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Afaq AAFAQ AHMAD

Accommodative party systems

competitive party systems in which stability is achieved by compromise between parties that are
far apart on the political dimensions (spectrum)
Authoritarian party systems
party systems in which society controlled by single party or few people
Closed-list PR systems
proportional representation systems in which voters have no say about their candidates
Competitive party systems
party systems that try to build electoral support and make competition in elections
Conflictual party system
an unstable competitive party system in which most parties do not work each other or the system
and are far apart on the political spectrum
Consensual party system
a stable competitive party system in which most parties trust each other and the system and are not
too far apart on the political spectrum
Consociationalism
compromise between parties that are far apart on the political spectrum
Double-ballot
a version of single-member district election in which voting happens in two stages (with a majority
needed to win the first stage and more votes than any other party needed to win the second stage,
after the number of parties are trimmed down)
Duverger's Law
the theory that the relationship between electoral systems and party systems goes such that SMD
election systems generate two-party structures while PR election systems generate multiparty
systems
Effective number of parties
measurement that account the number of parties in a country and their relative sizes
Electoral authoritarianism
a facade of democracy and freedom in a political system and its elections
Electoral system
the rules by which elections are conducted
Exclusive governing party
an authoritarian party that insists on total control over all political resources
Inclusive governing party
an authoritarian party that recognizes, to an extent, other political groups and organizations
Interest aggregation
the combination of political demands of individuals and groups into policy programs
Majoritarian two-party systems
competitive party systems dominated by just two parties
Majority-coalition systems
competitive party systems in which parties establish pre electoral coalitions
Majority runoff
double-ballot a version of single-member district election in which voting happens in two stages
(with a majority needed to win the first stage and more votes than any other party needed to win
the second stage, after the number of parties are trimmed down)
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Afaq AAFAQ AHMAD

Mechanical effect
the result of a SMDP election system where smaller parties get no representation
Median voter result
two-party systems will inevitable target the center and "converge"
Military governments
governments that maintain order by monopoly on coercive force
Multiparty systems
competitive party systems in which a single party practically never gains a majority and coalitions
are formed through bargaining after the election
Open-list systems
electoral systems in which voters can give preference votes to individual candidates
Party system
the number of parties and the relationships among them
Patron-client networks
structures where a central authority grants benefits in exchange for loyalty
Primary election rule
preliminary elections in which voters nominate party candidates for office
Proportional representation
electoral system in which multimember districts elect a proportional amount of representatives per
party
Psychological effect
foreseeing of the mechanical effect and only voting for the larger parties in SMDP election systems
Single-member district
an electoral district in which voters choose one representative
Single-member district plurality election rule
first past the post electoral system in which countries are split into election districts that send
representative based on the party that has the most votes within the district
Strategic voting
granting support to a party that is not your first choice in order to avoid a worse outcome