EWC Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 4
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT 5
3.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 6
4.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 6
5.0 LIMITION OF THE STUDY 6
6.0 PREVIOUS STUDY 7
7.0 METHODOLOGY 8
8.0 FINDINGS
8.1 PERSONAL INFORMATION
8.1.1 RESPONDENT’S GENDER 11
8.1.2 RESPONDENT’S AGE 12
8.1.3 RESPONDENT’S MARITAL STATUS 13
8.1.4 RESPONDENT’S OCCUPATION 14
8.2 RESPONDANT’S RESPONSE SECTION
8.2.1 DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS VACCINE? 15
8.2.2 DO YOU THINK VACCINE IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT
16
INFECTIOUS DISEASES?
8.2.3 DO YOU THINK VACCINES HAVE SIDE EFFECTS? 17
8.2.4 DO YOU KNOW OF ANY ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT? 18
8.2.5 HAVE YOU EVER BEEN APPROACHED BY ANY ANTI-
19
VACCINATION MOVEMENT?
8.2.6 DO YOU THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD MAKE THE
20
VACCINATION COMPULSORY TO EVERYONE?
8.2.7 I BELIEVE IT IS IMPORTANT FOR MY CHILDREN TO RECEIVE
21
ALL THE NECESSARY VACCINATIONS.
8.2.8 I SUPPORT ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT. 22
8.2.9 VACCINATION CAN CAUSE AUTISM. 23
8.2.10 UNVACCINATED CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO
24
GO TO SCHOOL.
8.2.11 I BELIEVE POLITICIANS SHOULD BE ROLE MODELS THAT
25
ENCOURAGE VACCINATION.
8.2.12 I AM CONVINCED THAT GOVERNMENT PURCHASE THE
26
HIGHEST QUALITY VACCINES AVAILABLE.
8.2.13 PLEASE RANK THE FOLLOWING MEDIUM THAT IS USUALLY
27
USED TO SPREAD THE INFORMATION ABOUT VACCINE.
8.2.14 PLEASE RANK THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON THAT CAN
32
INFLUENCE YOU ABOUT VACCINE.
8.2.15 PLEASE RANK THE FACTORS THAT LEAD PEOPLE TO
37
REFUSE VACCINE.
8.2.16 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT ALL CHILDREN GET
42
VACCINATED?
8.2.17 WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE TYPES OF DISEASES THAT
43
CAN BE PREVENTED BY VACCINATION?
8.2.18 WHO ARE THE UNVACCINATED PEOPLE AROUND YOU
44
THAT YOU KNOW OF?
1
8.2.19 WHAT IS THE ACTION THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD
TAKE TO PREVENT THE REFUSAL OF PEOPLE TO GET 45
VACCINATED THAT YOU KNOW?
8.2.20 VACCINES AGAINST VIRUSES ARE USUALLY … 46
8.2.21 WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON THAT CAUSE ANTI-
47
VACCINATION MOVEMENT?
8.2.22 PLEASE GIVE YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE ANTI-
48
VACCINATION MOVEMENT.
8.2.23 DO YOU THINK THE ACTION TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
IS EFFECTIVE TO OVERCOME THE VACCINATION- 52
REFUSAL AMONG THE PEOPLE?
8.2.24 DO YOU REMEMBER ANY EVENT IN THE PAST THAT
56
WOULD DISCOURAGE YOU FROM GETTING A VACCINE?
8.2.25 DO YOU THINK THAT ARE OTHER WAYS TO PREVENT
VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES THAN WITH A 61
VACCINE?
9.0 CONCLUSION
9.1.1 RESPONDENT’S GENDER 65
9.1.2 RESPONDENT’S AGE 65
9.1.3 RESPONDENT’S MARITAL STATUS 65
9.1.4 RESPONDENT’S OCCUPATION 65
9.2 RESPONDANT’S RESPONSE SECTION
9.2.1 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT VACCINE 65
9.2.2 VACCINE IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS
65
DISEASES?
9.2.3 VACCINES HAVE SIDE EFFECTS 66
9.2.4 ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT 66
9.2.5 APPROACHED BY ANY ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT 66
9.2.6 GOVERNMENT SHOULD MAKE THE VACCINATION
66
COMPULSORY TO EVERYONE
9.2.7 I BELIEVE IT IS IMPORTANT FOR MY CHILDREN TO RECEIVE
67
ALL THE NECESSARY VACCINATIONS.
9.2.8 I SUPPORT ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT 67
9.2.9 VACCINATION CAN CAUSE AUTISM 67
9.2.10 UNVACCINATED CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO
67
GO TO SCHOOL.
9.2.11 POLITICIANS SHOULD BE ROLE MODELS THAT
67
ENCOURAGE VACCINATION.
9.2.12 GOVERNMENT PURCHASE THE HIGHEST QUALITY 68
VACCINES AVAILABLE.
9.2.13 MEDIUM THAT IS USUALLY USED TO SPREAD THE 68

INFORMATION ABOUT VACCINE.
9.2.14 THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON THAT CAN INFLUENCE 68
YOU ABOUT VACCINE.
9.2.15 THE FACTORS THAT LEAD PEOPLE TO REFUSE VACCINE. 68
9.2.16 IMPORTANT THAT ALL CHILDREN GET VACCINATED 68
9.2.17 THE TYPES OF DISEASES THAT CAN BE PREVENTED BY 68
VACCINATION
9.2.18 THE UNVACCINATED PEOPLE AROUND YOU THAT YOU 69
KNOW OF
2
9.2.19 THE ACTION THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE TO 69
PREVENT THE REFUSAL OF PEOPLE TO GET VACCINATED
THAT YOU KNOW
69
9.2.20 VACCINES AGAINST VIRUSES ARE USUALLY …
9.2.21 THE MAIN REASON THAT CAUSE ANTI-VACCINATION 69
MOVEMENT
9.2.22 OPINION ABOUT THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT 69
9.2.23 THE ACTION TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT IS EFFECTIVE 69
TO OVERCOME THE VACCINATION-REFUSAL AMONG THE
PEOPLE
9.2.24 EVENT IN THE PAST THAT WOULD DISCOURAGE YOU 70
FROM GETTING A VACCINE
9.2.25 OTHER WAYS TO PREVENT VACCINE-PREVENTABLE 70
DISEASES THAN WITH A VACCINE
10.0 RECOMMENDATION 71
11.0 REFERENCES 73
12.0 APPENICES 74
3
THE REFUSAL OF PEOPLE TO GET VACCINATED AMONG PEOPLE IN SHAH
ALAM, SELANGOR.
1. INTRODUCTION
Vaccines by definition are biological agents that elicit an immune response to a specific
antigen derived from an infectious disease-causing pathogen. Edward Jenner developed the
first vaccine in 1796 using cowpox to inoculate against smallpox (M. Doherty, 2016). Since
then, vaccines helped to suppress the spread of several infectious diseases including human
papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and varicella which has been eliminated from many
countries, including all those located within North and South America and Europe. With the
continued use of vaccines, it is tempting to speculate that other infectious diseases will soon
follow suit.
Although vaccine is one of man’s greatest discoveries, vaccination has become a highly
controversial issue, due in large part to an erroneous link between vaccines and autism. In
2014, a large measles outbreak swept through the Disneyland theme park in California,
infecting over 50 people. A few children that intentionally left unvaccinated by their parent
initially spread the disease. This outbreaks at the Disneyland theme park are becoming
increasingly common due to falling vaccination rates (Evrony & Caplan, 2017). The decrease
of vaccination rates is because of several factors. According to Chephra McKee, PharmD and
Kristin Bohannon, one of the most common reasons parents did not want their children get
vaccinated is due to their religious beliefs. Secondly, parent is concern about the safety of
vaccines. These is regarding the information that parents have discovered in the media or
getting from acquaintances. Parent also want know the benefits and risks to their children’s
healthcare before receive the vaccine injection.
People nowadays influenced by anti-vaccination movement in the internet that contributed to

