IMMUNOLOGY

Part I
History of Immunology
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

Louis Pasteur
- ‘Father of Immunology ’

• Arose from the knowledge that those who

survived one of the common infectious diseases of the
past rarely contracted the disease AGAIN.
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

430 BC
Thucydides
– recorded during the plague in Athens that individuals
who had previouslycontracted the disease
recovered, and he recognized their ‘ immune ’ status.
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

1000 AD/ 1500s

Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried

powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.

 variolation
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

15TH Century

Powdered small pox ‘crusts’ were inserted with a pin into the skin.

When this practice became popular in England, it was discouraged at

first, partly because the practice of inoculation occasionally killed or
disfigured a patient.
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

1774

advent of safer immunization

to substitute material derived from the lesion of a cowpox (vaccinia)

for inoculation against smallpox

Cowpox – a benign disease caused by infection with a virus

closely related to the smallpox (variola) virus
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORIC BENCHMARKS IN IMMUNOLOGY

DATE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY

1798 Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccination
1862 Ernst Haeckel Phagocytosis
1880-1881 Louis Pasteur Live, attenuated chicken
cholera and anthrax vaccines
1883-1905 Elie Metchnikoff Cellular theory of immunity
- Demonstrated that through phagocytosis
certain blood cells could
ingest foreign material

1885 Louis Pasteur Therapeutic vaccination

First report of live
“attenuated” vaccine for
rabies
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORIC BENCHMARKS IN IMMUNOLOGY

DATE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY

1890 Emil von Behring, Humoral theory of immunity
Shibasaburo proposed
Kitasata

1891 Robert Koch Demonstration of cutaneous

(delayed-type) hypersensitivity

1900 Paul Ehrlich Antibody formation theory

1902 Paul Portier, Immediate-hypersensitivity

Charles Richet anaphylaxis

1903 Maurice Arthus Arthus reaction of intermediate

hypersensitivity

1894 – Jules Bordet – discovered COMPLEMENT

1897 – Robert Kaus – discovered PRECIPITIN
Von Behring – (1901) awarded the FIRST immunology-related Nobel Prize for his work on serum therapy
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORIC BENCHMARKS IN IMMUNOLOGY

DATE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY

1938 John Marrack Hypothesis of Ag-Ab binding
1944 Peter Medawar Hypothesis of allograft rejection
1949 Jonas Salk, Albert Development of polio vaccine
Sabin
1951 Walter Reed Vaccine against yellow fever
1953 Morton Simonsen, Graft-versus-host reaction
WJ Dempster
1957 Frank Macfarlane Clonal selection theory
Burnet, Niels Jerne,
David Talmage
1957 Alik Isaacs, Jean Interferon
Lindermann
1958-1962 Jean Dausset, Snell Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORIC BENCHMARKS IN IMMUNOLOGY

DATE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY

1964-1968 Anthony Davis T-cell and B-cell cooperation in
immune response
1972 Identification of antibody molecule
1975 Georges Kohler, First monoclonal antibodies
Cesar Milstein
1985-1987 Leroy Hood, et Identification of genes for T-cell
al; Hedrick receptor
Davis, Mak
1986 Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine
1986 Timothy Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper-cell
Mosmann function
The last decade has been filled with reports of proteins and peptides, known as CYTOKINES AND
CHEMOKINES, that control the responses of immune cells.
 Overview of Immunology
HISTORIC BENCHMARKS IN IMMUNOLOGY

DATE SCIENTIST DISCOVERY

1996-1998 Identification of toll-like
receptors
2001 FOXP3, the gene directing
regulatory-T-cell
development
2005 Ian Frazer Development of human
papilloma virus vaccine