ANCIENT TAGALOG IDIYANALE Second Generation:

GODS AND GODDESSES • goddess of labor and good MAYARI

KALUWALHATIAN deeds
• Goddess of the moon
SECTION (HEAVEN) • goddess of agriculture
• daughter of Bathala
• goddess of animal husbandry
First Generation: • most charming of all
• has two offspring: goddesses
BATHALA Dumakulem & Anitun Tabu
• supreme god • a one-eyed goddess

• creator of man and earth TALA

DUMANGAN
• has three daughters (Tala, Mayari, • goddess of stars
• god of good harvest
and Hanan) • daughter of Bathala
• married to Idiyanale
• Bathalang Maykapal
HANAN
LAKAPATI
• Other sources – The father of Apolaki.
• goddess of morning
• goddess of fertility
AMANIKABLE • daughter of Bathala
• most understanding and kind
• ill-tempered god of the sea of all deities APOLAKI
• he was never married after his love
• married to Mapulon, and • belongs either on second or
was spurred by a beautiful mortal mother of Anagolay third generation
maiden Maganda
• also called as Ikapati, • god of the sun
• Other sources: referred as the sea
deity of the Manobo tribe. • Other sources: said to be a • chief patron of warriors
hermaphrodite
• in some stories, he is the son
MAPULON of Bathala

• The god of seasons

DUMAKULEM
• god of mountains
• strong and agile
• son of Idiyanale and
Dimangan
• brother of Anitun Tabu
• married to Anagolay
ANITUN TABU
• the fickle-minded goddess of
the wind and rain
• daughter of Dimangan and
Idiyanale
• sister of Dumakulem.
ANAGOLAY
• goddess of lost things
• daughter of Lakapati and
Mapulon
• married to Dumakulem
Third Generation:
DIYAN MASALANTA
• goddess of lovers, conception, and
child birth.
• protector of lovers,
• daughter of Anagolay and
Dumakulem
• youngest of all deities
• in christian terms she is known as
“Maria makiling”
KASAMAAN SECTION
(HELL)
SITAN
• guardian of kasamaan
• keeper of all souls in Hell
• counterpart of Satan in
Christianity
• has four agents to lead man to
sin and destruction
MANGGAGAWAY
• first agent of Sitan
• blamed as the cause of diseases
• changes herself into human
form
MANISILAT
• second agent of Sitan
• is tasked to destroy and break
every happy and united family
MANGKUKULAM HAIK
OTHER GODS
• third and the only male agent of - god of the sea
Sitan ULILANG KALULUWA
LINGGA
• emits fire at night and when • serpent God who rules the sky
there was a bad weather - a phallic god
• is killed by Bathala after a violent
• changes to human form duel MANGKUKUTOD

• a.k.a witch LAKAMBAKOD - the patron god of a particular

class of ancient Tagalogs, but the
• The protector of the growing
traditions were very obscure.
crops and healer of diseases.
HUKLUBAN
• Some sources claim him to be a
• last agent of Sitan protector of houses. GINOONG GANAY
• changes into any form she LAKAMBINI (UNMARRIED LADY)
desires
• god of gluttony, food and eating - the goddess who was believed to
• can kill someone by simply inhabit the calumpang tree.
raising her hand • The Spanish called him as
“Abogado de la Garganta” (The - The advocate of single women.
• can heal someone as she wished throat advocate) - Her presence in the tree was
• her name literally means heralded by the fact that its pretty
AMAN SINAYA
“crone” or “hag” flowers drove away their insect
• The primordial goddess of the suitors by releasing a rank scent.
ocean and protector of fishermen
GALANG KALULUWA • One of the three original deities
• winged god along with Bathala and Amihan.

• loves to travel • She sent tempests into the

heavens, to which Bathala
• identified as a close friend of responded by throwing boulders
Bathala which would become the
Philippine islands
  La Solidaridad
PHILIPPINE Authority of the Spanish colonial
rule is in the union of Church and
LITERATURE State • Propagandist paper run by young
educated Filipinos who wanted to rebel
PRIESTS the only Spaniard with direct against the colonizers using ideologies
1. Oral Tradition 1564
contact with the Filipinos rather than force
- Stories told to other generations by
word of mouth Doctrina Christiana (1593) 3. American Period 1898 - 1945

