Unit 5.

1 Voting

Voting
Ezra Aguilar
Arturo Patungan
University of Santo Tomas
Voting

the action or process of indicating choice, opinion, or

will on a question, such as the choosing of a candidate,
by or as if by some recognized means, such as a ballot
Voting

Consensus
has to be
made.
Voting

“Guys, saan tayo kakain?”

Voting

KAHIT
SAAN!!!
Voting

Consensus
has to be
made.
Voting
Voting
Voting

Consensus
has to be
made.
Voting Methods

Plurality Method

Plurality with Elimination Method

Rank – Choice or Instant Runoff Method

Borda Count Method

Pairwise Comparison Method

Voting

The
Plurarity
Method
Plurality Method

The one with the most

number of votes
or
with the most first-
preference votes
WINS.
Example
• Consider the preference schedule below, in which the voters in a
barangay is voting on five different candidates for Brgy. Captain. The
candidates are called A, B, C, D, and E here for simplicity.

Number of Ballots Cast

150 340 240 360 200 300

1st choice B C B D B E

2nd choice C A D C E A

3rd choice A D C A A D

4th choice D B A E C B

5th choice e E E B D C

• Determine the winner under the plurality method.

• ANSWER: B
Voting

The Plurarity
with
Elimination
Method
Plurality with Elimination Method

Each person votes for his or

her favorite candidate (or
choice).
Plurality with Elimination Method

If no candidate receives a
majority, then the candidate
with the fewest votes is
eliminated and a new
election is held.
Plurality with Elimination Method

This process continues until

a candidate receives a
majority of the votes.
Example

• A company is planning a company outing next summer.

There are three possible locations for the outing:
Amanpulo in Palawan, Pandan Island in Mindoro, and Bella
Rocca Island in Marinduque. The 1000 employees including
managers and department heads have to decide based on
costs, amenities, and safety. The results of the election is
given in the following table.

Amanpulo Bella Rocca Pandan

Number of Votes 364 336 300
Using the plurality method of voting, which location wins?
Example

Assuming the result of the new voting, with Pandan Island

being eliminated is given below. Where will the company
outing be held?
Amanpulo Bella Pandan
Rocca
Number of Votes 584 416 0
Voting

Ranked-Choice
or Instant Runoff Method
Rank Choice or Instant Runoff Method

Each voter ranks all of the

candidates; that is, each voter
selects his or her first choice,
second choice, third choice, and so
on.

21
Rank Choice or Instant Runoff Method

If no candidate receives a majority,

then the candidate with the fewest
first choice votes is eliminated and
those votes are given to the next
preferred candidate.

22
Rank Choice or Instant Runoff Method

If a candidate now has a majority of

first-choice votes, that candidate is
declared the winner. If no
candidate receives a majority, this
process continues until a
candidate receives a majority.

23
Example
• Consider the voting of the 1000 employees to
choose the island for their company outing. They
were asked to write their 1st choice, 2nd choice and
3rd choice. The results are shown in the following
table preference table.
Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220

1st choice A A B B P P

2nd choice B P A P A B

3rd choice P B P A B A

a) Use the plurality method to determine the winner

24
Example
• Consider the voting of the 1000 employees to
choose the island for their company outing. They
were asked to write their 1st choice, 2nd choice and
3rd choice. The results are shown in the following
table preference table.
Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220

1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

b) Use the instant runoff to determine the winner

Inspecting the table for first-choice row:
A: 168 +202 = 370
But 370 is not yet the majority.
B: 215 + 105 = 320
Eliminate P
P: 90 220 = 310
25
Example 1 (Solution)

Eliminating P:
Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220

1st choice A A B B A B
2nd choice B B A A B A

• Inspecting the table for first-choice row:

A: 168 + 202 +90 = 460 votes
B: 215 + 105 + 220 = 540 votes

B wins!
26
Voting

Borda Count
Example
Borda Count
1 (Solution)
Method

Each voter ranks all of the

candidates; that is each voter
selects his or her first choice,
second choice, third choice,
and so on.

