Chemistry Investigatory Project

Analysis of Soft Drinks

SUBMITTED BY:
GRADE: XII-B
REGISTER NO:
GUIDED BY :

This is to certify that Miss/Master of Grade XII-B

Registration no:
has carried out the project work in Chemistry
Investigatory Project (Analysis of Soft Drinks)
prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary
Education, New Delhi during the academic year
2022-23

Teacher in charge :
Date : 15/08/2023
Internal Examiner : …………………………
External Examiner : ………………………..

Principal : School Seal:

Acknowledgement

I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt

gratitude to our principal, for
giving us the opportunity to make this report and
letting us use the laboratory chemicals which were
very necessary in the completion of this project.

I am also thankful. our dear

chemistry teacher who has been a great helper, friend
and advisor in this endeavor without whose
cooperation, guidance and encouragement, this project
would not be possible.
I wish to acknowledge my heartfelt thanks to him for
his constant supervision over the project and for
providing all the necessary information and details
regarding the project.

Last but not least, I’m very thankful for the support
extended my friends during the making of this project;
their wisdom and ideas were of a great help to me.
INDEX
Serial no. Topics Page
no.
1. Introduction 1.

2. Aim 2.

3. Apparatus and chemicals 3.

required
4. Detection of pH 4.

5. Test for carbon dioxide 5.

6. Test for Glucose 6.

7. Test for Alcohol 7.

8 Advantages of Cold drinks 8

9 Disadvantages of cold drinks 9

 10 Applications of cold drinks 10

11 Recent research 11

12 Result 12

13 Precautions 13

14 Bibliography 14

INTRODUCTION
A soft drinkis a drink that typically contains carbonated water (although some
lemonades are not carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural or artificial
flavoring. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a
sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks), or some combination of these. Soft
drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives, and/or other
ingredients.
Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic drinks. Small
amounts of alcohol maybe present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must
be less than 0.5% of the total volume if the drink is to be considered non-
alcoholic. Fruit punch, tea, and other such non-alcoholic drinks are technically
soft drinks by this definition, but are not generally referred to as such.
While the term "soft drink" is commonly used in product labelling and on
restaurant menus, in many countries these drinks are more commonly referred
to by regional names, including carbonated drink, cool drink, cold drink, fizzy
drink, fizzy juice, lolly water, pop, seltzer, soda, coke, soda pop, tonic, and
mineral. Due to the high sugar content in typical soft drinks, they may also be
called sugary drinks.
 THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These
soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy
taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is
responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic
acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste.
Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic
compounds and are major source of energy to our body.
General formula of carbohydrates is CX(H2O)Y

Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.It occurs

in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many
sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent
of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful
disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in
nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants.

Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be
measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also
depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and
phosphoric acid.

AIM
Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different
brands of soft drinks.

APPARATUS
1) Test tube
2) Test tube holder
3) Beaker
4) Burner
5) pH
6)China dish
7)Wire gauge
8)Water bath
9) Dropper
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1) Iodine Solution
2) Potassium Iodide
3) Sodium Hydroxide
4) Lime Water
5) Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B solution
6) Concentrated Nitric Acid
7) Benedict Solution

DETERMINATION OF pH

EXPERIMENT –
Samples of soft drinks of different brands were taken in
a China Dish and the pH paper was dipped in each
China dish and kept out for a minute. The change in
colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared
with standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION –
Serial No. Name of Drinks Colour Change pH Value
1 Coca-Cola Reddish-Orange 2.5
2 Sprite Orange 3
3 Fanta Dark-Orange 3.3
INFERENCE –
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the
presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values
of cold drinks of different brands are different due to
the variation in acidic content. Coca-Cola is the most
acidic.

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT –
Lime water Ca(OH)2 is passed through different
samples of soft in different test tubes. After sometime
the lime water turns milky due to presence of carbon
dioxide.

OBSERVATION –
Serial No. Name of Drink Conclusion(CO2)
1 Coca-Cola PRESENT
 2 Fanta PRESENT
3 Sprite PRESENT

CHEMICAL REACTION –
Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) ------>CaCO3 (s) +H20 (l)

INFERENCE –
All the soft drinks contain dissolves co2 the co2 is dissolved in
the form of carbonic acid which is responsible for tangy taste
in soft drinks.

