Types of recreation ; On the basis of services games.
games. Both the type of recreation, Passive as well
rendered by open spaces in the form of recreation,
they can be divided into two following types 1
Passive types recreation or parks. 2 Active type
recreation of playgrounds
1 Passive types recreation or parks; the parks are
provided to meet with the need of fresh air and
peaceful enjoyment of the unspoiled nature. In
congested city areas , it is not possible for the
inhabitants to secure this type of recreation and
therefore the parks should in verbally to provided
for the benefit of such people. Thus , the open
spaces in the forms of parks furnished the passive
type of recreation .
2 Active type recreation or playgrounds ; The
playgrounds furnished opportunities for the physical
growth of a body by actively in gagging muscles in
various games . Thus, the playground or playing
fields offer active type of recreation. The demand
for playground in recent times has greatly increased
due to the rapid development of organized athletic
park- like setting .it is undoubtedly true that for the
vast majority of the people ,a visit to zoological
parks is more or less an outing or a picnic ,usually
accompanied by children .A zoological parks
contains houses and other facilities for animal to be
maintained in the zoo.
3. According to size; The parks, according to the
size, are classified into the following five types;1
small size parks . 2 Medium size parks .3 Large size
parks. 4 Reservation.5 National parks.
Master plan; A master plan or a development plan
or a town plan may be defined as a general plan for
the future layout of a city showing both the
existence and proposed street or roads, open
spaces , public building, etc . A master plan is
prepared either for improvement of an old city or
for a new town be developed on virgin soil . Thus , a
master- plan aims at controlling the feature growth
of a town along pre conceived and pre determined
path.
The concept of master plan was taken up to provide
an instruments for preparing of framework
incorporating various town improvements schemes
the evils which have come up due to over crowding
of population such as acute shortage of houses
traffic congestion , in adequate spaces and in-
sufficiency in public amenities etc.
Urban Roads; “A man is known by a company he
keeps “, In a similar way, a city or a town is admired
by its roads systems. A well arranged layout of a
town is spoiled , if it does not contain a well
designed road a pattern connecting the various
parts of town. The town planner should therefore
give careful consideration too the design and
provision of street in town. The urban Roads system
should be such that it results into full flow of traffic
with safety.
The urban roads play an important role in
development of town or city and as such, they
attract evil such as heavy traffic congestion , ribbon
development, etc. If not properly attended to by
the town planner. It is very difficult , if not
impossible, to alter the existing roads system at a
later stage except at very high cost. The efficiency
of an urban area is greatly influence by the urban
infrastructure
1 Artificial Parks; These parks are prepared
as active, have considerable effect on civic, culture.
Social and physical aspect of town life . The gap
between the two types of recreation is very narrow
and sometimes the sphere of one overlap date of
other. In any case, it become the duty of a town
planner to give serious thought on these two types
of recreation and adjust them accordingly in the
purpose town planning scheme of the area .
Classification of parks ; Although the parks may be
said to serve as breathing spaces and attractive
areas for refreshment to both, mind and body. They
are subject to considerable variations and size,
purpose , character , locations, etc. And they are
therefore a amenable to a variety of classification.
The parks are classified into the following three
ways .1.According to Character.2. According to
purpose .3. According to size .Each of the following
classification of parks .
1.According to Character; The parks , according to
character , are classified into two types. 1. Artificial
parks.2. Natural parks
and programs . The classical master plan aims at
comprehensive development. It is rightly said that
the effective functional jurisdiction of the city or
town extended for beyond its physical boundary .
Thus, as well as conceived master plan also takes
care of the meaningful planning and development
of the town at some feature date. At the same
time, it should be sufficiently elastic. It is, therefore,
not a fixed plan. But it is possible to amend it forms
time to time to keep it in pace with and to
accommodate the new development of any revised
estimates of the feature growth and the
requirement of the city.
Objective of Master plan ;
Following are main object of preparing for the
master plan for the town.