the increasing of anti-vaccine people. The most influential medium for parents’ beliefs about
immunizations seems to be Internet. Around 74% of Americans have the access to the
internet. In 2006, 16% of users googled online for information on immunizations or
vaccinations. Over half (52%) of users believe ‘‘almost all’’ or ‘‘most’’ information on health
sites are reliable, yet the availability of inaccurate and deceptive information online has labeled
the Internet a ‘‘modern Pandora’s box’’ (Marian, Lutheran, Children, & Ridge, 2012). To
encounter this and to encourage well- informed and voluntary vaccine decision making,
pharmacists and other healthcare providers need to understand the main concerns parents
have about vaccinating their children so that they can be better prepared to have information
about immunization.
4
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Vaccine has become such a huge and controversial topic in Malaysia recently after the number
of “anti-vaccine group” has increase at a worrying level. They keep spreading the false-
awareness about the negative affect of vaccine to human being. The increasing of “anti-
vaccine group” has caused several diseases, such as Tuberculosis or TB, had been on the
rise as there was no vaccination since birth. It is worried that more diseases will be contagious
if the number of “anti-vaccine” keeps increasing. Getting immunized is important to protect
ourselves and those people around. Not everyone is able to take vaccine such as pregnant
women, immunocompromised individuals and infants are group of people that is not able to
get vaccinated due to the suitability. In order to achieve the desire goal for a country to
eliminate certain dangerous disease from spreading, the government need to make sure more
or less 80% of our people get vaccinated.
Nowadays, the percentage of vaccinated people in Malaysia seems like dropping at a worrying
level due to the increment of “anti-vaccine group”. If the percentage of vaccinated people is
dropping until less than 80%, the diseases such as small pox, polio, typhoid fever, diphtheria
and more will infect more people and it can be fatal. The false facts have been spreading
among the society rapidly especially through social media where most people just take and
share every information as a whole without identify the sources and the extent of it. It is
believing that the society in an age group of 30 – 40 is the most influenced to refuse
vaccination. It is because they are mostly a parent and fear of the side effects of vaccine
towards their children. Other than that, most people are rejecting vaccination because of the
religion, especially Muslims due to fear the vaccines were not “halal”.
In response to this problem, our study proposes to investigate several options for making the
people more aware about the importance of vaccine towards human health as a whole for this
country. We plan to carry out an investigation to know the actual facts why people still afraid
to get vaccinated and how this false-information about vaccine has spread among our people
in a rapid way. We will also consider educating and spreading awareness about vaccine to
people and change their perspective in a positive way. We want to help to maintain the
percentage of vaccinated people in Malaysia at the safe level.
5
3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to investigate the refusal of some people towards the vaccination
in Shah Alam. This study suggests several research objectives to be attained as follows:
a) To investigate public’s knowledge about vaccination.

b) To hear the public opinion about the anti-vaccination movement.
c) To find out whether public knows about the harms of refusal towards
vaccination.
d) To investigate public’s reasons for the refusal of vaccine.
e) To determine the action taken by the government in order to overcome the
refusal of people to get vaccinated.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The finding of the study can benefit other parties such as the Ministry of Health, Malaysia to
cope against the anti-vaccination movement in Malaysia. They will manage to gain information
on the level of knowledge of the public about vaccination and the reasons for their refusal
towards them. This information will help them to counter any misconception about vaccination
from the public that will also slow down the anti-vaccination movement. Action that is related
such as providing more information about vaccination is relevant to ensure the public obtain
the right information about the vaccine itself.
5. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
There are a few possible limitations in this study that we managed to discover. First foremost,
the results from the questionnaire given to the netizen might be different according to their
background of education and family thoughts. The lifestyle and daily routine itself will affect
their personal opinion towards vaccine. Among the reasons for the increasing number of
parents who refuse to vaccinate their children, is the influence of the Internet and family
members. Vaccine-preventable diseases will remain a threat in Malaysia as long as some
parents resist vaccination. Basically, Family life is dependent on the culture of the society of
which the family is a part. Last but not least, the range of the study area is a bit small therefore,
the results cannot be generalized to all netizen in Shah Alam.
6
6. PREVIOUS STUDY
According to Vaccine Factbook (2012), vaccine is a biological preparation produced from a

living organism that purposed solely to enhance the immunity against diseases or in other
cases, prevent and even treating the disease. Vaccine usually made up from the weakened
toxin or surface proteins of a microbe and being introduced into the human’s immune system,
so that the system can recognize and destroy the microorganism in later encounter.
The history of vaccination can be traced back to seventh-century India where a Buddhist monk
drank snake venom in order to achieve immunity towards snake venom. Meanwhile in the
west in 1796, Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology after he vaccinated a
13 year-old-boy with cowpox virus, which later showed immunity against smallpox. Vaccine
Factbook (2012) also list of diseases that can be prevented through vaccination such as
smallpox, rabies, cholera and diphtheria.
Previous study based on the article from College of Physicians of Philadelphia reveals that
vaccine hesitancy which leads towards anti-vaccination movement has existed as long as the
vaccination itself. According to Hussain (2018) and Wan (2017), the hostility against vaccine
goes back in the 18th century where the vaccine itself being called as “diabolical operation”.
Anti-vaccine as state by the World Health Organization and the journal by MacDonald (2015)
is the refusal to get vaccinated despite the availability of the vaccine itself because of several
reasons. One of the reasons for the anti-vaccination is religion. According to articles by Hadi
(2019) and Wan (2017), the anti-vaccination movement in Malaysia is caused by the concern
for the “halal” status for the vaccine itself. Meanwhile, the rejection of vaccine in England as
state by the article from College of Physicians of Philadelphia is caused by the believed that
the vaccine was “unchristian” because it comes from animals. Other religious views, such as
the Dutch Protestant Christian congregations claimed that the act of vaccination is meddling
in the work of God as state by Hussain (2018) in his article. Another reason for vaccine
rejection is the concern that relating vaccination to autism according to article by Hadi (2019)
and Hussain (2018). The publication of a research paper by former British doctor and
researcher that later being declared as “utterly false” relates vaccination and autism had
increased the number of anti-vaccine people.
7
The refusal to get vaccinated also come with its own consequences. Article from Hadi (2019)
also shows a two-year old Malaysian boy passed away because of severe diphtheria. The
incident happens because of the refusal of his parent to get him vaccinated since birth. The
consequence from the action also can be felt around the globe, where measles had been
reintroduced by an unvaccinated French boy in Costa Rica where the country had been free
from measles since 2014. 926 people had been reported dead in Madagascar because of
measles where the disease began it outbreaking in October 2018 where the accident can be
avoided entirely via vaccination.
The study hopefully will provide more understanding for the public and future generation
regarding vaccination. The rise of anti-vaccination movements around the world poses a dire
threat to people’s health and should be stopped as stated by Hussain (2018) in his article.
7. METHODOLOGY
We will conduct our research in a several areas that we chose in Shah Alam which are, Section
2, I-city, bus terminal, Aeon, and Concorde Hotel. The subject of this study will be the netizen
that live within Shah Alam’s area. In this study, the netizen will be needed to fill in the
questionnaire of ‘Refusal of people to get vaccinated ‘. The questionnaire consists of 25
questions. This is due to getting the feedback from their personal perspective on vaccine. The
questionnaire has 5-point liker-type scales with choices ranging from “strongly agree” to
“strongly disagree”. A rating scale provides more than two options, in which the respondent
can answer in neutrality over a question being asked. This method was designed to observe
the awareness level of netizen on vaccine. This study will be conducted on weekend to make
sure the process of this study is smoothly done. The collected data will be analyzed using the
Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) application to obtain descriptive statistics. SPSS
Statistics is a software package used for statistical analysis. SSPS is used to analyze the data
collected. SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science.
8
8.0 FINDINGS
Table 1: Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification
Gender Age Marital status Employment status

Below 18 Employed
Male Single
18-25
Unemployed
26-40
Female Married
Above 40 Student
Table 2: Percentage of Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification
Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 33 66
Gender
Female 17 34
Below 18 2 4
18-25 32 64
Age
26-40 13 26
Above 40 3 6
Single 38 76
Marital status
Married 12 24
Employed 25 50
Employment status Unemployed 3 6
Student 22 44
9
40
38
35
33 32
30
25
25
20 22
Single
Male
18-25
15 17
Employed
Unemployed
Above 40
13 12
Below 18
Student
Female
10
Married
26-40
2 3 3
0
Gender Age Marital Status Employment Status
Figure 1: Frequency of Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification
Table 2 and Figure 1 show that the frequency of the respondents by their personal information
as gender, age, marital status and employment status. Based on figure above, we can
acknowledge that 66% of the respondents are male and 34% are female. The age range of
18-25 is 64%. The percentage of other respondent is, 4% in age range of below 18, 26% in
age range of 26-40 and 6% in age range of above 40. Next, we also can see that 76% of the
respondents are single and only 24% of them are married. Last but not least, the figure
indicates 50% of the respondent are employed, 6% are unemployed while the other 44% are
student.
10
8.1.1 RESPONDENTS’ GENDER
Table 3: Percentage of Respondents’ Gender

Male 33 66
Gender
Female 17 34
Male Female
34%
66%
Figure 2: Percentage of Respondents’ Gender
Table 3 and Figure 2 show the gender frequency of the respondent. 66% of the respondents
are male and the other 34% of the respondents are female.
11
8.1.2 RESPONDENTS’ AGE
Table 4: Percentage of Respondent Based on Their Age

