cu») United States c2) Patent Application Publication co Pu Pais oy (71) Applicant: Salvatore Cezar Pais, Callaway, MD (ws) (72) Inventor: Salvatore Cezar Pais, Callaway, MD ws (73) Assignee: United States of Ameriea as represented by the Seeretary of the Navy, Patuxent River, MD (US) (21) Appl. Now 181678672 (22) Filed: Aug. 16, 2017 10 100 PZT ‘Metallic’ Coating y No.: US 2019/0058105 Al (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 21, 2019 US 2019005810541 Publication Classification Gl) Ima HOU 4107 (2006.01) OIL 41708 (200501), HOB 1206 2006.01), (2) US.C. cr MOLL, 41/107 (2013.01); HOLB 12706 (2013.01); HOLL 41/0805 (2013.01) on ABSTRACT The present invention is a room temperature superconductor comprising ofa wire, which comprises of an insulator core fad a metal coating. The metal coating is disposed around the insulator core, and the metal i coating deposited on the core. When a pulsed current is passed through the wire While the wire is vibrated, room temperature superconduc tivity is indaoed, RTSC "Metallic £ Wire Insulator Core Pulsed Current: SourcePatent Application Publication Feb. 21, 2019 US 2019/0058105 AL 10 \ 100 PZT ‘Metallic’ Coating RISC } “Metallic” & sfx Wire Insulator Core 110 Pulsed Current 120 Source vit) 7 Pulsed Current Ke, Source ve(t) PZT Metallic’ Coating Helical —] erse EM Coil my h Ie LAA D DLO mati SE \ | | [Insulator Core i \ 7 7 120 Pulsed Current: Source vit) FIG-2US 2019/0058105 Al PIEZOELECTRICITY-INDUCED ROOM “TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST [0001] The inveation described herein may be mamaae- ‘ured and used by or forthe Government ofthe United States ‘of Ameriea for governmental purposes without payment of ‘any royalties thereon or therefor BACKGROUND 10002] A room-temperature superconductor is a material that is capable of exhibiting superconductivity at operating atures of or above 25° C. (approx. 300° K). Several ‘materials have been reported to be mom-temperaire super ‘conductor, although hone of these reports has been con: finned. However, instead of concentrating on the chemical structure of such materials whieh do not wilize any eletical ‘oF mechanical manipulation, rom temperature supercon- ‘duetivity (RTSC) in a manipulated current-carrying special ‘composite metal wire may be achieved. The cureat must be pulsed for maximum effet. This eoneept enables the trans- Iission of electrical power without any losses and exhibits ‘optimal thermal mangement (o0 heat dissipation), whieh leads to the design and development of novel energy gen- on and harvesting devices with enormous benefits 10 10003] Simply put, RISC can be enabled in a curent ‘carving special Composite metal wire whieh is abeuptly vibrated by mechanical, magnetic, electrical, and/or electro- ‘magnetic means, The wite isa bulk (core) insulator with & “thin coating oF a normal metal (such as Aluminuas) or other practicable coating. The coating his a thickness onthe order ‘of the London penetration depth (but possibly much thicken), andl an externally applied magnetic field is applied to the meta. For the eletically-driven vibration, the wire is ‘coated with lead zirconate titanate (PZT ceramic/poor metal) or any her material in which the piezoelectric elect ‘ean bo induced. Since the RISC supercurrent may be tenersted ulong the metaVnsulator interface (boundary) this wire configuration can be termed an unconventional superconductor. 10004] The achievement of room temperature supercon ‘ductivity (RESC) represents 2 highly disruptive technology, ‘capable of total paradigm ebsange ia Science and Teehinol- ‘ogy rather than just a paradigm shift. Hence, its military and ‘commercial value is considerable. SUMMARY, 10005] The present invention is directed to a piezoelee- tricity-induced room temperature superconductor with the neds enumerated above and below: [0006] The present invention is dirweted to a piezoelee- triciy-induced rom. temperatire superconductor that inchides a wire comprising an insulator core anda coating, the costing disposed around the insulator core the coating ‘deposited on the core, the coating undentoes polarizing treatment after the deposition, and, when a pulsed current is passed through the wee, room temperature superconetiv= Ay is induced, 0007] Tes feature ofthe present invention to provide @ pie7oelecricity-induced room temperature superconductor that enables the transmission of electrical power with no losses, Feb. 21, 2019 [0008] Its feature ofthe present invention to provide piezoelectricity-induced room temperature superconductor {hat superconductvity is achieved from abruptaccelerated vibmition of @ wire through use ofa pulsed current tough the wiee DRAWINGS 0009} Taeseand other features, aspects and advantages of | the preseat invention will become better understood With reference tothe following description and appended claims, ‘and aecompanying drawings wherein [010] FIG. 1 is an embodiment of the piezaelectriity- indeed mom temperature superconductor, and, 0011] FIG. 2 is another embodiment of the vibration: induced room tempersture superconductor. DESCRIPTION [0012] ‘The prefered embodiments