1. it aims at intelligent and economics spending of
the public funds for achieving welfare of the
inhabitant in respect of amenity, convenience and
health.
2 It arranges the pattern of town in such away so as
to satisfy the present requirements without
introduction of future improvement by the coming
of roads together with public services . . It is usually
found that in many urban areas, the supply of roads
has not been increased in line with demand with
the eventual result that as urban areas grows are
develop, the roads becomes heavily congested and
makes parking space more difficult to find.
Requirement of a good city road; Following are
ideals which are to be kept in vie detail designing a
good city road. 1.It should accommodate amenities
such as shady avenues, parking places , enough
lighting etc. 2. It should afford safety to the vehicles
and pedestrians be provision of measures such as
footpaths traffic signs etc.3. It should be cheap and
durable. 4. It should be resting on the unyielding
soil. 5. It should have good alignment and visibility.
6. It should possess easy gradients and smooth
curves. 7. It should possess well designed junctions.
8. It should remain in dry condition. 9. It overall
performance should be such that congestion of
traffic is brought down to the minimum to the
possible extent. 10. It wearing surface should be
impervious and impermeable to the rainwater.
artificially with great care by experts in the parks
layout. They are planted with grass , shrubs,
flowers and trees. The water may introduced in
the form of fountain and pool. The seat are
suitable design may be provided. They are usually
prepared in the heart of the town and given and
attractive finished.2Natural Parks: In case of
natural parks, all efforts are made to maintain in
tack the original natural feature of the park and
only the necessary minimum adjustment are made
to put them for public use.
2. According to Purpose; The parks, according to
purpose are classified into two type and they
provide green spaces for special use .1. Botanical
parks . 2.Zoological Parks 1 botanical parks; these
parks are primarily meant for the study of plant
specimens. But their atmosphere can be made
more pleasant and appealing by the presence of
beautiful trees , flower and loan .2 zoological parks
these parks contained zoo and it is absolutely
necessary for the zoo to be given an attractive
generation
3 It helps in restricting the hap hazard and
unplanned growth
4 It places various function which a town has to
performed in physical relationship of each other
so as to avoid the chances of mutual conflict.
5 It removes the defects of un coordinated
physical growth of the various components of
town due to the fact that consider the entire city
areas or town as planning and development entity
6 It serves as a guide to the planning body for
making for any recommendation for public
improvement.
Necessity; Following are the reason which have
lead to the thinking of having a master plan for the
town ; 1; To control the development of various
industries in a systematic way . 2 To discourage
the growth of town in an unplanned and
unscientific way. 3 To give a perspective picture of
a fully developed town. 4. To limit to a certain
extents the un-precedented flow of rural
population to urban area. 5 , To offset of
11.Its width and camber should be proper .
Factors to be considered; Following are the
factors which are to be considered by town
planner while designing a town road. 1.
Destination; The points are centers areas which
are being linked up by the roads are to studied
with respect to their capacity of attracting the
traffic .2. Importance of road; The overall the
importance of roads with respect to the
surrounding road is to be as curtained and
accordingly, the facilities and dimensions are to be
determined .3.Nature of Traffic; The probable
traffic to be carried by the road is studied with
respects to its intensity, peak periodic types of
vehicle, parking of facilities, etc .4 Use of roads;
The probable used to which the road is to be put
up for maximum period during the day is to be
properly estimated. For this purpose , it is
desirable the future periods of about two to three
decades .
Types of street system; On examination of street
system existing old town ,is possible to classify
classify them into various categories or pattern as
follows;
1 Rectangular street system. In this pattern, the
street are usually of equal width and they cross at
right angle . it is also known as grid-iron or checkup
boar pattern . This pattern is suitable for or level
country without any predominant natural features.
The outstanding example of this pattern are
Philadelphia and jaipur.