Below 18 2 4
18-25 32 64
Age
26-40 13 26
Above 40 3 6
Below 18 18-25 26-40 Above 40
6% 4%
26%
64%
Figure 3: Percentage of Respondent Based on Their Age
Table 4 and Figure 3 show the division of respondent based on their age. There are 4% of
respondent below the age of 18, 64% in the age range of 18-25, 26% in the age range of 26-
40 and 6% above the age of 40.
12
8.1.3 RESPONDENTS’ MARITAL STATUS
Table 5: Percentage of Respondent Based on Marital Status

Single 38 76
Marital Status
Married 12 24
Single Married
24%
76%
Figure 4: Percentage of Respondent Based on Marital Status
Table 5 and Figure 4 show the frequency of respondents’ marital status. 76% of the
respondents are single and the other 24% are married.
13
8.1.4 RESPONDENTS’ EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 6: Percentage of Respondent based on Their Employment Status

Employed 25 50
Occupation Unemployed 3 6
Student 22 44
Employed Unemployed Student
44%
50%
6%
Figure 5: Percentage of Respondent based on Their Employment Status
Table 6 and Figure 5 show the percentage of Respondent based on their employment status.
50% of the respondents are employed, 6% are unemployed and the other 44% are student.
14
8.2 RESPONDENTS’ RESPONSE SECTION
8.2.1 DO YOU KNOW WHAT VACCINE IS?
Table 7: Percentage of Respondent Who Knows What Vaccine is
Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 48 96
No 2 4
Yes No
4%
96%
Figure 6: Percentage of Respondent Who Knows What Vaccine is
Table 7 and Figure 6 show the percentage of respondent who knows what vaccine is. 96% of
the total respondent knows what vaccine is while the other 4% of the respondent does not
knows what vaccine is.
15
8.2.2 DO YOU THINK VACCINE IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS
DISEASES?
Table 8: The Percentage of Respondent Who Think Vaccine is The Best Way to
Prevent Infectious Diseases

Yes 45 90
No 5 10
Yes No
10%
90%
Figure 7: The Percentage of Respondent Who Think Vaccine is The Best Way
to Prevent Infectious Diseases
Table 8 and Figure 7 show the percentage of the respondent who think vaccine is the best
way to prevent infectious diseases. There are 90% of the respondents who think vaccine is
the best way to prevent infectious diseases while the other 10% does not think so.
16
8.2.3 DO YOU THINK VACCINES HAVE SIDE EFFECTS?
Table 9: The Percentage of Respondent Who Think Vaccine Have Side Effects.

Yes 30 60
No 20 40
Yes No
40%
60%
Figure 8: The Percentage of Respondent Who Think Vaccine Have Side Effects.
Table 9 and Figure 8 show the percentage of respondent who think vaccine have side effects.
There are 60% of the respondents who think vaccine have side effects and the other 40% do
not think so.
17
8.2.4 DO YOU KNOW ANY ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT?
Table 10: The Percentage of Respondent Who Know Any Anti-Vaccine Movement

Yes 8 16
No 42 84
Yes No
16%
84%
Figure 9: The Percentage of Respondent Who Know Any Anti-Vaccine Movement
Table 10 and Figure 9 show the percentage of the respondent who know any anti-vaccine
movement. There are only 16% of the respondents who know any anti-vaccine movement and
the rest 84% do not know any anti-vaccine movement.
18
8.2.5 HAVE YOU EVER BEEN APPROACHED BY ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT?
Table 11: Percentage of Frequency of People Have Been Approached by Anti-

Vaccination Movement
Yes 7 14
No 43 86
14%
86%
Yes No
Figure 10: Percentage of Frequency of People Have Been Approached by Anti-

Vaccination Movement
Table 11 and Figure 9 indicate the frequency of people have been approached by anti-
vaccination movement in Selangor. It shows that 14% of the respondent have been
approached by the anti-vaccination movement while 86% of them never been approached.
19
8.2.6 DO YOU THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD MAKE THE VACCINATION
COMPULSORY TO EVERYONE?
Table 12: Percentage of Frequency of People’s Opinion About The Government

Should Make The Vaccination Compulsory to Everyone
Yes 42 84
No 8 16
16%
84%
Yes No
Figure 11: Percentage of Frequency of People’s Opinion About Government Should

Make The Vaccination Compulsory to Everyone
Table and Figure shows the frequency of people’s opinion about government should make the
vaccination compulsory to everyone. It shows that 84% of the respondent think the
government should make the vaccination compulsory to everyone while 16% of them do not
think it should make compulsory to everyone.
20
8.2.7 I BELIEVE IT IS IMPORTANT FOR MY CHILDREN TO RECEIVE ALL THE
NECESSARY VACCINATIONS.
Table 13: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe It Is Important for My

Children to Receive All The Necessary Vaccinations
Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly Agree 33 66
Agree 15 30
Disagree 2 4
Strongly Disagree 0 0
Disagree Strongly Disagree

4% 0%
Agree
30%
Strongly Agree
66%
Figure 12: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe It Is Important for My

Children to Receive All The Necessary Vaccinations
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on I believe it is important for
my children to receive all the necessary vaccinations based on the level of agreement. 66%
of them strongly agreed it is important for their children to receive all the necessary
vaccinations followed by 30% agreed with the statement. There are only 4% of them chose to
disagree with the statement and 0% chose strongly disagree.
21
8.2.8 I SUPPORT ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT.
Table 14: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Support Anti-Vaccination

Movement.
Strongly Agree 3 6
Agree 9 18
Disagree 18 36
Strongly Agree
6%
Agree
Strongly Disagree 18%
40%
Disagree
36%
Figure 13: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Support Anti-Vaccination

Movement.
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on I support anti-vaccination
movement. 40% of them strongly disagreed to support anti-vaccination movement followed by
36% disagreed with the statement. Next, there are 18% of them chose to agree with the
statement and 6% chose strongly agree to support anti-vaccination movement.
22
8.2.9 VACCINATION CAN CAUSE AUTISM.
Table 15: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Vaccination Can Cause Autism.
Strongly Agree 0 0
Agree 7 14
Disagree 33 66
Strongly Agree
Agree
Strongly Disagree 0%
14%
20%
Disagree
66%
Figure 14: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Vaccination Can Cause Autism.
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on vaccination can cause
autism. 66% of them disagreed vaccination can cause autism followed by 20% strongly
disagreed with the statement. Next, there are 14% of them chose to agree with the statement
and 0% chose strongly agree that vaccination can cause autism.
23
8.2.10 UNVACCINATED CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO GO TO THE
SCHOOL.
Table 16: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Unvaccinated Children Should

Not Be Allowed to Go To The School.
Strongly Agree 6 12
Agree 14 28
Disagree 24 48
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
12%
12%
Agree
28%
Disagree
48%
Figure 15: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Unvaccinated Children Should

Not Be Allowed to Go to The School.
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on unvaccinated children
should not be allowed to go to the school. 48% of them disagreed unvaccinated children
should not be allowed to go to the school while 28% agreed with the statement. The chart
shows the same of percentage of respondents’ response on strongly agree and strongly
disagree with 12%.
24
8.2.11 I BELIEVE POLITICIANS SHOULD BE ROLE MODELS THAT ENCOURAGE
VACCINATION.
Table 17: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe Politicians Should Be

Role Models That Encourage Vaccination.
Agree 30 60
Disagree 3 6
Strongly Disagree
Disagree 0%
6%
Strongly Agree
34%
Agree
60%
Figure 16: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe Politicians Should Be

Role Models That Encourage Vaccination.
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on I believe politicians should
be role models that encourage vaccination. 60% of them agreed politicians should be role
models that encourage vaccination followed 34% strongly agreed with the statement. Next,
there 6% disagree politician should be role models that encourage vaccination.
25
8.2.12 I AM CONVINCED THAT GOVERNMENT PURCHASE THE HIGHEST QUALITY
VACCINES AVAILABLE.
Table 18: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Am Convinced That

Government Purchase The Highest Quality Vaccines Available.
Agree 25 50
Disagree 7 14
Strongly Disagree
6%
Disagree Strongly Agree
14% 30%
Agree
50%
Figure 17: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Am Convinced That
Government Purchase The Highest Quality Vaccines Available.
The pie chart shows the percentage of respondents’ response on I am convinced that
government purchase the highest quality vaccines available. 50% of them agreed that
government purchase the highest quality vaccines available followed 30% strongly agreed
with the statement. Next, there 14% disagree government purchase the highest quality
vaccines available with 6% strongly disagree with that statement.
26
8.2.13 MEDIUM THAT IS USUALLY SED TO SPREAD THE INFORMATION ABOUT
VACCINE
Aspect 1: Television
Table 19: Percentage for Aspect 1 With Different Ranking
Ranking Television Percentage (%)

