Flordabee P.

Amantiad

Immunology and Serology

Topic: Historical Background
o The science of immunology arose from the knowledge that those who survived one of the
common infectious diseases of the past rarely contracted the disease again.
o Some notable historical events:
✓ During the plague in Athens, Thucydides recorded that individual who had previously
contracted the disease recovered and he recognized their “immune” status. (430 BC)
✓ The Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the
crusts of smallpox lesions (1000 AD).
o Louis Pasteur is generally considered to be the Father of Immunology.
The table below lists some historic benchmarks in immunology. *Note: Dates vary with different immunology books
YEAR * PERSON/S EVENT
INVOLVED
1798 Edward Jenner Development of SMALLPOX VACCINATION process thru
injecting cellular material from cowpox lesions.
1880-1881 Louis Pasteur Development of FIRST LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
1885* Pasteur tried out his new procedure to a boy who was
severely bitten by a rabid dog and miraculously, the boy
survived.
1888 Elie Metchnikoff Cellular theory of Immunity through PHAGOCYTOSIS
1883-1906* where certain blood cells ingest foreign material.
1890 Emil von Behring, Proposed HUMORAL THEORY OF IMMUNITY
Kitasata
1891 Koch Demonstration of CUTANEOUS (DELAYED-TYPE)
HYPERSENSITIVITY
1894 Jules Bordet Discovered COMPLEMENT
1897 Robert Kaus Discovered PRECIPITINS
1900 Ehrlich ANTIBODY FORMATION THEORY
1901 Emil von Behring Awarded as the FIRST IMMUNOLOGY-RELATED NOVEL
PRIZE for his works on serum therapy.
1902 Portier, Richet Immediate-Hypersensitivity ANAPHYLAXIS
1903 Maurice Arthus ARTHUS REACTION of intermediate hypersensitivity
1938 Marrack Hypothesis of ALLOGRAFT REJECTION
1949 Silk, Sabin Development of POLIO VACCINE
1951 Reed VACCINE against YELLOW FEVER
1953 --- Graft-versus-host rejection
1957 Burnet Clonal Selection Theory
1958 --- Interferon
1958-1962 --- Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
1964-1968 --- T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response
1972 --- Identification of Antibody molecule
1975 Kohler First monoclonal antibodies
1977 Rosalyn Yallow RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
1984 --- Identification of GENES for T-CELL RECEPTOR
1985-1987*
1986 --- Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine

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 Flordabee P. Amantiad
1986 Mosmann Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cell function
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Was awarded the Nobel Prize for his 1978 discovery of the
genetic principles underlying the generation of antibodies
with different specificities (ANTIBODY DIVERSITY)
1996-1998 --- Identification of toll-like receptors
2001 --- FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development
Frazer Development of HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE

EDWARD JENNER
Demonstrated the phenomenon of CROSS-IMMUNITY- exposure to one agent produces
protection against another agent.

Topic: Immunity and Immunology

o IMMUNOLOGY: defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances (antigens)
are introduced into the body.
o IMMUNITY: the condition of the being resistant to infection.
o PRINCIPLE OF IMMUNITY
✓ Antigen gains entrance to an appropriate lymphoid area of the body
Primary Lymphoid Organs Secondary Lymphoid Organs
1. Bone Marrow 1. Spleen
2. Thymus 2. Lymph Nodes
3. Tonsils
4. Appendix
5. Peyer’s patches (intestines)
6. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
✓ Lymphoid organs can respond to circulating antigens with the production of specific
lymphocytes and plasma cells, leading to the initiation of the specific Immune response.
✓ Antigen is recognized, processed, and bound to antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.
▪ There is an interaction between B and T cells, with involvement of macrophages.
o BRANCHES OF IMMUNITY
▪ Natural or Innate
▪ Acquired or Adaptive or Specific
Both systems are essential to maintain good health; in fact, they operate in concert and are
dependent upon one another for maximal effectiveness.

Topic: Natural or Innate Immunity

o RESISTANCE to INFECTION by means of NORMALLY PRESENT BODY FUNCTIONS.
o Present from birth
o Considered as NON-ADAPTIVE OR NONSPECIFIC
✓ Meaning, the body will have the same response for all pathogens or foreign substances to
which one is exposed.
✓ NO PRIOR EXPOSURE required, and the response does not change with subsequent
exposures.
o FACTORS AFFECTING NATURAL IMMUNITY
1. Nutrition 2. Age 3. Fatigue
4. Stress
5. Genetic Determinants

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 Flordabee P. Amantiad
COMPONENTS
Cellular Humoral
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells,
Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells,
Natural Killer Cells
1. Neutrophils-Polymorphonuclear- (PMN)
Responds to BACTERIAL INFFECTION
-Major Function:
Phagocytosis and killing of foreign material or
infectious agents.

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