2 Rectangular with superimposed diagonals street
system; The arrangement is an improvement cn
grid iron pattern. The diagonal streets provides
direct communication between distant part of the
town. The point where diagonals meets are utilized
for park, garden memorial, etc. However , a
dangerous intersection is formed at the crossing
point of diagonal street and rectangular street.
Washington ,The capital of U.S.A is the outstanding
example of this road pattern. The city is considered
to be one of the most beautiful cities of the world.
3 Concentric street system; In this pattern , the ring
roads or circumferential roads are connected by
1. Arrangement of zones; The usual pattern of
zones is in the form of concentric bands .The central
area of the town is followed by sub central area
.Intermediate area and un develop area. The other
pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units
for various uses in different part of the town.
2. Boundaries; The design for different boundaries
for different zones should be carefully made .A
street or a road usually does not provide a suitable
boundary .A railway line or a park or an open green
space may prove to satisfactory boundary.
3.Existing Towns; When zoning is to be applied to
an existing town ,the information regarding the
existing use of land is gathered and as for as
possible. The town is divided into zones by
considering the pre dominant use in particular
areas. However, the existing use of land can only be
altered. If there are substantial ground to justify
such alteration.
4 .flexibility; The principles of zoning may be rigidly
enforced. But at the same time, care should be
taken to observe flexibility in working out the detail
essential and fundamental to evolved
comprehensive town planning and because of this
fact, it is accommodated in present time in the
planning legislation of most of the world.
It should be remembered that the results of zoning
are not immediately and it cannot immediately cure
the diseases of an area which has been developed
in a disorderly way with the whims and ideas of
individual owners. But if provision made in zoning
are sincerely implemented , it can certainly arrest
the future decay of the area and can avoid further
future complication in respect of town life. The
zoning guarantees that the future development of
the town will be accordance with thee zoning plan
which has been devised to serve the welfare of the
community in the best possible manner.
Slum & Squatter Settlements
Slum are the area of UN AUTHORIZED, usually older
housing. --While squatter settlements are -------
UNAUTHORIZED land which the squatter do not
owns.
These areas lacks the essential services of an Urban
radial roads, and it results into concentric
development. This pattern is also known as the
Spider ‘s Web system. The concentric system is
develop mainly due to the removal of encircling
walls and fortifications. If ,however , the radial
roads are not fully developed. They will overload
the central part of the town where they intersect.
4. Radial street system; in this pattern , the ring
roads spring from a central civic centre like the
spokes of a wheel . Such an arrangement increases
the significance and importance of civic which may
be in the form of palace , market, office building,
historical monument , beauty spots, etc
. Zoning; The term zoning ,as understood in town
planning sense, is use to accepts of planning ,
namely , 1 .allocation of land for special purpose
and 2. Control of the use height and construction of
the building. The latter accepts automatically leads
to the density of regulation of population.
Thus the zoning is defined as the regulation by law
of the use of land and ( or) building and of the
height and density of building in specific area for
for zoning. For instance , home should be very near
to places of work to reduce time and cost of travel.
But at the same time , they should not be too near
to be disliked by the inhabitants for residue
.Similarly the small shopping centers for day to day
requirements should be allowed in residential zone
5.New town; For designing a new town of known
population , the areas required for residence ,
industry and business are worked out with the help
of suitable methods. The town is then divided into
suitable zones.
Advantages of Zone; Following are advantages of
zoning. 1. Danger from Fire; The zoning result into
minimum chances of fire occurrence and
consequently, the damages due to fire or broad
down to the minimum level. 2. Future
development; if zoning is adopted it result into
control future development of the town with
proper regard to the community welfare as main
criteria. 3.General amenities; The zoning provide for
general amenities such as park, playground,
cinemas, shopping centers, schools etc. in their
proper
Environment such as sewage, water and lighting.
----As a result Squatter settlements commonly are
areas of Health Problems.---Slum and Squatter
Settlements ---SUB STANDARD living conditions----A
group of dwelling(residence/home)units with lack
of basic facilities ---A substandard housing
conditions (with reference to a standard living at
that particular time)----Formation of slum means
conversion of a space or natural environment into a
place of miseries.
