DOI 10.4010/2016.

1310
ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 5

Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles in

a Future Sustainable Road Transport System in India
Aman Patel1, Ashwani Sharma2, A.K. Jouhari3
PG Scholar in Automobile Engineering1, Assistant Professor 2, Professor 3
Department of Mechanical and Automation
Amity University, Lucknow, India

Abstract:
Keeping in view the stringent norms for pollution control, the exhaust gases from I.C Engine need regulation. The future of
Automobiles probably lies on hybrid vehicle. They may be either battery operated or fuel cell based. Hydrogen is the cleanest fuel
for Automobiles. It can be used either by combustion method or in duel cell to produced electrical energy. While Japan and
Germany had already gone for fuel cell based vehicle using hydrogen as fuel, in India TATA Motors has made efforts to develop a
fuel cell based bus. This paper compares hydrogen vehicles to hybrid vehicles. Comparisons of technology, requirement of
infrastructure, lifecycle cost of the vehicle, capital and fuel costs is done for both types of vehicles. Based on the comparison it was
found hybrid vehicles take over hydrogen vehicles.

Keywords: hydrogen vehicles; hybrid vehicles.

I. INTRODUCTION vehicles sold in 2050 should be FCEVs of some write (IEA

Transport division of India, amongst the biggest vitality
devouring parts and this area subject to fluid fossil energizes.
India positions fifth on the planet regarding vitality utilization.
The segment's offer in all out oil utilization has expanded
throughout the years, up from 45% in 1973 to 70% in 2014.
Business vitality interest will develop at 4.5% for every annum
till 2020, as economy develops at 7 to 8% yearly over this
period because of which a hole are created in the middle of
interest and supply of business vitality with expanding reliance
on imported oil. The vehicle area is additionally connected
with a few natural and wellbeing perils. India is the fourth
biggest GHG emitter on the planet. The vehicle area is the
fourth biggest supporter of GHG in India with an offer of 7.5%
of the emanations in the nation went before by power era
(37.9%), agribusiness (17.7%) and industry (8.6%).
Subsequently, discharge change and diminishing vitality
utilization have been at the focal point of different national,
worldwide vitality and ecological strategy wrangles lately,
with transport one of the key parts included. A few alternatives
have been considered to decrease outflows and vitality
utilization of the street transport area. These incorporate
different supply-side measures, for example, energizes
witching (e.g. expanded utilization of bio-powers and
compacted normal gas), enhanced fuel gauges, progressed
inside ignition (IC) motor innovation; and interest side
measures, for example, modular movements (e.g. the
development of rail and urban transport systems). One of the
key routes in which future emanations can be stayed away
from is through the change and utilization of low-carbon
advancements (IPCC 2007). With regards to decarburizing
transport, Hydrogen power module electric vehicle (FCEV) is
one such choice. As indicated by IEA projections, so as to
meet the worldwide 2°C adjustment focus by 2050, 3-4 of all
2013). FCEVs are touted as a method for getting more feasible
vitality inside the power area if the batteries can be utilized as
capacity and accordingly lessen reliance on gas.
A. HYBRID VEHICLE
A half and half vehicle is otherwise called module mixture
electric vehicle. [1] It is a mixture electric vehicle with re-
useable batteries that can be restored to finish charge by
connecting a fitting to an outer electric force source. Cross
breed vehicle share the uniqueness of both a typical half breed
electric vehicle and all electric vehicle: it utilizes a petrol
motor and an electric engine for forward movement. Yet,
petrol mixture electric vehicle has a bigger battery amount that
can be energized, permitting operation in all electric modes
until the battery is exhausted. Electric vehicle change is the
alteration of a mixture electric vehicle to electric drive, making
an all electric or module half breed electric vehicle. There are
various organizations in the U.S. offering changes. The most
generally perceived changes have been from cream electric
auto to plug-in blend, yet on account of the various
advancement used as a piece of cross breeds by each amassing,
the slightest troublesome changes are for 2004–2009 Toyota
Prius and for the Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner Hybrid.
As indicated by Consumer Reports, all electric and module
cross breed vehicles likewise have lower support costs when
contrasted with IC vehicles, since electronic frameworks
separate much slighter than the programmed frame works in
common vehicles, and the less mechanical frameworks on
board last more because of the better utilization of the electric
motor. Petrol electric vehicle don't require oil changes and
other support checks. [2] Indian interest in the general electric
vehicle business sector is lazy. High limit expenses and
administration tension around energizing/upkeep offices have