28
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.
Example
Borda Count
1 (Solution)
Method

If there are k candidates, each

candidate receives k points for
each first-choice vote, k – 1 points
for each second-choice vote, k – 2
points for each third-choice vote,
and so on. The candidate with the
most total points is declared the
winner. 29
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.
Example
Borda Count
1 (Solution)
Method

The candidate with

the most total points
is declared as the
winner.

30
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.
Example
• Consider the voting of the 1000 employees to
choose the island for their company outing. They
were asked to write their 1st choice, 2nd choice and
3rd choice. The results are shown in the following
table preference table.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.

31
Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

Number of Ballots Cast

A B P
1st choice 168 + 202 = 370 215 + 105 = 320 90 + 220 = 310

2nd choice 215 + 90 = 305 168 + 220 = 388 202 + 105 = 307

3rd choice 105 + 220 = 325 202 + 90 = 292 168 + 215 = 383

32
Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

Number of Ballots Cast

A B P
1st choice 370 320 310

2nd choice 305 388 307

3rd choice 325 292 383

33
Example
Borda Count
1 (Solution)
Method

If there are k candidates, each

candidate receives k points for
each first-choice vote, k – 1 points
for each second-choice vote, k – 2
points for each third-choice vote,
and so on. The candidate with the
most total points is declared the
winner. 34
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.
Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

Number of Ballots Cast

A B P
1st choice (3 pts each) 370 320 310

2nd choice (2 pts each) 305 388 307

3rd choice (1 pt each) 325 292 383

35
Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

Number of Ballots Cast

A B P
1st choice (3 pts each) 370*3 = 1110 320*3 = 960 310*3 = 930

2nd choice (2 pts each) 305*2 = 610 388*2 = 776 307*2 = 614

3rd choice (1 pt each) 325*1 = 325 292*1 = 292 383*1 = 383

36
Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

Number of Ballots Cast

A B P
1st choice (3 pts each) 370*3 = 1110 320*3 = 960 310*3 = 930

2nd choice (2 pts each) 305*2 = 610 388*2 = 776 307*2 = 614

3rd choice (1 pt each) 325*1 = 325 292*1 = 292 383*1 = 383

TOTAL: 2045 2028 1927 37

Example
a) Use Borda Count Method in coming up with a winner.

A wins!
Number of Ballots Cast
A B P
1st choice (3 pts each) 370*3 = 1110 320*3 = 960 310*3 = 930

2nd choice (2 pts each) 305*2 = 610 388*2 = 776 307*2 = 614

3rd choice (1 pt each) 325*1 = 325 292*1 = 292 383*1 = 383

TOTAL: 2045 2028 1927 38

Voting

Pairwise Comparison
Method
Pairwise Comparison Method

Each voter ranks all of the

candidates; that is each voter
selects his or her first choice,
second choice, third choice, and
so on.
Pairwise Comparison Method

For each possible paring of

candidates, the candidate with the
most votes receives 1 point; if there is
a tie, each candidate receives ½
point.
Pairwise Comparison Method

The candidate who

receives the most points
is declared as the
winner.
Pairwise Comparison Method

• Let us consider again the decision of a company to

determine the island destination to have their
summer outing.
Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220

1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A

• Because there are 𝑘 = 3 candidates, there must be 3

3 3!
pairwise comparisons; that is 𝐶2 = = 3.
3−2 !2!
• Specifically, we investigate A versus B, A versus P, and B
versus P.
Pairwise Comparison Method

Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A
A versus B :
A: 168 + 202 + 90 = 460
• First column: A: 168
B: 215 + 105 + 220 =540
• Second column: A: 202
• Third column: B: 215

B gets 1 point!
• Fourth column: B: 105
• Fifth column: A: 90
• Sixth column: B: 220
Pairwise Comparison Method

Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A
A versus P :
• First column: A: 168 A: 168 + 202 + 215 = 585
• Second column: A: 202 P: 105 + 90 + 220 = 415
• Third column: A: 215

A gets 1 point!
• Fourth column: P: 105
• Fifth column: P: 90
• Sixth column: P: 220
Pairwise Comparison Method

Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 90 220
1st choice A A B B P P
2nd choice B P A P A B
3rd choice P B P A B A
B versus P :
• First column: B: 168 B: 168 + 215 + 105 = 488
• Second column: P: 202 P: 105 + 90 + 220 = 512
• Third column: B: 215

P gets 1 point!
• Fourth column: B: 105
• Fifth column: P: 90
• Sixth column: P: 220
Pairwise Comparison Method

A, B, & P
got 1
point
each.
Pairwise Comparison Method

No
declared
winner.
Pairwise Comparison Method

Use a
different
method.
EXERCISE
Example: The Pairwise Comparison Method

• Now suppose the preference table is as

follows:
Number of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 225 220

1st choice A A B B P P

Who really won???

2nd choice B P A P A B

3rd choice P B P A B A

• Comparing: A versus B
A got 168 + 202 + 225 =595
B got 215 + 105 + 220 = 540
• So, A (Amanpulo) gets 1 point
EXERCISE
Example: The Pairwise Comparison Method

Given• the tabulation

Now suppose the preferencebelow,
table is as
follows:
Number ofNumber
Ballots Cast
of Ballots Cast

168 202 215 105 225 220

168 202A 215
st
1 choice A
105
B B
225 P 220 P

1st choice 2PH nd

choice PHB USAP USA
A P COL A COL
B
rd
3 choice P B P A B A
nd
2 choice USA COL PH COL PH USA
Comparing:
3rd choice • COL USA ACOL
versus BPH USA PH
A got 168 + 202 + 225 =595
Use the instant runoff,
B got Borda Count
215 + 105 and=Pairwise
+ 220 540 comparison
• So, A (Amanpulo) gets 1 point
EXERCISE

Instant Runoff:
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 225 220
1st choice PH PH USA USA COL COL
2nd choice USA COL PH COL PH USA
3rd choice COL USA COL PH USA PH
PH: 168 + 202 = 370
USA: 215 + 105 = 320 ELIMINATE USA.
COL: 225 + 220 = 445
EXERCISE

Instant Runoff:
Number of Ballots Cast
168 202 215 105 225 220
1st choice PH PH PH COL COL COL
2nd choice COL COL COL PH PH PH

PH: 168 + 202 + 215 = 585 PH WINS!

COL: 225 + 220 + 105 = 550
EXERCISE

BORDA COUNT 168 202

Number of Ballots Cast
215 105 225 220
1st choice PH PH USA USA COL COL
2nd choice USA COL PH COL PH USA
3rd choice COL USA COL PH USA PH
Number of Ballots Cast
PH COL USA

COL WINS!
1st choice (3 pts each) 370 445 320
2nd choice (2 pts each) 440 307 388
3rd choice (1 pt each) 325 383 427

PH: 370*3+440*2+325*1 = 2315 points

COL: 445*3 + 307*2 + 383*1 = 2332 points
USA: 320*3 + 388*2 + 427*1 = 2163 points
EXERCISE

PAIRWISE 168
Number of Ballots Cast
202 215 105 225 220
COMPARISON 1st choice PH PH USA USA COL COL
2nd choice USA COL PH COL PH USA
3rd choice COL USA COL PH USA PH

PH vs USA PH vs COL
PH: 168 + 202 + 225 = 595 PH: 168 + 202 + 215 = 585
USA: 215 + 105 + 220 = 540 COL: 105 + 225+220=550
PH gets 1 point PH gets 1 point

COL vs USA
COL: 202+225+220=647
PH WINS!
USA: 168 +215+105=488
COL gets 1 point
EXERCISE

PAIRWISE 168
Number of Ballots Cast
202 215 105 225 220
COMPARISON 1st choice PH PH USA USA COL COL
2nd choice USA COL PH COL PH USA
3rd choice COL USA COL PH USA PH

PH vs USA PH vs COL
PH: 168 + 202 + 225 = 595 PH: 168 + 202 + 215 = 585
USA: 215 + 105 + 220 = 540 COL: 105 + 225+220=550
PH gets 1 point PH gets 1 point

COL vs USA
COL: 202+225+220=647
PH WINS!
USA: 168 +215+105=488
COL gets 1 point
Unit 5.1 Voting

End of
Unit 5.1