EFFECT OF SLUMS
With the development of Slum, government are
hard pressed to provide all the Human services that
the residence would like or expect such as -Piped
sewage system-Hot and cold running water-Decent
communication facilities -Recreational activities -
Efficient garbage disposal systems
There exist a SHORTAGE of educational, health care
and recreational system facilities.
Pollution of Air and Water, excessive Noise levels,
destroying the landscape through lack of planning.
Lack of transportation facilities; 1Disasters: Many
the purpose of securing , convenience, health,
safety and general welfare of the community.
The distinction between zoning and reservation
should be clearly understood .The zoning is applied
to certain type of general uses . The term
reservation is confined to the uses of specific nature
such ash as reservation for garden, schools,
markets, police stations, fire –brigade stations,
parks, playground etc.
Objectives of Zoning; The objects or purposes of
zoning are as follow 1. The town planner get ample
opportunity for designing the future growth of and
the development of the town. The zoning serves as
the main tool to the town planner to achieve his
goal .2. The zoning offers proper coordination of
various public amenities such as transport facilities,
water supply , drainage, electric power, etc.
3. The zoning proves to be an effective instrument
for making any town planning schemes effective
and successful.
Principles of Zoning; The main principles of zoning
can be briefly summarized as follows.
surrounding and it avoid undue wastage of time,
money and space. 4.Health of community; If zoning
is properly done, it results in considerable
improvement of health of the community as a
whole. The zoning prevents the invasion of
undesireable industries on the residential areas.
Thus , the harmful gases and adours are prevented
from entering or attacking the residential area by
the force of wind. 5. Population distributions;. The
zoning regulates the density of population and there
is no undue concentration in any part of town.6.
Public Utility services; The zoning permits
economics use of various public utilities services
such as water supply , drainage lines, telephones,
etc
In general it may be stated that the zoning
promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly
development and overall welfare of the community.
Importance of Zoning; The importance of zoning
has been recognized during the last century as a
major measure to control and to regulates uses of
land .The zoning proves to be essential and
slum dwellers in developing countries live in danger
of a rise in sea level. Storms, earthquakes, and
other disasters affect city slums more seriously than
other areas, as substandard houses crumble or poor
drainage systems promote prolonged flooding.
.Poverty: Urban poverty encourages the formation
and demand for slums. The richer the country, the
lower is the rate of slums and, on the contrary, the
higher the magnitude of slums in the country the
lower is the gross national income (GNI) of that
country.
Racial and Social Issues
Unemployment and Underemployment along with
other factors, breed a variety of subsidiary
problems related to Racial and Social issues. These
vary from region to region
Environmental Degradation
Pollution of Air and Water, excessive Noise levels,
destroying the landscape through lack of planning
In general the degree of Urban Degradation is most
severe today in cities
The rising figures..

Due to rising population, and the rise especially in
Urban Populations the number of Slum
Dwellers(Residents) are rising.
One billion people worldwide live in SLUMS and the
figure is projected to grow to 2 Billion by 2030.
Causes of Slums .. 1-Decentralization
RICH ;moves to the extended portions of town….
POOR ;left unattended in central overcrowded
areas 2-Economic conditions
Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor
planning encourages the supply side of slums.
Insufficient financial resources and lack of
coordination in government bureaucracy are two
main causes of poor housing planning -Growth of
population-Lack of planning- Unemployment people
live in slum because they cannot afford to pay
3- Education; Due to lack of education , No
improvement of Life and Living conditions
4-Land use conflicts; No proper zoning - Lack of
enforcement - one zone or land use merge into the
other.5- Industrialization
Direct result of industrialization causes slums. -Non
programmed are as pursuing the slum clearance.
