Epidemologi Penyakit Parasit

Dr. Yenni Yusuf, MInfectDis, PhD

Beberapa penyakit parasite yang endemik
• Malaria à protozoa darah Plasmodium spp yang ditularkan melalui
nyamuk Anopheles spp
• Soil transmitted helminth à cacing gelang, cacing cambuk, cacing
tambang
• Penyakit cacing kremi à gatal-gatal di daerah anus anak-anak
• Filariasis à cacing yang ditularkan melalui nyamuk, hidup dalam
pembuluh limfe à penyebab elefantiasis
• Schistosomiasis à cacing yang ditularkan melalui air àserkaria
menembus kulit
• Trichomoniasis à penyakit menular seksual
• Toxoplasmosis à penyebab kelainan kongenital pada janin
• Scabies à penyakit akibat artropoda Sarcoptes scabiei à gatal pada
kulit àkudis
• Alergi /asma à kutu debu rumah à Dermatophagoides
• Nyamuk à vektor penyakit malaria (Anopheles), demam Berdarah
Dengue (Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus)
malaria
Ascariasis
• Ascaris lumbricoides infections happen all over the world. The eggs
from the parasite are passed in human feces and can contaminate the
soil. The eggs survive best in warm, humid areas and must grow in the
soil before they can infect others. Most cases occur in tropical and
subtropical areas of Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the America
Penyakit cacing kremi
Risk Factors
• The people most likely to be infected with pinworm are children
under 18, people who take care of infected children and people who
are institutionalized. In these groups, the prevalence can reach 50%.
• Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States.
Humans are the only species that can transfer this parasite.
Household pets like dogs and cats cannot become infected with
human pinworms. Pinworm eggs can survive in the indoor
environment for 2 to 3 weeks.
Filariasis
• A wide range of mosquitoes can transmit the parasite,
depending on the geographic area. In Africa, the most
common vector is Anopheles and in the Americas, it is Culex
quinquefasciatus. Aedes and Mansonia can transmit the
infection in the Pacific and in Asia.
• Many mosquito bites over several months to years are
needed to get lymphatic filariasis. People living for a long
time in tropical or sub-tropical areas where the disease is
common are at the greatest risk for infection. Short-term
tourists have a very low risk.
• Programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis are under way in
more than 66 countries. These programs are reducing
transmission of the filarial parasites and decreasing the risk
of infection for people living in or visiting these communities.
Filariasis
• Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people in 72 countries
throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia, Africa, the Western
Pacific, and parts of the Caribbean and South America.
• In the Americas, only four countries are currently known to be
endemic: Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Guyana and Brazil.
• In the United States, Charleston, South Carolina, was the last known
place with lymphatic filariasis. The infection disappeared early in the
20th century. Currently, you cannot get infected in the U.S.
Penyakit cacing kremi
Epidemiology
• Pinworm infections are more common within families with school-aged children, in primary
caregivers of infected children, and in institutionalized children.
• A person is infected with pinworms by ingesting pinworm eggs either directly or indirectly. These
eggs are deposited around the anus by the worm and can be carried to common surfaces such as
hands, toys, bedding, clothing, and toilet seats. By putting anyone’s contaminated hands
(including one’s own) around the mouth area or putting one’s mouth on common contaminated
surfaces, a person can ingest pinworm eggs and become infected with the pinworm parasite.
Since pinworm eggs are so small, it is possible to ingest them while breathing.
• Once someone has ingested pinworm eggs, there is an incubation period of 1 to 2 months or
longer for the adult gravid female to mature in the small intestine. Once mature, the adult female
worm migrates to the colon and lays eggs around the anus at night, when many of their hosts are
asleep. People who are infected with pinworm can transfer the parasite to others for as long as
there is a female pinworm depositing eggs on the perianal skin. A person can also re-infect
themselves, or be re-infected by eggs from another person.
•
Scabies
Trichomoniasis
Toxoplasmosis
Tungau debu rumah