of the present inven- ‘ion are ilustated by way of example below and in FIGS. 1-2. As shown in FIG. 1, the piezoelectricity-induced room temperature superconductor 10 includes a wire 100 com- prising an insulator core 110 and a coating 120 (the coating ‘ay be a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) coating, Aluminum, for any other material that induces the piezoelectric effect). ‘The coating 120 disposed around the insulator core 110, and the coating 120 is deposited on the core 10. The coating 120 ‘undergoes polarizing treatmeat aller the deposition, and ‘whe a pulsed current is passed through the wire 100, room temperature superconductivity is induced. [013] In the description of the present invention, the invention will be discussed in a laboratory envionment; however, this invention ean be utilized for any type of application that requires a conductor. 0014} Te enablement of RTSC relates to the supercon- ‘ducting (SC) material chemical structare, but a great deal ‘none todo with what is done to the material to make it SC, from a farfrom-equilbrium perspective (non-equilibrinm thermodynamics). It is important to realize that intemal Dating within any system enclosure can be greatly reduced by room temperature (300 deg. Kelvin and higher) super- conducting wiring, which would allow for lossless trans- inission of electrical power to its subsystems, [015] There are theee parameters which affet supercon: ductivity: The parameters include temperature, current den- and externally applied magnetic field strength. Phy these parameters have in common one thing, that the interactive motion of electric charges, namely electrons. Control of this motion via vibration and/or spin of eharged patter subjected to rapid acceleration transients (highly ‘non-linear in nature) may lead to the achievement of room ‘temperature superconduetivity, especially if the charged matter is inhomogeneous. [0016] At the present time, itis believed that the mecha- nism of supercondiuetivity can be induced either by bipola- rons or Cooper pairing, A bipolaron can be defined, but ‘without Timitation, as quasiparticle consisting of wo polaroas. polaron is, but without Iinitatioa,« quasiparticle tied in condensed matter physics to understand the inter factions between electrons and atoms in a solid material, A Cooper pair or BCS pair is @ pair of electrons (or other Termions) hod together a low temperatures. An arbitrarily small attraction between electrons in a metal can cate @ pire state of electrons to bave a lower energy than theUS 2019/0058105 Al Fermi eneray, which implies that the pair is bound. In ‘conventional (BCS) superconductors, this attraction is due to the electron-phonon interetions. The important realiza- tion is that independent of physical mechanism, the key 10 ‘observed superconductivity #8 the strong electromatice (phonon) coupling. Strong elecron-latice interactions cua be obiained from abniptaecelerated vibration of a wire: thereby, providing justification for RSC enablement. As 8 result, special composite metallic wire ean become super= conductive (SC) at om temperature, if you make it abruptly vibrate, while running a pulsed curent through it, 5just like “plucking” a guitar sring ftermitenly, The current must be pulsed for maximum effec. 10017] In one of the embodiments of the invention, the wire 100 is 2 special composite metal wire that may be ‘comprised of a bulk (core) insulator 110 (such as Teflon, oF ny other non-coneuctive polymer) with a thin’ coating 120 ‘of anormal metal (aluminum) of poor metal (PZT ceramic), “The coating 120 has a thickness on the order of the below described London penetration depth (but possibly much thicker, and the wire 100 is given an extemally applied magnetic field. Arguably, this wire configuration may be termed an unconventional superconductor, since the RISC supercurrent may be generated along the interface (bound- fry) between the coating 120 and the core insulator 110 of the wire. This is due tothe abrupt change in state between the coating 120 and the insulator core 110, analogous to an abrupt phase transition occurring along the eoating/insulator interface, which spontancously breaks symmetry and thereby induces supercondoetivity. This abeupt change in state (phase transition) occurs as the wire 100 is abruptly vibrated and oocurs atthe boundary between the coating 120 ‘and the bulk insulator 110, a8 various states of changed matter (coating 120) and non-charged (insulator core 110) ‘matter are throws into slate of coherent superposition [0018] As shown in Equation 1, the expression for the London penetration depts (i) can be written as cma? ‘wherein, m, #8 the mass of the superconducting charge carriers (lestrons), where is the magnetic permeability of five space, ny is the aumber density of superconducting charge caries, and qyis othe electron charge 10019] Given thatthe superconducting change carriers (of mast mi. where fy is the magnetic permeability of free space) are electrons (qg-e, electron charge), with a number ‘density of superconducting charge carriers (a,) on the oder ‘of 10*/em* (endemic of