1 5 10
2 5 10
3 26 52
4 10 20
5 4 8
Total 50 100
TELEVISION
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5
8% 10%
10%
20%
52%
Figure 18: Percentage for Aspect 1 With Different Ranking
Figure 18 shows that 52% respondents rank number 3 for aspect 1 which is medium that is
usually used to spread the information about vaccine. The second highest is rank number 4
which is 20% of respondents ranked. Then, followed by 10% for ranking number 1 and 2. The
least is 8% for ranking number 5.
27
Aspect 2: Social Media
Ranking Social Media Percentage (%)

1 27 53
2 11 21
3 4 8
4 2 4
5 6 14
Total 50 100
SOCIAL MEDIA
1st Qtr Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5
14%
4%
8%
53%
21%
Figure 19: Percentage of Aspect 2 With Different Ranking
Figure 19 shows that the ranking number 1 for social media is 53% of the respondents. Next
is followed by ranking number 2 which is 21% of the respondents. Then, 14% for rank number
5, 8% for rank number 3 and the last one is rank number 4 with 4% of respondents.
28
Aspect 3: Internet
Ranking Internet Percentage (%)

1 8 16
2 23 46
3 10 20
4 7 14
5 2 4
Total 50 100
INTERNET
4%
16%
14%
20%
46%
Figure 20 shows that the ranking number 2 for internet is 46% of the respondents. Next is
followed by ranking number 3 which is 20% of the respondents. Then, 16% for rank number
29
Aspect 4: Newspaper and Magazines
Ranking Newspaper/magazines Percentage (%)

1 1 2
2 8 16
3 7 14
4 28 56
5 6 12
Total 50 100
NEWSPAPER/ MAGAZINES
2%
12%
16%
14%
56%
Figure 21 shows that the ranking number 4 for newspaper/magazines is 56% of the
respondents. Next is followed by ranking number 2 which is 16% of the respondents. Then,
14% for rank number 3, 12% for rank number 5 and the last one is rank number 1 with 2% of
respondents.
30
Aspect 5: Health Journal
Ranking Health journal Percentage (%)

1 8 16
2 4 8
3 4 8
4 3 6
5 31 62
Total 50 100
HEALTH JOURNAL
16%
8%
8%
62%
6%
Figure 22 shows that the ranking number 5 for health journal is 62% of the respondents. Next
is followed by ranking number 1 which is 16% of the respondents. Then, 18% for rank number2
and 3. The last one is rank number 4 with 6% of respondents.
31
8.2.14 THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON THAT CAN INFLUENCES YOU ABOUT
VACCINE
Aspect 1: Family
Ranking Family Percentage (%)

1 26 51
2 10 19
3 3 6
4 3 6
5 8 18
Total 50 100
FAMILY
18%
6%
51%
6%
19%
Figure 23 shows that the ranking number 1 for family is 51% of the respondents. Next is
5. The last one is rank number 3 and 4 with 6% of respondents.
32
Aspect 2: Friends
Ranking Friends Percentage (%)

1 9 17
2 17 33
3 9 17
4 13 29
5 2 4
Total 50 100
FRIENDS
4%
17%
29%
33%
17%
Figure 24 shows that the ranking number 2 for friends is 33% of the respondents. Next is
followed by ranking number 4 which is 29% of the respondents. Then, 17% for rank number 1
and 3. The last one is rank number 5 with 4% of respondents.
33
Aspect 3: Colleagues
Ranking Colleagues Percentage (%)

1 1 2
2 7 14
3 14 28
4 13 26
5 15 30
Total 50 100
COLLEAGUE
2%
14%
30%
28%
26%
Figure 25 shows that the ranking number 5 for colleagues is 30% of the respondents. Next is
34
Aspect 4: Government
Ranking Government Percentage (%)

1 1 2
2 12 24
3 17 36
4 9 17
5 11 21
Total 50 100
GOVERNMENT
2%
21%
24%
17%
36%
Figure 26 shows that the ranking number 3 for government is 36% of the respondents. Next
is followed by ranking number 2 which is 24% of the respondents. Then, 21% for rank number
35
Aspect 5: Specialist
Table 28: Percentage of Aspect 5 With Different Ranking
Ranking Specialist Percentage (%)

1 10 20
2 6 12
3 7 14
4 12 24
5 15 30
Total 50 100
SPECIALIST
20%
30%
12%
14%
24%
Figure 27 shows that the ranking number 5 for specialist is 30% of the respondents. Next is
36
8.2.15: FACTORS THAT LEAD PEOPLE TO REFUSE VACCINE
Aspect 1: Religion
Ranking Religion Percentage (%)

1 9 19
2 6 12
3 8 17
4 5 10
5 22 42
Total 50 100
RELIGION
19%
42%
12%
17%
10%
Figure 28 shows that the ranking number 5 for religion is 42% of the respondents. Next is
37
Aspect 2: Family Education

Ranking Family education Percentage (%)
1 9 18
2 8 16
3 7 13
4 21 44
5 5 9
Total 50 100
FAMILY EDUCATION
9%
18%
16%
44%
13%
Figure 29 shows that the ranking number 4 for family education is 44% of the respondents.
Next is followed by ranking number 1 which is 18% of the respondents. Then, 16% for rank
number 2, 13% for rank number 3 and the last one is rank number 5 with 9% of respondents.
38
Aspect 3: society
Ranking Society Percentage (%)

1 6 10
2 13 25
3 18 38
4 4 8
5 9 19
Total 50 100
SOCIETY
10%
19%
8% 25%
38%
Figure 30 shows that the ranking number 3 is for society is 38% of the respondents. Next is
39
Aspect 4: False Information
Ranking False information Percentage (%)

1 14 29
2 14 29
3 9 18
4 7 14
5 6 10
Total 50 100
FALSE INFORMATION
10%
29%
14%
18%
29%
Figure 31 shows that the ranking number 1 and 2 are equal for false information which is 29%
of the respondents. Next is followed by ranking number 3 which is 18% of the respondents.
Then, 14% for rank number 4 and the last one is rank number 5 with 10% of respondents.
40
Aspect 5: Afraid If Vaccines Side Effect
Ranking Vaccines Side Effect Percentage (%)

1 13 25
2 11 23
3 5 10
4 11 23
5 10 19
Total 50 100
AFRAID OF VACCINES SIDE EFFECT

19%
25%
23%
23%
10%
Figure 22 shows that the ranking number 1 for afraid of vaccines side effect is 25% of the
respondents. Next is followed by ranking number 2 and 4 which are 23% of the respondents.
Then, 19% for rank number 5 and the last one is rank number 3 with 10% of respondents.
41
8.2.16 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT ALL CHILDREN GET VACCINATED?
Table 34: Percentage of Respondents on Why Is It Important for All Children Get
Vaccinated
Aspect Frequency Percentage (%)

Provide a disease-free environment for children 36 24
Eliminate outbreak of certain disease 31 21
Individual protection 26 18
Nation security 13 9
Protects future generations 28 19
Save money and time 14 9
Provide a disease-free environment for children Eliminated outbreak of certain disease

Nation security Protects future generation
Save money and time Individual protection
18%
24%
9%
21%
19%
9%
Figure 33: Percentage of Respondents on Why Is It Important for All Children Get
Vaccinated
The pie chart shows that 24% of the respondents chose provide a disease-free environment
for children. After that, 21% chose to eliminate outbreak of certain disease. Next, 19% chose
to protect future generation.18% of the respondents chose individual protection. While 9%
chose nation security and save money and time.
42
8.2.17 WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE TYPES OF DISEASE THAT CAN BE PREVENTED
BY VACCINATION?
Table 35: Percentage of Respondents on What Do You Think Are The Types Of
Disease That Can Be Prevented By Vaccination

Diabetes 3 3
Diphtheria 26 24
Smallpox 28 26
Tuberculosis 23 22
Heart attack 3 3
Measles 23 22
Diabetes Diphtheria Smallpox Tuberculosis(TB) Heart attack Measles
3%
22%
24%
3%
22%
26%
Figure 34: Percentage of Respondents on What Do You Think Are The Types Of
Disease That Can Be Prevented By Vaccination
The pie chart shows that 26% of the respondents chose smallpox. After that, 24% chose
diphtheria. 22% of the respondents chose tuberculosis and measles. Next, 3% chose diabetes
and heart attack.
43
8.2.18 WHO ARE THE UNVACCINATED PEOPLE AROUND YOU THAT YOU KNOW?
Table 36: Percentage of People Who Are The Unvaccinated People Around You That
You Know