RESOURCES FOR SLUM CLEARANCE PROGRAMMES
The slum clearance works require considerable fund
and the resources for the successful
implementation of the scheme should be properly
analyzed and arranged. Some of the possible
measures to augment the slum clearance scheme
are as follows:
a. Distribution of national housing cess(tax) for
rural and urban housing. b. Granting interest free
loans for a period of 30 to 40 years . c. Relaxation of
the provision for loans by the life insurance
corporation
d. Surcharge on urban properties etc e. Lottery
funds.
PROCESS OF PLANNING AND DESIGNING A NEW
TOWN ; Planning : planning is the process of
thinking about and organizing the activities required
to achieve a desired goal.
Planning process • The process of planning includes
the determination of objectives and outlining the
future actions that are needed to achieve these
objectives. Various steps that are followed in the
process of planning are:
provision of labor colonies and basic facilities standards. Rent restrictions: if provision is made to
-People live nearby in bad conditions leading to
restrict the increase of rent, the tenants will be
slum6- Lack of zoning; NO MASTER PLAN - if protected. Unauthorized construction: the law
present…no enforcement methodologies -Natural
should be adopted to remove unauthorized
disasters: Major natural disasters in poor nations construction of buildings, it may help in prevention
often lead to migration of disaster-affected families
of slum formation.
from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected HOW TO CONTROL SLUMS IMPACTS ON OUR
areas, the creation of temporary tent city and
SOCIETY • The well planned society should have it`s
slums, or expansion of existing slums. These slums separate road ways and slums should not use
tend to become permanent because the residents
society`s roads.• Society should have it`s own
do not want to leave, facilities like sewage system, water supply and
PREVENTION OF SLUM FORMATION
others. • The green belt or boundary of town
Some of the important measures which can be should be able to separate the town`s area to
taken to effectively prevent the slum formation are
surrounding area. • The town periphery should be
as follows: -Cheap housing: sufficient number of based upon wide area because by taking this step
subsidized cheap houses should be made available
there will large distance between town`s boundary
to the poor people. ---Compulsion to employers: the and slums
employers of a good number of laborers may be
SLUM CLEARENCE AND REHOUSING
forced to provide housing accommodation for their The complete removal of slum has been recognized
staff. ---Construction of buildings: certain rule and
as the ultimate objective and slum improvement
regulation may be framed and strictly enforced to has been considered as an immediate alternative to
restrict the coming of buildings of subnormal
give relief to the slum dwellers. The main difficulties
to be encountered while pursuing the slum
clearance
i) Identifying the problem: It involves the
which the plan should be carried out is determining
identification of the aim for the fulfillment of which
in this step. • (vii) Progress check of the plan: The
the plan is being formulated. If a new plan is require
provisions are made for the follow up of the plan as
or the modification of an existing plan could help in
the success of any plan can be measured by the
achieving these aims. • (ii) Gathering information
results only.
about the activities involve: An effective plan needs
Implementation • Implementation is the carrying
complete knowledge of the activities involved and
out, execution, or practice of a plan, a method, or
their effect on other external and internal activities.
any design, idea, model, specification, standard or
• (iii) Analysis of information: This information is
policy for doing something. As such,
then analysed minutely and the information related
implementation is the action that must follow any
with similar subjects is classified so that similar type
preliminary thinking in order for something to
of data can be kept together.
actually happen.
(iv) Determining alternate plans: There are
Monitor and Control • Managers must continually
alternate plans available for the achievement of the
monitor the actual performance of their work units
objectives and ingenuity and creativeness are
against the unit’s goals and plans. • Manager’s also
required as some plans are also developed at this
need to develop control systems to measure that
stage. • (v) Selecting the plan: At this stage the plan
performance and allow them to take corrective
which is acceptable to the operating personnel is
action when the plans are implemented improperly
proposed. The adaptability and the cost of the plan
or when the situation changes
are also taken into consideration. • (vi) Detailed
sequence and timing: Detailed like who will
perform which activity under the plan and the time
within