Test for Glucose

1.Test using Fehling’s solution
Experiment
Samples of each soft drink were taken in separate test tubes and Fehling's A
solution (copper(II) sulfate) and Fehling's B solution (potassium sodium tartrate,
also known as Rochelle salt) are equally added to each test tube in the Water
bath. The test tubes are then heated for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown
precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Sample+CuH2045(Fehling's A) + KNaC4H406-4H2O(Fehling's B)-- >Brown Precipitate
Observation-
Serial no Names od drinks observation conclusion
1 Coca-Cola Reddish brown Glucose is
participate present
2 Fanta Reddish brown Glucose is
participate present
3 sprite Reddish brown Glucose is
participate present
Inference
All the soft drink samples were found to have glucose in them
2.Benedict's Reagent Test

•Experiment Samples of each soft drink were taken in

separate test tubes and a few drops of Benedict's
reagent were added to each test tube. The test tube was
heated for a few seconds. Formation of reddish color
confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Observation
Serial no Names of drinks Observation conclusion
1 Coca cola Reddish Glucose is
brown present
participate
2 Fanta Reddish Glucose is
brown present
participate
3 sprite Reddish Glucose is
brown present
participate

Inference

All the samples gave positive tests for glucose with

Benedict's reagent that shows all soft drink
samples contained Glucose.

TEST FOR ALCOHOL

 Experiment
Samples of each soft drink were taken in separate test tubes and iodine ,
Potassium Iodide and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution was added to
each test tube. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the
presence of alcohol in cold drinks.

CH3CH2OH(Sample) + KI + I2 + NaOH-----CHI3(Yellow precipitate) + HCOONa + NaI + H20

OBSERVATION
 SERIAL NO. NAME OF DRINKS OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

1. COCO-COLA YELLOW Alcohol is present

PRECIPITATE
2. FANTA YELLOW PRECIPITAE Alcohol is present

3. SPRITE YELLOW Alcohol is present

PRECIPITATE

 Inference-
All the cold drinks samples gave a positive test for alcohol
that shows all soft drink samples contained alcohol in them.

ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS

 Soft drink contribute to an enjoyable diet. Soft drinks in addition
to water also meet the fluid requirement .
 Carbonated water or soda and soft drinks help in giving a quick
relief in acidity and gastric problems.
 A person who needs to be hydrated, soft drinks can meet that
fluid requirement .
 4.If a person has a condition that requires them to limit sugar,
such as diabetes, low-sugar soft drinks can be a good alternative
to sugary drinks because they have a minimal effect on the
body's blood sugar levels. Low-sugar soft drinks are usually
 very low in calories, so they may also be included as part of a
weight-loss regimen.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOFT DRINKS

1. Soft drinks are a little more harmful than sugar solutions. As
they contain sugar in large amounts which cause problems in
diabetes patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the
body's natural ability to suppress hunger.
3. Soft drinks contain "phosphoric acid" which has a pH of 2.8,
so they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
4. Drinking large amounts of carbonated beverages during the
development of adolescents may reduce the accumulation of
bone minerals and increase the risk of future fractures.
5. Soft drinks have the ability to dissolve the calcium so they
are also harmful for our bones. And when the body lacks
calcium, it pulls it from sources such as the teeth. This can lead
to dental problems

Calcium Deficiency caused by soft drinks can led to

APPLICATION OF SOFT DRINKS

1.Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car

bumpers and they can lose a rusted bolt. Soft
Drinks are carbonated, which allows it to dissolve
with metal oxides and break up rust on a variety of
metals and alloys.

3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.

4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent 'detergent'
to remove grease from clothes.

RECENT RESEARCH

A recent Research showed that Maternal intake of

sweetened carbonated beverages, may be
associated with children's ADHD symptoms.
Norwegian, Swedish and Dutch researchers
examining a large Norwegian population-based
cohort recently reported in European Journal of
Nutrition that daily maternal intake of sweetened
carbonated beverages (SCB) during pregnancy
was associated with an increase in ADHD
symptoms among offspring at 8 years of age.
A pregnant woman's stomach is temperature
sensitive. Having iced and chilled drinks may lead
to the stomach and blood vessels shrinking all of a
sudden can't be good for the baby, Side effects of
this could be reduced appetite, indigestion,
stomach spasms and early miscarriage besides
lowering the unborn baby's food supply and
growth leading to congenital disabilities.

RESULT/CONCLUSION
After conducting all the tests, we can conclude that all
the samples of soft drinks that are: Coca-Cola, Fanta
and Sprite contain Carbon dioxide, Glucose, Alcohol,
Phosphorus ions and sucrose in them. On comparing
the pH value, Coca-Cola is more acidic than the other
soft drinks.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Concentrated solutions like concentrated Nitric acid
should be handled with immense care.
2.If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent
from any possible damage.

3.Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off

whenever you leave your workstation. 4.Glass objects
like test tubes, china dishes should be

handled with immense care.

5.Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing

each experiment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft drink

2. https://www.slideshare.net/naveenjayan/chemistry investigatory-
projects-on-cold-drinks

3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7606316 Soft drinks
and dental health A review of the currentliterature
4. https://youtu.be/xHcaplGC4HY