CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
 Roll No:
 Grade: XII
 Session: 2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT:
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. AIM
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS
7. CHEMICAL REQUIRED
8. pH DETECTION AND CHECKING FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENT
8.1 pH detection
8.2 test for carbon dioxide
8.3 test for glucose
8.4 test for alcohol
8.5 test for sucrose
8.6 test for phosphate
9. RESULT
10. Disadvantage of cold drinks
11. uses of soft drinks
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this file consists of authentic
information obtained from research and experiments
performed to investigate "CONTENTS OF COLD
DRINKS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET, and the
investigation has been successfully completed sincerely
and satisfactorily solely by OMANSH KAUSHIK of
CLASS-XII A

________________
Teacher's signature
 Acknowledgements
It is my pleasure to express sincere gratitude towards my
Chemistry Teacher; MANJU BATRA MA'AM and lab
assistant RAJESH VERMA SIR for providing the
required help.

Their valuable guidance, support and supervision

throughout have played a key role for this project:
"Contents Of Cold Drinks available in the market”
to attain its present form.
 Purpose of this project

Cold drinks are popular among people of all age groups,

from kids to teenagers to adults to aged.
Are we aware of what these cold drinks consist of ? Is
consuming cold drinks regularly significantly harming
us ? Are cold drinks alcoholic in nature ?
To answer such questions, experiments were conducted
using qualitative analysis to determine what our
favourite drinks consist of.
 Introduction
The first marketed soft drinks appeared in the 17th century as
a mixture of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey.
In 1949, Parle wanted a piece of the soft drinks market and
launched India's first-ever cola beverage named Gluco-cola
which was later changed to Parle-Cola.
Cola became popular as it was the 'cool' beverage of the
youngsters.
Coca Cola introduced Indians to the taste of cola in 1970,
before exiting the country in 1971 due to changes in the
government policies. Parle which was facing stiff competition
 from Coca Cola then took over the reins by launching new
carbonated drinks such as Thumbs Up, Gold Spot and Limca.
Today, Coca Cola and Pepsi together contribute to more than
60% of the carbonated drinks market. The rest is controlled
by Parle, Dabur, Bisleri and other local brands.
 Aim

Comparative study and qualitative analysis of different

brands of cold drinks available in the market.
 Theory
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft
drinks give feeling of warmth lightness and have a tangy taste
which is liked by everyone.
Carbohydrates have the general formula: Cx (H2O)y
On the basis of their molecular carbohydrates are classified as
1. Monosaccharides
2.Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs
in free-state in the ripened grapes and also in many sweet
fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about
0.1%.
Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily
life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also
in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar
cane juice which contains 15-20% sucrose and sugar beet
which has about 10-17% sucrose. The molecular formula of
sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and
fructose.
It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing.
Carbon dioxide, dissolved in water forms
carbonic acid present in the cold drinks, is the cause of
formation of froth when a bottle of cold drink is shaken. The
gas dissolved tries to escape from the liquid.
Cold drinks are mildly acidic in nature. Their acidity can be
measured by finding their pH value. The pH value depends on
the acidic contents of the cold drinks like the amount of
carbonic acid, citric acid present.
 Apparatus
1. Test tubes
2. Test tube holder
3. Test tube stand
4. Stopwatch
5. Beaker
6. Bunsen Burner
7. pH paper
8. Tripod stand
9. China dish
10. Wire gauge
11. Water bath
 Chemicals required
1)Iodine solution
2)Potassium iodide
3)Sodium hydroxide
4)Fehling's solution - A and B
5)Lime water
6)Concentrated HNO3
7)Benedict solution
8)Ammonium Molybdate
9)Cold drinks
a) Thumbs Up
b)Pepsi
c) Limca
 pH detection and checking for different components
pH detection

Experiment
1-2 drop samples of each cold drink of selected brands were
taken and put on pH paper. The change in colour of the paper
was then noted and was compared with the standard pH scale.

