkillers. If one drug is
contraindicated (A condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure potentially
inadvisable) for a patient, whole FDC cannot be prescribed. In case of FDCs, dosing is
inflexible and cannot be regulated to patient's needs (each patient has unique
characteristics such as weight, age, pharmacogenetics, co-morbidity, which may alter
drug metabolism and effect.
About the Draft National Policy-
This Policy envisions that by 2047, India
• will be having few National Institutes of Medical Devices Education and Research (NIMERs) on the lines of NIPERs.
• will be home & originator to 25 high-end futuristic technologies in MedTech.
• will have a MedTech Industry of $100-300 Bn size with 10-12% of Global Market Share.

The Draft Policy addresses the core objectives of accessibility, affordability, safety and quality, focusing on self-
sustainability and innovation.
The salient features are as follows-
Regulatory streamlining in order to optimize regulatory processes and multiplicity of agencies for enhanced ease of
doing business, along with harmonization with global standards to ensure standardization.
Quality Standards and Safety of the Devices in order to provide safe devices to the consumers, in harmony with the
global standards.
Building Competitiveness through fiscal and financial support for stimulating the development of the local
manufacturing ecosystem with private sector investments.
Infrastructure Development to provide best-in-class physical foundation, including medical devices parks with
common facilities such as testing centers, to improve cost competitiveness and enhance attraction of domestic
manufacturers.
Facilitating R&D and Innovation with a focus on enhanced collaboration in innovation and R&D projects, global
partnerships, and joint ventures among key stakeholders to bridge the gap between academic curriculum and industry
requirements.
Human Resource Development to ensure relevant curriculum at higher education level, skilling of various
stakeholders, creation of future-ready HR with required skill sets across the innovation value chain.
Awareness Creation and Brand Positioning in creating awareness and positioning India as a hub for manufacturing of
medical devices as part of the “Make in India, Make for the World” initiative.
Medical devices sector in India-
The medical device is a multi-product sector, with the following broad classifications: (a) Electronics Equipment; (b)
Implants; (c) Consumables and Disposables; (d) IVD reagents; and (e) Surgical Instruments.
It has remained largely unregulated till 2017 when Medical Device Rules, 2017 were framed by the Central Drugs Standard
Control Organization (CDSCO) for comprehensive regulation of MDs in a phased manner, especially on the quality, safety,
and efficacy aspects, under the Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940
The Indian medical device market has a significant presence of multinational companies with about 80% of the sales by value
generated from imported medical devices.
This sector’s contribution has become even more prominent as India supported the global battle against COVID-19 pandemic
through the production of medical devices & diagnostic kits, e.g., Ventilators, RT-PCR kits, IR Thermometers, PPE Kits & N-95
masks.
The Sector is expected to grow in market size from the present 11 Bn USD to 50 Bn USD by 2025.