Parents 6 10
Siblings 3 5
Relatives 4 7
Friends 6 10
Colleagues 3 5
None 37 63
Parents Siblings Relatives Friends Colleagues None
10%
5%
7%
10%
63%
5%
Figure 35: Percentage of People Who Are The Unvaccinated People Around You That
You Know
The pie chart shows 63% of the respondents chose none. After that, 10% chose parents and
friends. 7% of the respondents chose relatives while 5% of the respondents chose siblings
and colleagues.
44
8.2.19 WHAT IS THE ACTION THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE TO PREVENT
THE REFUSAL OF PEOPLE TO GET VACCINATED THAT YOU KNOW?
Table 37: Percentage of What Is The Action That The Government Should Take To
Prevent The Refusal of People To Get Vaccinated That You Know

Talk 19 12
Campaign 31 20
Free vaccine program 29 18
Stopping the spreading of false information 28 18
Training of vaccine advocators among family health 22 14
specialist
Promotion through social media and mass media 29 18
Talk
Campaign
Free vaccine program
Stopping the spreading of false information
Training of vaccine advocators among family health specialist
Promotion through social media and mass media
12%
18%
20%
14%
18% 18%
Figure 36: Percentage of What Is The Action That The Government Should Take To
Prevent The Refusal Of People to Get Vaccinated That You Know
The pie chart shows 20% of the respondents chose campaign. After that, 18% chose free
vaccine program, stopping the spreading of false information and promotion through social
media and mass media. 14% of the respondents chose training of vaccine advocators among
family health specialist. Next, 12% chose talk.
45
8.2.20 VACCINES AGAINST VIRUSES ARE USUALLY…
Table 38: Percentage of Vaccines Against Viruses Are Usually
Aspect Frequency Percentage

Expensive 10 20
Given at birth 31 62
Either live-attenuated or killed 5 10
Mainly polysaccharide 4 8
Expensive Given at birth Either live-attenuated or killed Mainly polysaccharide
8%
20%
10%
62%
Figure 37: Percentage of Vaccines Against Viruses Are Usually
The pie chart shows 62% of the respondents chose given at birth. After that, 20% chose
expensive. 10% chose either live-attenuated or killed and 8% of the respondents chose mainly
polysaccharide.
46
8.2.21 WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON THAT CAUSE ANTI VACCINATION MOVEMENT?
Table 39: Percentage on The Main Reason that Cause Anti-Vaccination Movement

Religion 9 18
False Information 32 64
Geographic Barriers 4 8
Politics 5 10
10%
18%
8%
64%
Religion False information Geograpic Barriers Politics
Figure 38: Percentage on The Main Reason that Cause Anti-Vaccination Movement
The pie chart shows the opinions of the respondents about the main reason that cause the
anti-vaccination movement. 64% of the respondents believe that false information is the main
reason that causing the anti-vaccination movement, followed by religion by 18%, politics by
10% and lastly geographic barriers by 8%.
47
8.2.22 PLEASE GIVE YOUR OPINION ON THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT?
Table 40: Responds by The Respondents
Respondent Answer
R1 -
R2 They just want to seek attention.
R3 Good for other generation to improve their health.
R4 It is inappropriate to the society.
R5 Not good.
R6 The anti-vaccination movement is lacking of information thus receiving
false information.
R7 I think it needs to be stopped to prevent the spreading of false information.
R8 Need to be identify and isolated to prevent any virus outbreaks.
R9 In my opinion, this movement need to be stopped.
R10 Obviously, they are not encouraged and uneducated enough about the
whole purpose of getting vaccinated so whatever happen to them, let them
be.
R11 Only people unaware of the benefits of vaccine join the movement.
R12 They need to chill out and balance the cons with pros of vaccination.
R13 Mostly are for uneducated people.
R14 No idea
R15 They has another agenda for having the movement.
R16 Not necessary.
R17 They are uneducated about the good of vaccines and believe the false
information without consult with specialized.
R18 Lack of understanding regarding importance of vaccination.
R19 Not every little information gave by them are totally wrong however these
info can lead to further things that can harm future generation.
R20 No idea
R21 Perlu dengar maklumat kedua-dua belah pihak.
R22 Need to eliminate.
R23 These ideas are not only dangerous, but also regressive.
R24 They should be given more information about vaccination or just don’t give
them the freedom of speech
R25 -
48
R26 Must take action to make this event succeed.
R27 If we did not take vaccine, we easily can get diseases.
R28 They have wrong information.
R29 I do not support the movement.
R30 -
R31 Vaksin mencegah daripada seberang penyakit.
R32 Merbahaya, boleh menyebabkan penyakit berbahaya kepada orang lain.
R33 None.
R34 They do what they believe.
R35 Wasting time.
R36 Most people does not know anything about it.
R37 It is inappropriate and can cause breakout of fatal diseases.
R38 Religion mostly influence but not related to science.
R39 -
R40 My opinion is do not stop anti-vaccination and we should support.
R41 Too dumb to realise.
R42 They lack of knowledge.
R43 It is unwise to not take vaccine as it could save many lives from a potential
disease outbreak.
R44 Never heard before.
R45 It is absurp. The movement will bring more bad than good.
R46 The government should take action and pay a bit more attention towards
them since this movement might influence other people and spread the
fake news.
R47 Very necessary to spead awareness about the harmful of vaccine.
R48 No idea.
R49 No comment.
R50 Very inappropriate.
49
Table 41: Frequency of responses by aspect
Do not They need Action need Have no idea other Support

support the more to be taken about the the
movement information on against the movement movement
vaccine movement
R4 R6 R7 R14 R1 R47
R5 R11 R8 R20 R2
R10 R13 R9 R33 R3
R16 R17 R22 R36 R12
R19 R18 R26 R44 R15
R23 R21 R37 R48 R25
R27 R24 R40 R49 R30
R29 R28 R46 R34
R31 R41 R35
R32 R42 R38
R45 R43 R39
R50
Table 42: Percentage of Responds by the Respondents

Do not support the 12 24
movement
They need more information 11 22
on vaccine
Action need to be taken 8 16
against the movement
Have no idea about the 7 14
movement
Other 11 22
Support the movement 1 2
Total 50 100
50
2%
22% 24%
14%
22%
16%
Do not support the movement They need more information on vaccine

Action need to be taken against the movement Have no idea about the movement
Other Support the movement
Figure 39: Percentage of Respond by the Respondents
Figure above shows the opinion of the respondents on the anti-vaccination movement. 24%
of the respondents do not support the movement, while equal percentages of respondents,
22% each, think that the anti-movement community should acquire more information on
vaccination and other opinions respectively. From this chart also depicts that 16% of the
respondents think that actions should be taken against the movement, the other 14% does
not even know about the anti-vaccination movement. Only 2% of the respondents support the
anti-vaccination movement.
51
8.2.23 DO YOU THINK ACTION TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT IS EFFECTIVE TO
OVERCOME THE VACCINATION-REFUSAL AMONG THE PEOPLE? IF NO, WHY DO
YOU THINK SO.
Respondent Answer
R1 Yes
R2 Yes
R3 Yes
R4 Yes
R5 No because there still a lot of anti-vaccination out there.
R6 Yes
R7 No because I’ve never heard of any action being taken.
R8 No. Because the action taken is not enough.
R9 Yes
R10 No, because they have yet to provide any proofs of what might happen if
they do not get vaccinated.
R11 No. A lot of people are still unaware what vaccine is.
R12 Yes, no one can run away from the government.
R13 No, anti-vaccination movement are still active and strong.
R14 Yes
R15 No, because government is not above the law. They cannot force every
parent to vaccinated their children.
R16 No. Government tak buat banyak gerakan.
R17 No, the parent not believe the effect of unvaccinated can cause harm to their
child.
R18 Yes, using social media as a tool for spreading awareness of vaccination
among public.
R19 Yes. It is effective for now as the anti-vaccination movement in Malaysia is
still in the early time.
R20 Yes
R21 Yes
R22 Yes
R23 Yes
R24 No. There are so many ways that the anti-vaccine can spread their agenda.
R25 Yes
52
R26 Yes, to give knowledge.
R27 No, vaccine is the one of the bestway for us to avoid danger.
R28 No, because the information didn’t spread wide enough to people.
R29 No because there are still many people that got false information about
vaccination.
R30 Yes
R31 Yes
R32 No, sebeb ramai yang masih tidak mahu vaksin.
R33 None.
R34 No, coz not enough.
R35 Yes
R36 Yes
R37 Yes
R38 Yes
R39 Yes
R40 Yes, government is effective.
R41 Yes
R42 Yes
R43 Yes, it is effective as there are not many people that I am aware of who
doesn’t take it.
R44 Yes
R45 Yes
R46 The current action needs to be sustained since it’s a good initiative by the
government but still need to improve.
R47 No, people now more aware about harmful of vaccine.
R48 Yes, and need improvement.
R49 Yes
R50 Yes
53
Table 44: Frequency of Responses by Aspect
Yes No No comment
R1 R5 R33
R2 R7
R3 R8
R4 R10
R6 R11
R9 R13
R12 R15
R14 R16
R18 R17
R19 R24
R20 R27
R21 R28
R22 R29
R23 R32
R25 R34
R26 R47
R26
R30
R31
R35
R36
R37
R38
R39
R40
R41
R42
R43
R44
R45
R46
R48
R49
54
R50