Characteristics:
1. It has communal authorship.
2. Various versions due to oral
beginnings.
3. Narratives have flat or static
characters.
4. Didactic framework
5. Poetic Justice Closure Bellows
College
2. Spanish Period 1564 - 1897
- Spain imposed on Filipino people the
Spanish monarchy and the Roman
Catholic religion
CLASS DISTINCTIONS:
1. Taga-bayan “urbane and civilized”
2. Taga-bukid/ Taga-bundok
“indio”
The Church
• the first book ever published in the
Philippines • printed by the Dominican
Press
May Bagyo Mat’ May Rilim
(1605)
• according to literary historian,
Bienvenido Lumbera, is the first printed
literary work in Tagalog
FLORANTE AT LAURA (1838)
Francisco Baltazar
• Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni
Laura sa Cahariang Albania (1838)
Ninay (1885)
• Written by Pedro Paterno
• First Filipino Novel
Jose Rizal
• Noli Me Tangere (1887)
• El Filibusterismo (1891)
Two significant developments during
American period:
• Free public school
• English as medium of instruction in
all levels of education in public schools.
Universities
Printing presses were freed from
religious censorship.
Universities started publishing
works of young writers.
Literary awards also were given
during this time.
Two Periods of Philippine
Literature in English
1. The Period of
Apprenticeship
- Filipino writers imitate works
of American writers
2. The Period of Emergence
- The period of self-discovery
and self-identity
New literary forms:
• free verse poetry
• modern short story
• critical essay
Balagtasan was started by the
Tagalogs in honor of Francisco Baltazar.
Zarsuwela also started to become a
popular form of theater.
4. Under the Republic 1946 -
1985 Post-WWII - Culture during
this period developed according to the
ideological direction set by the U.S.
The cultural scene in the Philippines
was an extension of the cultural scene
in the U.S.
• 1970 was a turning point for the
Nationalist Movement
• Writing under Martial Law regime was
characterized by militancy and
belligerence
Dramatic performances were effective in
raising the political consciousness of the
urban and rural masses.
5. After EDSA 1986 - present
-1986 EDSA Revolution People Power
- Academic institutions where
Creative Writing as part of circular
offerings.
Birth of a lot of Writers’ Organizations
such as:
 UMPIL
 Panday Lipi
 PEN
People Power
- Publishing had been marked by
adventurousness, a willingness to gamble
on “nontraditional” projects.
- Literature as a venue for sociopolitico-
economicreligious discussions.
- Themes were about the search for
identity, violence by in power,
nationalism, etc.
Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the
Ole Oak Tree (1973)
Why YELLOW?
- Mrs. Aquino used the yellow motif as the
symbol of the democratic aspirations of
her husband, whose return from exile to
his beloved country echoed the opening
verse and refrain of the song.
Order of National Artist of the Philippines
- Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng
Sining is the highest honor a Filipino artist
can receive from the government.
- It is jointly administered by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) and is conferred by the
Philippine President.
ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS
The award is given to the following fields:
• Music
• Dance
• Theater
• Visual arts
• Literature
• Film and broadcast arts
• Architecture and allied Arts
- Ever since the National Artist Award was
first given in 1972, the government has
already named 16 National Artists for
Literature up until the latest conferment in
2014.
21ST CENTURY WORLD
LITERATURE
World Literature singer/songwriter Bob Dylan,
which was awarded on October
• The simplest way of defining world 13, 2016.
literature is that these are literary
pieces that has an impact beyond Types of literature
its original language and cultural
area.  Asian Literature
 African Literature
• Examples of these are the Bible,  South American Literature
the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey,  North American Literature
and the plays of William  Australian Literature
Shakespeare.  European Literature
• German writer Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe coined
the term Weltliteratur to
describe the international
circulation and reception of
literary works in Europe and
eastern countries.

Nobel Prize in Literature

• The Nobel Prize in Literature,
named after Swedish inventor
Alfred Nobel, is a set of annual
international award given to an
author who has “the most
outstanding work in an
ideal direction.”
• The first Nobel Prize in Literature
was awarded to Sully Prudhomme,
a French poet, in 1901. The latest
laureate is the American
 MYTHOLOGY
“Myth, in a primitive society, that is
in its original living form, is not just
a tale. It is a reality. These stories
are of an original, greater, more
important reality through which
the present life, fate, and mankind
are governed. This knowledge
provides man with motives for
rituals and moral acts.”
“[Myth] is an explanation of
something in nature: how for
instance, anything came to
existence... Myths are early
science, the result of men’s first
trying to explain what they see
around them.”
MYTHS Came from the Greek word
mythos which means “story” or “word”
 Explanation
are symbolic tales of distant
past (often primordial times)
that concern cosmogony and
cosmology (the origin and
nature of the universe), may be
connected to belief systems or
rituals, and may serve to direct
social action and values.
 Both myth and science offer
explanations of the cosmos. But
myths, unlike science, is not
testable.
 Are considered to be part of a
country’s/race’s/culture’s oral
tradition/folklore.
Folk = people,
lore=knowledge
MYTHOLOGY
 The study of myths and the
body of myths belonging to a
particular religious tradition
(Bolle, K.)
MYTHS vs LEGENDS vs
FOLKTALES
FUNCTION OF MYTHS
 Myths explain facts, whether
natural or cultural
 Myths play an important part in
many traditional systems of
education
Justification or Validation
Functions of Myths
 Myth validates ritual and cultic
customs of a particular group of
people.
 Ruling families in ancient
civilizations frequently justified
their position by invoking
myths—that they had divine
origins.
Description
 Myths are capable of
describing what people can
never “see for themselves”
however observant they are.
 Myths are perhaps the most
important available model of
instruction.
Healing, Renewal, and
Inspiration
• Creation myths play a significant
role in healing the sick. They are
recited when an individual’s world
is in jeopardy.
• Societies also tend to rely on
myths for artistic inspiration.
 MAJOR TYPES OF
MYTHS 4. CULTURE HEROES AND 8. HIGH BEINGS AND
(TYPES OF MYTHS) SOTERIOLOGICAL MYTHS CELESTIAL GODS

- Culture heroes are the ones - Gods and goddesses

1. ORIGIN
- Creation of the world
2. ESCHATOLOGY AND
DESTRUCTION
- Death myths
- End of the world
myths
3. MESSIANIC AND
MILLENARIAN MYTHS
- Hope of a new world
- Centers on prophetic
leaders and new world.
who complete the created
9. FOUNDERS OF
world
RELIGIONS AND OTHER
- The bringer of culture RELIGIOUS FIGURES
5. TIME AND ETERNITY - Although founders have
- Relationship between eternity had actual existence,
information about them is
and time on earth
couched in legendary terms
6. PROVIDENCE AND that have mythological
DESTINY features.
- Idea that links human
activity and the stars
7. REBIRTH AND
RENEWAL
- Cyclic renewal of life on
earth