unconventional superconductors sueh as Yusium Barium Copper Oxide or YBCO), the London penetration depth, and hence the thickness of the ‘outing 120 of the wire 100 is on the order of microns), However, this thickness could be mich greater, if practi= cable, [0020] | Consider an experimental set-up at standard room temperature and pressure, where a curent carrying Al- ‘outed ite in cylindrical configuration) is mechanically vibrated in an abruptaccelerated) manner by being siruck With @ non-conductive element, such as a Tellon pick, ia ‘onder to generate accelerated vibrations, more effective means of vibrating a wire in tension is by we of an ‘electromagnetic (FM) plucking col located in close prox Jmity to the wire. The coil i rapidly energized and de- ‘energized using either DC of AC current. The induced magnetic fux couples with the wire. Additionally, the wire (Been, Feb. 21, 2019 cating can be doped with fete inehsions (pees, such fs bat not limited to ion or steel. Alternatively the wire eating ean be doped with sub-micron sized fete partes So that is becomes highly responsive tote eleciostagnetic (EM) faves exerted by the pocking en However, his EM ‘method of vibration muy na be conducive o RISC, since the mochanically-plucked Absoated composite wine may Tel the Meisner effet test for supercondctiviy, and not he able to expel the ux ines of the extemal applied magnetic field Furber consider the clvecally-deven vibration vee sion of this idea wheteby a non-A coated wie coated with dead Zconate ianate (PZ) is ubropy vibrate by having an electrical potenti! difeence applied slong is PZT eating, this inducing Wize vibration via the pieaelectre effect Coupling of bath mechaneal and non-mechanical Vibrations in an soocleratd vibration mode subjetel to ‘pid aceleation transients canbe considered for possible umplifcation of system non-inerites, which cam adice Spin fctations inthe meal portion of the wie. More- (ver, is Boon shosin that micrometer size PZT thin ln Geposis can excite high vibration frequencies, exceeding 100 Mil, which would generate high EM axes ia. an couward dreton, from the surfice ofthe curent-earying composite wire. This method of vibration would he greatly condocive to superconductvity, since enablement of the Meissner eect would be possible, The ewsen though the ire 100 can be pulsed for maximum elect. An EM plu Jng coi ean also be used in conjunction with this pezoeee- tcally driven wire vibration method, thas generating dif ferential vibrations, in order 1 eonuol and aygment spin Auctions and therefore mediate long range phase coher ence, which along with cleton peirng pives rise 10 the Sse of room tespertire superconduc [002] There ae thee characteristics that a materi must possess in onder to he superconductive, a state of matter ‘which constitutes @ macroscopic quantum phenomenon Such a material ogeupies a unigue place in condensed matter plisics. The thre eharacteristies ae perfect diamagnetisn {ihe Meissner effet), peroct clerical conductivity ero elecrcal resistance), and macroscopic quantum cokerence {che ability ofa portion of the consti! particles cle- ‘eons in a supereondoctor ofl into Tock step and move in highly omzanized orderly fashion, in eer words form & Imaeroscopic matter wave). Considering thatthe cument caring ie 100 i abruply vibrated by mechanical or Piezoelecric means, this will generate & magnetic field ‘which would exclode (expel) the magnetic fl ines of an exteraly applied magnetic fl, ths enabling o condition of perfect diamagnctimn (exhibiting the Meissner elec) thus the present invention meets the fst requiement for supercondctivity. [0022] |For de vibrated wire, as shown in Equation 2, dhe condition forthe Meissner elf to occur can be expresicd 4 the axiom apneic ux density Gnduetion) as eon para to the maxims magnetic iadicton from an exter nally applied magnetic ik, namely: rand vnnda?8n Bohne (quan 2), ‘whore jy isthe magnetic permeability of roe space, 1 is a time independent current through the wire, Ris the wire radius, cris the wire surface charge density, A, is the accelerated vibration amplitude, o, isthe accelerated vibra- tion frequency, At the total ime interval for which the wire js vibrated, and (Be)gaex isthe magnetic induetion from anUS 2019/0058105 Al externally applied magnetic field. Not that Equation 2s ot S Tonction of temperature aad thos aot a function of 1, (he ‘rial temperature below which the wire beomes Soper feonduetive, thus the condition for the Meissner let {periet diamsgnetism) bocomes possible at room tempera- ture I important to aso aote that che mun deving parameter in this expression is the accelerated vibration Frequency (0) bic solely exhibits w second power (o0n- Tina term 10023] Inthe prseat invention, since only the coating 120 fof the wire 110 carries a eharge due 1o the current, ia the insulator core 110 oF wire bulk thew is no charge motion, “Tis means that the magnetic induction within the insulator core 110 o¢ wite butk(B) is zero, hence dv, the time rate ff change of Bis zero as weil (he two conditions for and ¢ are the electrical permittivity and the speed of