Yes 33 66
No 16 32
No Comment 1 2
Total 50 100
2%
32%
66%
Yes No No Comment
Figure above shows the respond of respondents on whether the action taken by the
government is effective to overcome the vaccination-refusal among the people. It shows that
66% of the respondents think that the action taken by the government to encounter the anti-
vaccination community is effective while the other 32% think that the action taken is not
effective. Meanwhile, the other 2% respondents do not have any comment on the related
subject.
55
8.2.24 DO YOU REMEMBER ANY EVENT IN THE PAST THAT WOULD DISCOURAGE
YOU FROM GETTING A VACCINE? IF YES, CAN YOU DESCRIBE IT?
Respondent Answer
R1 No
R2 No
R3 No
R4 No
R5 No
R6 No
R7 No
R8 No
R9 No
R10 No
R11 No
R12 I don’t even remember what I ate yesterday
R13 No
R14 No
R15 No
R16 No
R17 No
R18 No
R19 No
R20 No
R21 Tiada
R22 No
R23 No
R24 No
R25 No
R26 No
R27 No
R28 No
R29 I don’t really remember.
R30 No
56
R31 No
R32 No
R33 None
R34 No
R35 No
R36 No
R37 No
R38 No
R39 No
R40 No
R41 No
R42 No
R43 No
R44 No
R45 Yes, I saw documentary about the long-term effects of vaccine.
R46 No, I don’t.
R47 Yes, based on statistics, the number of down-syndrome is increasing
recently.
R48 No
R49 No
R50 No
57
Yes No Other
R45 R1 R12
R47 R2 R29
R3 R33
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R30
R31
R32
R34
R35
R36
58
R37
R38
R39
R40
R41
R42
R43
R44
R46
R48
R49
R50

Yes 2 4
No 45 90
Other 3 6
Total 50 100
59
6% 4%
90%
Yes No Other
Figure above shows respond by the respondent whether they have experienced any event in
the past that would discourage them from getting a vaccine. It shows that 90% of the
respondents never encounter any events that discourage them from taking vaccination. 6% of
the respondents have other responds on the subject and only 4% of the respondents have
experienced event that encourage them from not taking vaccination.
60
8.2.25 DO YOU THINK THAT ARE OTHER WAYS TO PREVENT VACCINE-
PREVENTABLE DISEASE THAN WITH A VACCINE? IF YES, CAN YOU DESCRIBE IT?
Respondent Answer
R1 No
R2 Yes, think of germaphobia because they very afraid of germs and dirt.
R3 Yes, parent, teachers and government should take responsibility in other
to prevent the problem overcome.
R4 No
R5 No
R6 No
R7 I don’t think so.
R8 No
R9 No
R10 No
R11 No
R12 I believe in eating healthily, and living practicing an active lifestyle to
prevent such disease.
R13 No
R14 No
R15 No. vaccine is good. Maybe some prayer could help too.
R16 No
R17 Yes, by using social media, artist, idol, our politician, teacher to do the
campaign, to educate the foolish parent.
R18 Perhaps other alternative is traditional medicine.
R19 For now, I think vaccine is the best, affordable way available.
R20 No
R21 Tiada
R22 No
R23 No
R24 I think so. But it is only possible in the future after years of advancement in
medical.
R25 Prevention is better than cure. So make sure ourself stay healthy to
prevent any kind of diseases that can attack us.
61
R26 No
R27 No
R28 No
R29 I don’t really know.
R30 No
R31 Yes
R32 No
R33 None
R34 Not sure
R35 No
R36 No
R37 No
R38 Yes, probably, like old folks use traditional medicine.
R39 No
R40 No
R41 No
R42 No
R43 Yes, perhaps with detailed population health control it could be achieved
but it is hard to do it on non-developed or developing country.
R44 Spread the information widely about vaccine.
R45 No
R46 No, but I don’t think so since every disease has to be cured by its specific
medicine.
R47 Yes, by natural antibody.
R48 Increase health worker.
R49 No
R50 Moved medicine from dry store.
62
Yes No Other
R2 R1 R12
R3 R4 R19
R17 R5 R24
R18 R6 R25
R31 R7 R29
R38 R8 R33
R43 R9 R34
R47 R10 R44
R11 R48
R13 R50
R14
R15
R16
R20
R21
R22
R23
R26
R27
R28
R30
R32
R35
R36
R37
R39
R40
R41
R42
R45
R46
R49
63
Table 51: Percentage of Respond by the Respondents

Yes 8 16
No 32 64
Other 10 20
Total 50 100
16%
20%
64%
Yes No Other
Figure above shows the respond by the respondent on other ways to prevent vaccine-
preventable disease other than using a vaccine. It shows that 64% of the respondents think
that there is no other way to prevent vaccine-preventable disease other than using the vaccine
itself. 20% of the respondents gave other opinion and only 16% of the respondent think that
there is other method to prevent this kind of disease.
64
9.0 CONCLUSION

9.1.1 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT
Based on the data, the gender for the respondents are more male compared to female. We
tried to achieve the gender frequency as balance as possible to obtain the best outcome for
this research but male respondents are easier to cooperate so more male respondent than
female.
9.1.2 AGE OF THE RESPONDENT
From the survey, majority of the respondent area in the age range of 18-25. This is because
we want to know more opinions about vaccine from the Y-generation.
9.1.3 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT
From the collected data, we can see that most of the respondents are single but the married
respondent number is still enough for this research. This is because we have faced the hard
time to tell if the person married or single. We tried to get as balance as we could for single
and married respondent to get better outcome for this research.
9.1.4 EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT.
By observing to the data obtained, we can see half of the respondents are employed. This is
because we want to know more opinion about vaccine from employed people. We believe
employed people have socialized better than unemployed and have better knowledge about
what is happening in the society.
9.2 RESPONDENT’S RESPONSE SECTION

9.2.1 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT VACCINE.
Based on the data collected, most of the respondents know what vaccine is. Vaccine now is
a very common thing and topic in our society. People can read and see the information about
vaccine in so many medium nowadays such as television, newspaper, internet, social media,
billboard, etc.
9.2.2 VACCINE IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
From the data obtained through the questionnaires, there are more than half of the
respondents agree and think that vaccine is the best way or medium to prevent infectious
65
diseases. Infectious diseases such as small-pox, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, etc. are
spreading through the antigen. By getting vaccinated, the body of a person will be ready to
fight those antigens when it enters the body system. The effectiveness of fighting the antigen
is better when people get vaccinated compared to those who are not. It can be concluded that,
this is why there is still many people think and agree vaccine is the best way to prevent
infectious diseases.
9.2.3 VACCINES HAVE SIDE EFFECTS.
More than half of the respondents agree that vaccines have side effects. The side effects can
be either acute or chronic. The most popular side effect from vaccine that has been spreading
among the society especially among anti-vaccine group is vaccine can cause autisms. There
is no scientific evident yet about the claim. However, vaccine does have side effects but it is
not chronic and very severe. There are still many people who are afraid to get vaccinated
because of the side effects from the vaccine itself. Therefore, as a responsible community we
must stop and prevent more false information about vaccine from spreading in the society.
9.2.4 ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT.
Based on the data collected, there are many people do not know any anti-vaccine movement.
This shows that, there are still more people who do not aware about the anti-vaccine issue
among the society. Anti-vaccine movement can persuade people by spreading false
information about vaccine and will increase the percentage of people who refuse vaccine in
future. Therefore, we need to be aware about what is happening in our society to prevent more
health problem in future.
9.2.5 ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT APPROACHED.
Based on the data, most respondents do not experience been approached by anti-vaccination
movement in their daily life. As a result, they do not know much about the movement and do
not have any idea about it.
9.2.6 GOVERNMENT SHOULD MAKE THE VACCINATION COMPULSORY TO