Observation
Sr. No. Cold drink Colour pH value
change
1. Mountain dew orange 3.22
2. limca pinkish 4
3. Sprite red 3

Inference
Soft drinks are generally acidic due to the presence of citric
and phosphoric acid. Different acid quantity in each drink is
the reason for different pH values of the drinks.
[Test for glucose]
 Test for glucose
Experiment

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by

the following test:- Benedict's Solution Test
A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a
test tube and a few drops of benedict's reagent were added.
The test tbe was heated for a few seconds. Formation of
reddish colour confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Observation
Sr. No. Cold drink Observation Conclusion

1. Mountain dew Reddish Glucose

present
2. limca Reddish Glucose
present
3. Sprite Reddish Glucose
present
Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with benedict's
reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
 Test for alcohol
Experiment

Samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in test tubes

and iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were added to each test tube.
Then the test tubes were kept in a hot water bath for 30
minutes.
Formation of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the
presence of alcohol in cold drinks.
Chemical reaction

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 (yellow)+HCOONa + 5NaI +5H20

Observation
Sr. No. Cold drink Observation Conclusion

1. Mountain dew Yellow ppt Alcohol

 present
2. limca Yellow ppt Alcohol
present
3. Sprite Yellow ppt Alcohol
present
Inference
All the tested cold drinks have alcohol samples present.

Test for sucrose

Experiment
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drink were taken in a
china dish and heated till a change was visible
Black coloured residue confirms the presence of sucrose in
cold drinks.
Observation
Sr. No. Cold drink Observation Conclusion

1. Mountain dew Black Sucrose

residue present
2. limca Black Sucrose
residue present
3. Sprite Black Sucrose
residue present
Inference
All the tested brands of cold drinks contain
Sucrose. But the amount of Sucrose varied with each brand.
Pepsi had the highest quantity of sucrose.
 Test for phosphate
Experiment

Sample of each brand of cold drink was taken in separate test

tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated
Nitric Acid (HINO3) was added to the samples.
The solution was heated and the colour of the precipitate
confirms the presence of Phosphate ions.
Chemical reaction
NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H2--->(NH4)3PMo12O40 (Canary Yellow) + 12H2O
Observation
Sr. No. Cold drink Observation Conclusion

1. Mountain dew Canary- Sucrose

yellow ppt present
2. limca Canary- Sucrose
yellow ppt present
3. Sprite Canary- Sucrose
yellow ppt present
Inference
All the tested brands of cold drinks contain phosphate ions
which are detected when canary-yellow precipitate is
obtained.
 Result
After conduction several tests, it was concluded that different
brands of cold drinks, namely Thumbs Up, Pepsi and Lima, all
contain Carbon Dioxide, Glucose, Alcohol, Sucrose and
Phosphate ions.
All are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH values of
different brands, we noticed that Pepsi is the most acidic and
Limca is the least acidic. pH value of Pepsi is nearly equal to
that of disinfectants, and so is harmful to the body.
Among the four brands sampled, Pepsi has the maximum
amount of dissolved Carbon Dioxide while Limca has the least
amount of dissolved Carbon Dioxide.
 Conclusion
Disadvantages of cold drinks:
1. Sugar present in large quantities can cause
diabetes
2. Cause tooth decay (yellowing and cavities due to consumption of
sugar by bacteria present in mouth)
3. Heartburn caused by warming of body due to carbon dioxide
4. Belching: Stomach stretches due to accumulation of carbon dioxide
inside stomach
5. Cause obesity: Add calories and affect body's natural ability to
suppress hunger
6. Presence of phosphoric acid: pH = 2.8. Harmful
for stomach.
Uses of softdrinks
1. The aerated drinks contains phosphoric acid which gets rid of the
hair cuticles, is great for enhancing natural curls, dissolves unwanted
dye and also makes your hair don great volume.
2. Pouring cold drink into the soil reduces its pH making it perfect
for the growth of the plants.
3. Removes rust from chrome
4. Cleans corrosion from batteries
5. Used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes.
6. They can loosen a tight rusted bolt.
 Bibliography
britannica.com
linkedin.com
phantasticsmile.com
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
ccets.cgg.gov.in
(pics to be pasted after printout):