Hiht (respectively) inUS 2019/0058105 Al free space and py isthe quantum of magnetic fx, The tenn {gy may be writen as h*/(2e), where bY is Planck's constant divided by 2. The foet thatthe fine structure constant ean be expressed as a function of (2e) shows how important the notion of electron pairing is in the composition of the Universe, and gives credence to the theory that the funda- mental cosmic metastructure may be thought of as a charged supertiid, in other words, a superconducting con- densate. Therefore, by controlling this interactive motion under the noa-equilibrism condition of changed matter sub- jected t rapid seceloration transients, numerous advance ‘ments in science and technology may arse, room tempers- ture supereonduetivity boing one such advance, arguably an Emengent Physical Phenomenon, Electron pairing i the keystone of superconductvity, without which its physical ‘mechanism cannot stand. At high temperatures itis only the ‘moderately strong non-linear electron-phonon (lattice vibra- tions) interactions that ea induce electoa pairing. Itmay be possible thatthe electron pairing mechanism is not eaused by an electron-phonon (pbononic) coupling but by an elee- tron-clectron (electronic) eoupling, which does not wse pho- non mediation to induce attraction between electrons. Pho- nonie may’ be defined as, but without limitation, as phonon- Tike, It is of particular interest to note that such a purely ‘electronic coupling was proposed to explain the supercon ‘duetivity mechanism in a thin (a few atomic layers thick) metallic film deposited on a dielectric (insulator) substrate Moreover, «hybrid coupling, both eleetronie and phononie jn nature was suggested for explaining experimentally ‘observed indications of near-room temperature supercon: ‘ductivity (313° K) in the interface between a thin Aluminum film deposited on a PZT substrate, 10030] Along with electron pairing, it is the existence of spin fuctuations which induces long range phase coherence in solids, thereby giving rise o superconductivty. In order to generate and amplify both nolincar electron-phonon Jimeractions snd spin fhictuations in supereonducting solids room or higher temperatures, we must produce strong ‘electron-latice intewetions which may be achieved by ‘abrupt vibration of acomponte metallic wire rough Which current is abruptly pulsed. With these ideas in mind, ‘consider the prefered embodiment ofthe inventive concept ramely a composite metallic wire 100 composed of an insulator core 110 overlaid with thin coating 120 of lead ‘irconste titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic, through Which a current is flowing using a pulsed current Source, as portrayed in FIG. 1. In one ofthe preferred embodiments, the PZT coating 120 is deposited on the insulator substrate by sing @ vactum evaporation method, 0031} The insulator core 110 can be made from Teflon oF ‘any other flexible polymer, which displays non-conductive properties. In other embodiments, the coating, 120 may be barium strontium titanate (oxiity must be considered) oF any other poor metallicfceramic material which displays ood piezoelectric characteristics (deformation Under applied electrical potential difference). 0032] In snother embodiment, the PZT coating 120 may undenio polarizing (poling) teatment prior 10 RTSC ‘enablement, so that optimal domain alignment is obtained ‘within the Ceramic coating 120, ensuring vibration in one Paricwlar direction. Polarizing (poling) treatment may be ‘conducted, but without limitation, by subjecting the coating 120116 a srong de eurent electric eld, slightly below the Curie temperature (approx. 200° C., but possibly a high as Feb. 21, 2019 360" C., depending on PZT ceramic composition), Further ‘more, w increase the probability of vibration in one particu Jar direetion, as wel sto alleviate the brite nature ofthe ceramic material, the coating 120 may be eompesite PZT and a highly conductive polymer, such as_p-Terpheny Altematively, the coating 120 may be a layer of PZT Gisposed between two layers of aluminom, resulting in a wire design which may be planar rather than eylindsical in nature. This composite coating design would amplify piezo- clectrically-induced vibrations and. possibly reader them ‘uniieetional [0033] In another embodiment of the invention, the coat- ing 120 may be a composite wire coating 120 made from sluminum. possibly doped with PZT andor fette species, Tor amplification of spin fuetuations (aon-linear magni efeets). FIG, 2 shows another embodiment of the invention, ‘hich includes a helical coil 200 that is wound around the ‘ire 100 or circumterentially positioned around the wire 100/coating 120, in such a manner as to indue a strong time-variant magnetic field. in the wire, while eurent is being pulsed throu the wire 100, zs well as through the coil 200 at different frequencies. Tis excites highly non- Tineae modes of vibration inthe wire 100, thereby ampli ing spin floewations within the coating 120, which mediate long-range phase coherence, and may give rise 10 roam temperature superconductivity: The helical coil 200 ean be smade fromthe