EVERYONE.
From the data analyzed, most respondents vote yes government should make the vaccination
compulsory to everyone. This is acceptable because it is necessary for everyone to take the
vaccination to prevent them from dangerous virus. By the compulsory of vaccination for
everyone can protect the community and surrounding from being infected to virus.
66
9.2.7 IT IS IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN TO RECEIVE ALL THE NECESSARY
VACCINATIONS.
Based on data collected, most of the respondent agreed with the “statement it is important for
children to receive all necessary vaccination. For overall, people in Selangor still concern
about their children and the effect of neglecting the vaccine toward their child. This is also
because of the Selangor is the developing state which is their people is educated and aware
about the vaccination issue.
9.2.8 SUPPORTING ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT.
Most of the respondent chose to disagree and against the anti-vaccination movement. This is
due to lack of approach from the anti-vaccination movement based on the data collected from
previous finding. Besides, the anti-vaccination movement in Malaysia is new and barely know
about their existence.
9.2.9 VACCINATION CAN CAUSE AUTISM.
From the data it is found that many of respondent agreed that vaccination does not cause
autism. The information about vaccination does causes autism is spread by anti-vaccine
movement in order to make people scared to get vaccinated. However, based on the result
show that people do not easily fall to the false information about the vaccine.
9.2.10 UNVACCINATED CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO GO TO THE

SCHOOL.
The data collected shows that respondents disagreed the children should not be allowed to
go to the school. Respondents think it is unfair for the unvaccinated children not get permission
to enter the school just because they do not get the vaccine. However, there are respondents
that agree with the statement because they want to protect their children from getting involve
with the unvaccinated children. This is because unvaccinated children can spread dangerous
easily compared to the children that vaccinated.
9.2.11 POLITICIANS SHOULD BE ROLE MODELS THAT ENCOURAGE

VACCINATION.
Based on data obtained, respondents mostly agreed politicians need to be a model that
encourage vaccination to their people. Politician is very influence and well-known people that
have many followers. So, if they show a good attitude and be a model that encourage people
to get vaccinated, absolutely people will follow that.
67
9.2.12 GOVERNMENT PURCHASE THE HIGHEST QUALITY VACCINES
AVAILABLE.
From the data analyzed, most respondents agreed that government purchase the highest
quality vaccines available. They believe the government always taking care their people and
provide the best healthcare for them.
9.2.13 MEDIUM THAT IS USUALLY USED TO SPREAD THE INFORMATION

ABOUT VACCINE
Based on the data collected, majority of the respondents are prone to choose social media
and internet as the medium used to spread information about vaccine. As nowadays every
single person has their own smartphone therefore, they can easily receive the information
from the social media and internet.
9.2.14 THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON THAT CAN INFLUENCE YOU ABOUT
VACCINE.
The conclusion that can be made for this question is family plays an important role in
influencing and educating a particular person about vaccine. Most of the respondents chose
family as the individual that can influenced a person the most about vaccine.
9.2.15 THE FACTORS THAT LEAD PEOPLE TO REFUSE VACCINE
Everyone has their own opinion on the factors that lead people to refuse vaccine since it’s a
general question. For this question, most of the respondents chose false information and afraid
of vaccines side effect as the reasons for not taking vaccine. The reasons are legit because
we as a human being will not take anything that will risk our health.
9.2.16 IT IS IMPORTANT THAT ALL CHILDREN GET VACCINATED.
From the data, it is found that every respondent who answers the questionnaires mostly
agreed that vaccine can provide a disease-free environment for all children.
9.2.17 TYPES OF DISEASES THAT CAN BE PREVENTED BY VACCINATION.
Based on the data that we collected, we can conclude that every respondent is aware about
the advantage of vaccine. Most of the respondent chose smallpox, diphtheria and measles as
the diseases that can be prevented by vaccine.
68
9.2.18 UNVACCINATED PEOPLE AROUND YOU THAT YOU KNOW.
It’s kind of relief to see almost all of the respondents said there is no unvaccinated person they
know. This show that they are surrounded by a right person and the possibility for them to get
infected by disease is low.
9.2.19 ACTION THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE TO PREVENT THE

REFUSAL OF PEOPLE TO GET VACCINATED.
From the data, we can conclude that the government has done many actions and initiatives in
order to keep the citizen save from dangerous diseases. This is because most of the
respondent agreed with all of the options that is given in the questionnaire.
9.2.20 VACCINES AGAINST VIRUSES ARE USUALLY.
From this question, most of the respondents said the vaccine that against the viruses was
given at birth. This shows that the parents in Malaysia are aware with the benefits of vaccine.
9.2.21 MAIN REASON THAT CAUSE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT.
Based on the chart, most of the respondents choose “false information” as the main reason
for causing the anti-vaccination movement. The most choice choose by the respondents is
“religion” followed by “politics” and lastly “geographic barriers”.
9.2.22 OPINION ABOUT THE ANTI-VACCINATION MOVEMENT.
Based on the data collected, most of the respondents does not support the anti-vaccination
movement. The number of respondents think that more information on vaccination has to be
given to the anti-vaccination community and other respond are equal. There are also a few
respondents that think action should be taken against the anti-vaccination movement. Other
respondent does not have any idea about the anti-vaccination movement and only one
respondent supports the anti-vaccination movement.
9.2.23 THE ACTION TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT IS EFFECTIVE TO

OVERCOME THE VACCINATION-REFUSAL AMONG THE PEOPLE.
Most of the respondents think that the action taken by the government to overcome
vaccination-refusal among the people is effective but there are also respondents that think
otherwise.
69
9.2.24 ANY EVENT IN THE PAST THAT WOULD DISCOURAGE YOU FROM
GETTING A VACCINE
From the pie chart, almost all of the respondents never experience any event that may
encourage them from not taking vaccination. Only two respondents that have encounter that
experience, and the rest have other opinions.
9.2.25 OTHER WAYS TO PREVENT VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES THAN

WITH A VACCINE.
Most of the respondents think that there is no other method to prevent vaccine-preventable
disease other than using vaccine, but there are other respondents that think the opposite of
them.
70
10.0 RECOMMENDATION
10.1 EXAMINE FIRST THE INFORMATION ABOUT VACCINE THAT YOU GET.
People need to make some research and examine the information that has been spreading in
the society about vaccine. Examine the sources of the information and get the approval from
the authorised people. The false information can be easily spread and accepted by the
community and can give a big impact to the society. As a responsible people in the community,
do not spread and share any suspicious information about vaccine to other people as it can
create confusion. Refer to the specialist and make consultation if necessary.
10.2 INFORM THE ACTIVITY OF THE ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT TO THE

PUBLIC AND HELP SPREAD AWARENESS.
The anti-vaccine group is always on the move to bring the false awareness to the society to
make more people refuse vaccine. The authorities should always be aware of this and help to
inform other people about the false information that will be told by the anti-vaccine people. By
doing so, more people will know and will be prepared when they get approached by the anti-
vaccine movement.
10.3 IDENTIFY PEOPLE AROUND YOU THAT IS REFUSING VACCINE
As a responsible member in a society, such as doctor, they should get to know about people
around them. In this case, people who refuses vaccine. Get to know them and try to educate
them with facts and statistic supplied by the government. Spread awareness about the
importance of vaccine to the health of the future.
10.4 STOP THE SPREADING OF FALSE INFORMATION
Government and other related parties such as Minister of Health, Malaysia should take serious
actions to stop the spreading of false information as it is the main reason, according to the
respondents that cause the movement anti-vaccination movement.
10.5 PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION TOWARDS THE PUBLIC
Government, school, parent and other related parties should educate the citizens more about
diseases, vaccination and other health related subject as the level of knowledge on this subject
is not satisfying. They should also being expose more on the related subject and other
movement that may cause them harm, such as the anti-vaccination movement.
71
10.6 INTRODUCE NEW LAW
The authorities should introduce new law for this issue. The purpose of the law itself is to
protect our country from any spreading of dangerous virus. So, by introducing new law for
example the unvaccinated children cannot go to the school can control the spreading of
dangerous virus among people surrounding. This law maybe controversial but there a more
advantages rather than disadvantages if the law is implemented.
10.7 IMPROVING HOSPITAL SERVICE
Government needs to improve the facilities and services at the hospital. People did not like to
get vaccinated due to the waiting time is too long even the vaccine is given free to everyone.
Nurse and doctor need to be proactive given the information to the people that lack of
information about vaccine.
10.8 HOME VISITS TO INCREASE VACCINATION RATES
Home visitors assess clients' vaccination status, discuss the importance of recommended
vaccinations, and either provide vaccinations to clients in their homes or refer them to other
services. Home visits may be conducted by vaccination providers (e.g., nurses) or others (e.g.,
social workers, community health workers).
10.9 PUBLIC AND SOCIETY SHOULD PLAY THEIR ROLE AND TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY
In this issue, public and society themselves should play their role in stopping and banning the
anti-vaccination movement. This is because anti-vaccination movement will only exist if and
only if there is any party who supports them. Therefore, every party need to avoid from doing
any activity that might give advantage to the anti-vaccination movement.
10.10 SERIOUS ACTION NEED TO BE TAKEN TOWARDS THE ANTI-

