Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Scrub typhus A/K/A (Bush typhus )is a largely ignored tropical disease
and a leading cause of undifferentiated febrile illness caused by
Orientia tsutsugamushi.
• It is frequently diagnosed in South Asian countries.
• After the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, a sudden upsurge in scrub
typhus cases were reported.
• It is often underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed due to non-specific
clinical presentation coupled with limited microbiological facilities,
leading to adverse clinical outcomes
• From 2015 to 2017, 1239 scrub typhus cases were confirmed with the
largest outbreak occurring in 2016 with 831 (67.1%) cases.
• A nationwide outbreak of scrub typhus was declared as the cases
were detected in 52 out of the 75 districts of Nepal.
Introduction
• Rickettsial infection caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, a gram
negative obligate intracellular coccobacillus of Rickketsiaceae family.
Tsutsuga= small and dangerous ; mushi= mite
• Multiply in capillary endothelial cells
• It usually affects cardiovascular and respiratory system.
• First described from japan in 1899
• Commonest occurring rickettsial infection in Nepal
• More during winter and rainy seasons.
• Generally seen in people whose occupational or recreational activities
bring into contact with vector chiggers.
• Occurs in areas where scrubs vegetations are found
• Bushes
• Bank of river
• Rice fields
• Poorly maintained kitchen gardens
Epidemiology
• Causative organism is Orientia tsutsugamushi
• Human acquire disease from the bite of infected mite larva (chigger).
• Human are accidental and dead end host.
• Larva is the only stage that can transmit the disease to the humans.
• Mites are both reservoir and vector of disease.
Life cycle
Clinical features
• Incubation period: 5-20 days after the initial bite
• Clinical spectrum may be self limiting disease to multi organ
dysfunction resulting to death.
• If untreated it has HFR:30-45%
• Chigger bite: painless, noticed by transient localized itch
• First sign of disease is vesicular lesion at the site of bite then scab-like
(A/K/A) eschar
• Bites are found on groin, axillae, genitalia, perianal area or neck
• Fever with chills and rigor
• Headache
• Vomitting
• Abdominal pain
• Myalgia
• Malaise
• Infection of conjunctiva
• Spotted rash
• Lymphadenopathy