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been obstructions to deals increase. Just 130,000 half and half
and electric vehicle have been sold in 2012, as per media
reports. In the four wheels advertise, the monetary case for
putting resources into half breed electric vehicles/electric
vehicles is feeble. The expenses of vitality stockpiling
innovation need to diminish so that electric vehicles can
monetarily rival fuel fit "typical" vehicles.
The NEMMP focus, of 5-7 million electric vehicles by 2020,
relates to infiltration of electric vehicles of 15% in W and 19%
in traveler vehicle markets. [3] It is goal-oriented, since deals
have just developed at~6%paover 2009-12. For the biggest
portion, 2-wheelers, cross breed/electric vehicle infiltration
was assessed to be 1–2% of aggregate 2W deals. [4] A couple
of new 4W overall makers are hoping to dispatch forcefully
assessed hybrid electric vehicle explorer cars in India more
than 2013-2015 including Tata Motors. Starting now, just
Toyota and Mahindra and Mahindra, give electric and
crossbreed explorer auto decisions. While some of these EV
dispatches have been past due or are being re-considered, there
is still huge change expected in the voyager auto market in the
transient with different drive course of action starting from
Micro Hybrid Technology, Parallel Hybrid, Battery Electric
and Series Hybrid Vehicle. Without further ado Hydraulic, air
and Kinetic sorts of Hybrid is in like manner made.
B. HYDROGEN VEHICLE
Hydrogen vitality is one such fuel which may give key answers
for the 21st century, empowering clean proficient creation of
force and warmth from a scope of essential vitality sources. [5]
Hydrogen gas (H2) is being investigated for use in ignition
motors and power device electric vehicles. Whenever
combusted (oxidized) it discharges just water vapor as a by-
item. At the point when blazed in an inner burning motor, in
any case, it additionally creates little measures of nitrogen
dioxides and unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide as
a result of motor oils yet the fumes is free from carbon dioxide.
It is a gas at ordinary temperature and weight, which presents
more prominent transportation and capacity obstacles. [6]
Current innovation takes into consideration a wide range of
techniques for creating hydrogen with fluctuating ecological
outcomes. For instance, hydrogen delivered by coal
gasification without carbon sequestration will discharge twice
as much carbon to the climate per unit of vitality as is
contained in fuel. Creation techniques have other natural
effects too, for example, the impacts of digging for coal, boring
for gas, developing biomass on estates, or sitting vast sun
based clusters and wind turbines. The present paper gives a
definite financial and natural examination of use of hydrogen
vitality for transport. There are numerous methods for creating,
transporting and putting away hydrogen and utilizing it. Ideal
determination of these innovation pathways is a key stride in
accomplishing the goal of maintainable transport framework in
view of hydrogen vitality. The present study endeavors to grow
such a methodology.
II. I.THE TECHNOLOGY
Hydrogen is an auxiliary vitality source that can be gotten in
the wake of handling the hydrogen-contained matter. [7] It is
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016
delivered utilizing essential vitality, then put away and
transmitted before changing over to a vitality administration in
an end use innovation, for example, a vehicle. The brief
portrayals on hydrogen innovations have been produced in
light of Amos (1998), Simbeck and Chang (2002), Padró and
Putsche (1999), Solomon and Banerjee (2006), and HNEI-SI
(2004), Kothari, et al (2004), Bossel (2003) and Rifkin (2003).
[8] There are different contrasts in hydrogen power device
vehicles and cross breed vehicles, for example, range, cost,
proficiency and energizing techniques. With the assistance of
these properties Indian car industry's developments are
expanded. As indicated by late study, industry yield is come to
close around four million units by 2014, to which the business
vehicle section will be a noteworthy benefactor. Hydrogen
energy unit vehicle give entirely and level operation. There is
totally no commotion like those in autos that keep running on
gas. This is on the grounds that the hydrogen autos have less
moving parts. Crossover vehicle for the most part effective for
city/town movement where there are regular quits, drifting and
sitting without moving periods. Moreover clamor
contaminations are diminished, for the most part at sitting and
low working velocities, in contrast with traditional motor
vehicles. For relentless fast interstate use these segments are
significantly less important in reducing outpourings. [9]
Hydrogen vehicle have mechanical transmission, which makes
them exceptionally suitable for a city ride, which is for the
most part unpredictable. Having critical battery stockpiling
ability to store and utilize again recovered vitality, principally
in unpredictable activity common of the city and town driving
cycle. In half and half vehicle both the motor and the electric
engines for most extreme power needs, resultant in a littler
motor size more for regular utilization as opposed to crest
power use. A littler motor can have less inward vitality
misfortunes and lower weight yet electronic vehicle have less
number of influencing parts, the protection expense of electric
vehicle is a great deal less when contrasted with vehicle with
IC motor. COST
III. PREDICTION ANALYSIS
The expense of car energy units must be diminished to be
