66 Advances in Flavours and Fragrances .

·Hydrodistillatlon Steam & Water Steam

Para meter Distlllation Distill ation
• Oil yield Lowest Medium Highest .
• Speed of distillation Lowest Medium Hist
Formation of still Highest Medium-high Lowest
noles
Loss of oxygenaled Highest (phenols _dissolve Medium-low (refluxing a Lowest
-constiluents in water) problem)
Susceptibility to Highest (pH increase in Medium-high' (refluxing a Lowest
hydrolysis water) problcm)
·Susceptibility to Highest (prolonged heat) Medium to high (!herma! Lowest
· .oolymerisation conductivity of still wall)

• Wetness of plant material can affect hydrolysis Lawrence_

Table 17 Processing: Comparison of Hydrodistillation, SteC:m & · Water.Distillation

and Steam Distillation

Vacuum
Commercial Hydrodistiiled Microwave
ComEound Oil Oil Distilled Oil"
sabinenc 2.0-5.3 2.9 4.6
a-!erpinene 0.9-7.0 3,0 0.9
p-cymene 0.9"9.5 3.5 8.2
y-terpinene 3.2-10.2 7.6 11.l
cis-sabinene hydrale 2.4-6.7 0.7 4.6
trans-sabinenc hydrale 7.1-14.0 6.9 8.2
linalool 2.3-5.6 2.0· 2.9
lerpinen-4-ol 16.4-36.3 48.2 29.8
ct-terpineol 3.8-8.3 7.8 4.6
cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 4 .6
liiialyl acetate J.9-5.4 2.4 2.2
terpinen-4-yl acetate 2.3-5.4 2.0 0.9
'Plants dried prior to disúllation -Lawrence

Table 18-Ejfect of-=Processing on Herb Oil of Or:igan majorana

Hydrodistilled Steam Distilled

Compound Oil Oíl
.o:-pinene .1.2 3.7
camphene 0.2 · 0.6
sabínene 0.1 0.1
¡3-pinene 0.1 0.4
myrcene 0.5 0.8
limenene 1.1 ·2.0
y-terpinene 2.2 4.1
p-cymene 0.3 0.7
terpinolene 0.3 0.5
li nalool 81.8 75.7
camphor 4.8 4.5
geranyl acetate 2.0 3.2
geranio! 3.2 2 .0
Bandoni et al. (1998)

Table 19 Ejfect of Distillation Process on Oil Composition of Coriander

1 .¡
1_ '.
 .y
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Natural Products and Essential Oils 67

Compound Fresh Plant Oil Dried Piant Oil

myrcene 1.7 0.1
limcnene 0..8 0.2
(Z)-¡3-ocimene 0.7 1
(E}-¡3-ocimene l.4 0.1
linalool 28 .6 19.1
linalyl acetate 44.9 60.2
a-tcrpineol 3.1 2.5
germacrene D 2.6 2.0
neryl acetate 1.0 1.7
geranyl acetale 1.9 3.0
nerol 1.2 0.5
geranio! 3.3 1.2
Lawrence

Table 20 Comparative Composition of Clary Sage Oil Produced from Fresh and Dried
Plant Material by Steam Distillation

Com2ound T pica! Oil Aged Oíl Well-Aged Oil

a-pinene 1.0-6.5 2.3 0.5
myrcene 0.4-l.0 0.1
y-terpinene 2.2.S.l O.l 1
p-cymene 0.3-3.0 3.8 4.9
cis-linalool oxidet 0.1-0.4 4.9 14.1
trans-linalool 0.1-0.3 4.3 12.3
o:ddet
camphor 2.1-4.4 nd 6.3
linalool 68.9-83.7 64.0 38.l
Bandoni et al.
t furanoid form
(1998) . nd = not determi ned

Table 21 Comparativ Percentage Composition of Aged Coriander Oil

The effect of dryness of plant ma1eria1 on 'the on the oil composition of clary sage oil
pr-Oduced by steam distillation can be seen in Table 20. An example of age as it relates to
oiI compositioo can also be seen for c0riander (Table 21).

2.7 Exogenous

A nurnber of years ago; lhe Javandin producing areas of Provence was visited .during
disti1Tation season. On the vit .to a distiJJation site, it was observed that the distiller was
"wetting down" his Javandin 'f:iowers once they were compressed in the still. When
questioned why this process w-.,s perforrned lhe dístiller said that it helped hirn increase bis -¡ .

yield. Examination ·o.f the liquid used to "wet down" the fkiwers revealed a mixture of
synthetic Jinalool and linalyl acetate. As a result , it is not surprising that thc yield was
increased. It is quite lli<ely that this was an isolated incident; nevertheless, the addition of a
"wetting mixture" was also found to have been applíed in dillweed oil production in the
United States. The w.etting mixture in this case was (+)-limonene and racerníc carvone.
Before discussin g the addition of materials to the oil or adulteration, lhe term oil
standardisation requires attention.

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