same material as the wire 100, so that it ean alo become room temperate superconductive as eureat is pulsed throoah it [0034] It is of interest to consider the isotope effet superconductors, for which the ertical temperate. ean be satel with (M™), where the exponent (@) ean be higher than 0.5 for unconventional superconductors (high T. super conductors such as YBCO); for the soke of simplicity we hhavea-1, where Mis the onic mass. Considering a classical Newionian seeond law expression osing the Lorentz ele- tromagnetic force (ander accelerating vibration of Irequency £2), we can relate the vibrating. mass (M) wih its vibrating charge (Q), in that (M) becomes diretly proportional to the square of the rato (Q/2), Therefore it canbe observed that the value of T, can be directly proportional with the square ofthe vibrational frequency of the ionie mas, indicative of high’T, enablement with accelerating vibration ofthe Wie. [0038] In onder to understand the elect pairing mecha nism in the present invention, consider a simplified model {or the ionic erystal latie of the wire coating 120 which features a matrix of two rows and multiple columns of positive ions. Through this matrix, two fest electrons (pulsed Current) move horizontally, front electron and. a rear electron. Revll that the current is abruply pulsed through the metalic portion ofthe wite 100, while the wire 100 is abruptly vibrated. This means that the lace ions will be ‘moving furiously toward eachother, inthe direction of wire ‘bration which forthe sake of simplicity, say that is vertical {in motion (the frequeney of pulsed curent must be higher tan the frequency of wire vibration). It is important %0 realize that for high frequencies of wire vibration, the thermal enengy given by the Boltzmann relation (Ek 7), where k isthe Boltzmann constant ($.62x10" eV/* K) and ‘Tis room temperature (34PK), is far exceeded by the vibration energy’ of the wire. This means that the most important uctuations are those of the lattice ions them- selves, induced by the wire vibration, As the top and bot Iatice ions appmich each other vigoroly, they just asUS 2019/0058105 Al strongly rebound de tothe Coulomb repulsion fore acting between them, When the front electron approsches the gap between the two ions, the front eloeton is fast enough 0 pass through the fon gap and not collide with the lace, because the electron speed is determined by the pulsed ‘curent, However asthe wo latie ions approach each other (permitting the font electron though), an enhanced positive ‘charge region is formed between them. It is this enhanced positive charge region which decelerates the front electron while accelerating the rar electron toward it. As the two electrons approach each other, they pair up st much higher ‘energies then Cooper pai formation (~10"" eV), This results jn ereating a superconductive condition st room tempen- [0036] When introducing elements of the present inven- tion or the prefered embodiments) thereof, the articles “a,” "an," "the," and "said are intended 10 mean there are one oF more of the elements, The tems “comprising,” “including.” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additonal elements other than the listed ‘elements 10037] "Although the preset invention has been deseribed jn considerable detail with reference to certain prefered ‘embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible ‘Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred ‘embodiment(s) contained herein, ‘What is claimed is 1. A room temperature superconductor comprising: wire comprising an insulator core and a metal coating, the metal coating disposed around the insulator core, ‘the metal coating deposited on the core, and, when & Feb. 21, 2019 polsed current i passed through the wire while the wire 's vibrated, room temperature superconductivity is induced 2. Apiezocleetricity- induced room temperature supercon- ductor comprising: ‘wire comprising an insulator core anda PZT coating, the PZY coating disposed around the insulator core, the PZT coating deposited on the core, the PZT coating undergoes polarizing treatment aller deposition, and, ‘when a pulsed current is passed through the wire, rom temperature superconductivity is induced 3. The superconductor of claim 2, wherein the PZT coating is deposited on the core by vacuum evaporation 4. The superconductor of claim 2, wherein the coating has ‘thickness on the order of the London peneteation depth 5. The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the wire coating isa material in which the piemoeletrie effet can be indeed. 6. The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the supercon- ‘ductor further compeses an electromagnetic col, the elee- tromagnetic coil ciumferentally positioned around the ‘metal coating, such that when the electromagnetic coil is ‘activated, a non-linear Vibration of the superconductor is induced, enabling room temperature supercondutivty 7. The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the coating is slum 8. The superconductor of claim 1, wherein the coating has thickness on the order of the London penetration depth