aggressive with different advances for vehicle impetus,
essentially fuel inside burning and half breed electric motors.
[10] In that capacity, government organizations and industry
partners have characterized focuses to manage the R&D group
towards particular objectives and quicken centered exercises in
power device advancement. Hybrids might enter Indian market
sooner and more easily than e-vehicles because hybrids do not
require new refueling infrastructure due to which prediction of
cost are better. But cost prediction of hydrogen vehicles is
higher than hybrid vehicles. Now these days near about 572
projects are going on hydrogen based vehicles.
A. CAPITAL COST
Hydrogen vitality and power device exercises in the nation got
a driving force after the acknowledgment of the National
Hydrogen Energy Road Map in 2006. [11] From 2006-07
onwards an aggregate of 54 new RD&D tasks, of which 38
ventures in the zone of hydrogen, its stockpiling and
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applications and 16 ventures identified with various power
module innovations are being upheld by the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE). [12] The degree of the
bolster gave to hydrogen vitality and power device exercises is
clear from the way that out of 169 new RD&D ventures upheld
by the MNRE amid the eleventh Plan Period (2007-08 to 2011-
12), 44 projects(26 per penny) were identified with hydrogen
vitality and energy units. As far as the aggregate monetary
backing gave by the MNRE amid the eleventh Plan Period,
hydrogen vitality and power module undertakings were
furnished with a financial plan of about Rs. 118 crore out of
the aggregate RD&D backing of about Rs. 507 crore.
B. END-OF-LIFE COST
End of life costs are not tended to in here, nor is the sturdiness
and lifetime of the distinctive parts spoke to. [13] Along these
lines it is absolutely expected that the end-of-life costs are all
identical, and that all parts will have satisfactory lifetimes. This
is a basic thought and ought to be tended to with a particular
finished objective to correctly anticipate complete lifecycle
costs, however at the present time there is inadequate tried and
true data on the reusing and/or exchange costs of vehicle
batteries and force modules to make an objective evaluation.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There is a critical need to set up hydrogen generation cum
administering stations at appropriate areas, particularly to
make operation of hydrogen fuelled vehicles conceivable. We
may likewise see hydrogen fuelled vehicles for open transport,
including three wheelers and transports utilizing either IC
motor or energy unit advances on Indian streets. This is very
reasonable as the Indian car industry has officially taken a lead
in this course. Nonetheless, this would require informing H-
CNG and also hydrogen as car powers. Energy unit based
frameworks might be utilized for force era to give
reinforcement energy to telecom towers and stationary force
era by utilizing surplus by-item hydrogen from chlor-soluble
base units. Which are as Hybrid fuel (twofold mode),
Fluid power blend, Petro-air crossbreed, Petro-water controlled
hybrid, Parallel cream, Mild parallel creamer, Power-split or
plan parallel cross breed, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(PHEV), module mutt is typically a general fuel-electric
crossbreed with extended essentialness stockpiling limit, as a
rule through a lithium-molecule battery, which allows the
vehicle to drive on all-electric mode a division that depends on
upon the battery size and its mechanical configuration.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has evaluated hydrogen power module and half and
half vehicle alternatives for a future feasible street transport
framework, concentrating on quantitative examination of
various stages as far as lifecycle expenses in 2030.
Firstly, regarding capital expenses, in 2010 FCEVs and
FCHEVs are all much more unreasonable than routine ICE
powertrains. Be that as it may, by 2030 capital expenses could
drop altogether, with the FCHEV displaying the most reduced
capital expenses, trailed by the FCEV. The ICE power train is
still less expensive in 2030, however when lifetime fuel
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, May 2016
expenses are figured in the circumstance changes
fundamentally.
Besides, as far as fuel costs, precise forecast of future expenses
is unrealistic. In any case, some sensible presumptions have
been made. The TtW proficiency of each power train markedly
affects fuel costs per mile, electric vehicles accomplishing far
higher miles per GJ than either hydrogen or gas vehicles. In
2030, FCHEVs are generally uncaring to fuel (power) cost
changes, though FCEVs and ICEs show checked affectability
to hydrogen and gas costs separately. This is incompletely
because of the varying power train efficiencies.
Thirdly, in regards to add up to lifecycle costs more than
100,000 miles, FCHEVs seem, by all accounts, to be
marginally less expensive than BEVs yet display a more
extensive general affectability to joined (capital and running)
costs. Both ICEs and FCEVs have much more noteworthy
lifecycle costs than FCHEVs and BEVs, around 1.75 times
higher. Hydrogen power device electric vehicles could have a
section to play in future street transport, however the best stage
for reconciliation of energy units is the battery electric vehicle
with energy component territory extender. This stage
additionally has the advantage of expanding on an innovation
guide that starts with module ICE crossovers soon.
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