VACCINATION MOVEMENT
The government and authorities need to prosecute the anti-vaccination movement by any
chance. This is a good initiative since the anti-vaccination movement will keep on doing their
agenda if there is no serious action taken towards them. Thus, the government and authorities
need to look at this issue of anti-vaccination movement as a catastrophic problem that might
affect the country and take a serious action as soon as possible.
72
11.0 REFERENCES
1. Evrony, A., & Caplan, A. (2017). The overlooked dangers of anti-vaccination groups’
social media presence, 13(6), 1475–1476.
2. Mckee, C., & Bohannon, K. (2016). Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of
Vaccines, Brief Review Article, 21(2).
3. Marian, O., Lutheran, A., Children, G., & Ridge, P. (2012). Anti-Vaccination Movement
and Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children in USA ´, 87, 381–385.
4. Mark D, Philippe B, Baudouin S, Carlo G, David P (2016). Vaccine impact: Benefits for
Human Health, Vaccine 34 6707-6741
5. Hadi, E. (2019, February 27). Vaccination: A matter of life and death for Malaysian
children - Malay Mail. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-
think/2019/02/27/vaccination-a-matter-of-life-and-death-for-malaysian-children-
eyman-hadi/1727346
6. History of Anti-vaccination Movements. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-
movements
7. Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018). The Anti-vaccination Movement:
A Regression in Modern Medicine. Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.2919
8. W. T., Wr, Y., Nam, T., Ma, & A., A. (15 june 2017). Issues in Vaccine Hesitancy in
Malaysia: A Countering Approach [Review].
9. Macdonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants.
Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
10. Vaccine Fact Book 2012 (English). (2012, April). Retrieved from http://www.phrma-
jp.org/library/vaccine-factbook_e/
73
12.0 APPENDICES
EH2204E
University Technology Mara Shah Alam
QUESTIONNAIRE
We, students of Faculty of Chemical Engineering, EH2204E, Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam
would like to know the level of knowledge of Malaysian citizens about vaccine. Nowadays, the number
of people who refuse vaccine has increased at a worrying level. The purpose of this questionnaire is
to find out why there are still so many people who refuse vaccine. It will determine the actual reasons,
where they get the information about vaccines, how well they know about vaccine, etc. The data will
be kept confidential. Please return the questionnaire once you have finished.
Please check (✔) in the space provided to indicate your responses.
Gender: Male Female
Age: Below 18 18- 25 26-40 Above 40
Marital Status: Single Married
Occupation: Employed Unemployed Student
Please check (✔) the Yes or No.
1. Do you know what is vaccine?

Yes __ No __
2. Do you think vaccine is the best way to prevent infectious diseases?

Yes __ No __
3. Do you think vaccines have side effects?

Yes __ No __
4. Do you know of any anti-vaccination movement?

Yes __ No __
If yes, please specify ___________________
5. Have you ever been approached by any anti-vaccination movement?

Yes __ No __
74
6. Do you think the government should make the vaccination compulsory to everyone?
Yes __ No __
Please indicate the level of agreement with each statement by ticking (✔) the appropriate
segment for question 7 to 12.
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
7. I believe it is important for my children _____ _____ _____ _____

to receive all the necessary vaccinations.
8. I support anti-vaccination movement. _____ _____ _____ _____
9. Vaccination can cause autism. _____ _____ _____ _____
10. Unvaccinated children should not _____ _____ _____ _____
be allowed to go to school.
11. I believe politicians should be role models _____ _____ _____ _____
that encourage vaccination.
12. I am convinced that government purchase the _____ _____ _____ _____
highest quality vaccines available.
Please rank the following choices for question 13 to 15. (1 – most preferred to 5 – least preferred)
13. Please rank the following medium that is usually used to spread the information about vaccine.
Television/radio
Social media
Internet
Newspaper/magazines
Health journal
75
14. Please rank the most influential person that can influence you about vaccine.
Family
Friends
Colleague
Government
Specialist
15. Please rank the factors that lead people to refuse vaccine.
Religion
Family education
Society
False information
Afraid of vaccine’s side effects
For question 16 to 19, you may tick (✔) as many boxes as you think appropriate.
16. Why is it important that all children get vaccinated?
Provide a disease-free environment for children
Eliminated outbreak of certain disease
Individual protection
Nation security
Protects future generations
Save money and time
17. What do you think are the types of diseases that can be prevented by vaccination?
Diabetes
Diphtheria
Smallpox
Tuberculosis (TB)
Heart attack
Measles
76
18. Who are the unvaccinated people around you that you know of?
Parents
Siblings
Relatives
Friends
Colleagues
None
19. What is the action that the government should take to prevent the refusal of people to get
vaccinated that you know?
Talk
Campaign
Free vaccine program
Stopping the spreading of false information
Training of vaccine advocators among family health specialist
Promotion through social media and mass media
For question 20 to 21, please tick only one box that you think the appropriate answer.
20. Vaccines against viruses are usually …

Expensive
Given at birth
Either live-attenuated or killed
Mainly polysaccharide
21. What is the main reason that cause anti-vaccination movement?

Religion
False information
Geographic barriers
Politics
77
22. Please give your opinion about the anti-vaccination movement.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. Do you think the action taken by the government is effective to overcome the vaccination-refusal
among the people? If no, why do you think so.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Do you remember any event in the past that would discourage you from getting a vaccine? If yes,
can you describe it?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
25. Do you think that are other ways to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases than with a vaccine? If
yes, can you describe it?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Thank you for your cooperation.
78

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

9.2.13 MEDIUM THAT IS USUALLY USED TO SPREAD THE 68

People nowadays influenced by anti-vaccination movement in the internet that contributed to

a) To investigate public’s knowledge about vaccination.

4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

According to Vaccine Factbook (2012), vaccine is a biological preparation produced from a

Table 1: Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification

Gender Age Marital status Employment status

Table 2: Percentage of Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification

Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 1: Frequency of Respondents’ Personal Information with Classification

8.1.1 RESPONDENTS’ GENDER

Table 3: Percentage of Respondents’ Gender

Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 2: Percentage of Respondents’ Gender

Table 4: Percentage of Respondent Based on Their Age

Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Below 18 18-25 26-40 Above 40

Figure 3: Percentage of Respondent Based on Their Age

Table 5: Percentage of Respondent Based on Marital Status

Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 4: Percentage of Respondent Based on Marital Status

Table 6: Percentage of Respondent based on Their Employment Status

Aspect Category Frequency Percentage (%)

Employed Unemployed Student

Figure 5: Percentage of Respondent based on Their Employment Status

8.2.1 DO YOU KNOW WHAT VACCINE IS?

Table 7: Percentage of Respondent Who Knows What Vaccine is

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 6: Percentage of Respondent Who Knows What Vaccine is

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 9: The Percentage of Respondent Who Know Any Anti-Vaccine Movement

Table 11: Percentage of Frequency of People Have Been Approached by Anti-

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 10: Percentage of Frequency of People Have Been Approached by Anti-

Table 12: Percentage of Frequency of People’s Opinion About The Government

Answer Frequency Percentage (%)

Figure 11: Percentage of Frequency of People’s Opinion About Government Should

Table 13: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe It Is Important for My

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Disagree Strongly Disagree

Figure 12: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe It Is Important for My

Table 14: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Support Anti-Vaccination

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Figure 13: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Support Anti-Vaccination

Table 15: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Vaccination Can Cause Autism.

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Table 16: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Unvaccinated Children Should

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Figure 15: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on Unvaccinated Children Should

Table 17: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe Politicians Should Be

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Figure 16: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Believe Politicians Should Be

Table 18: Percentage of Respondents’ Response on I Am Convinced That

Level of Agreement Number of respondents Percentage (%)

Table 19: Percentage for Aspect 1 With Different Ranking

Ranking Television Percentage (%)

Figure 18: Percentage for Aspect 1 With Different Ranking

Table 20: Percentage for Aspect 2 With Different Ranking

Ranking Social Media Percentage (%)

Figure 19: Percentage of Aspect 2 With Different Ranking

Table 21: Percentage for Aspect 3 With Different Ranking