Formation Evaluation (O.H or C.

H) LQC & QL
Introduction to Wireline Logging, • Q.C : Calibrations, Repeat Section,
• Depth accuracy, Speed correction
• Evaluate the producible reserves
Φ*(Sx0-Sw)*TVT*Area*Recoverability

Gamma Ray logging, • measure natural radiactivity (K, Th, U),

• correlation run to run & well to well,
• SGT ‘s èGR,
• NGT ‘s è SGR, CGR, Th, K, U
(correction for Barite or K muds)è HNGS
Vsh= (GRsh–GR) / (GRsh–GRclean)

Calipers, Bore Hole Geometry • Hole size, Cement volume, K indicator

• Deviation, Azimuth, Relative bearing è
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TVD, TVT,bottomhole location, orientation

ARCHIE è Rt = F*Rw / Sw2 , Rx0 = F * Rmf / Sx02
Resistivity tools, Laterologs
n several depths of investigationè • Resistivity tools best in high Rt
Ra = J Rx0 + (1-J) Rt
R curves separation ó Invasion with J = f (tool K & invasion Di)
fluid with different salinity than fluid • Only conductive muds (Rt/Rm>>)
in virgin zone èR curves overlay in • ARI, HALS (LLs, LLD & azimuthal)
shale & ..in oil zones drilled with OBM • HRLA (5 depths of investigation)
• CHFR, SCFR in cased hole (1<Rt<100Ω.m)
Ratio: Rx0/Rt = Rmf/Rw * (Sw/Sx0)2 • MCFL (PEX) for Rx0

Formation factor : F=a/Φm
m = cementation factor
m = 2 if intergrannular porosity
m < 2 if fractures, m>2 if vugs
Induction tools
• Conductivity tool best in low Rt
• Rt in fresh mud or OBM
• not so good in - salt mud or high Rt / Rm
1/Ra = G / Rxo + (1 - G) / Rt
• AITH, AITB
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 Porosity tools (1 of 2)
Sonic tools (O.H or C.H) • measure formation slownesses ∆t µs/ft
with monopole source (DSI 4) ó ∆t<∆tmud
Monoplole : SDT, SSLT & HSLT
• else uses dipole source (DSI 1 &/or 2)
Mono/Dipole:DSI, Sonic Scanner
• low frequency monopole DSI 3èDtst,Est
… measure intergrannular primary
porosity è Φs= (∆tco - ∆tma) / (∆tmf – ∆tma)

Φ s < Φ DN indicate secondary Φ ∆ ts / ∆tc è lithology, AVO, Gas, MP

(fractures &/or vugs)
∆ tst è K & Est è fracture detection

Neutron tools, • Φ n from ratio N/F of Neutrons counted

Work in O.H or C.H & detect • CNL & APS measure HIè Φn small in Gas,
Thermal Neutron: CNL, • TNPH corrections: hole size,salinity,SO,T°

Epithermal Neutron: APS no source • ECS spectral analysis è Al, Si, Ca, S, Fe,
Ti, Gd & calculates clay, carbonate,QFM
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Captured Gamma Rays: ECS (Quartz +Feldspar + Mica),pyrite, ..RHOMA
 Porosity tools (2 of 2)
Litho Density tools • measure GR scattered back from formation
through Compton scattering & PhotoElectric
TLD of Platform Express absorption
SLDT of SLIM Access • è RHOB (g/cc) for Φd & Pe for lithology
LDT & LDS in IPLT (HNGS+APS+LDS) • è Uma & RHOMA solve 3 minerals model
CHPD for cased hole formation density Φd = (ρma - ρb) / (ρma - ρf)

Uma = ρb*Pe – (ρbf * Pef * Φ) / (1-Φ)

Magnetic nuclear Resonance tools,
Combinable Magnetic Resonance
Magnetic Resonance Scanner
Multi frequency generates B0 gradient for
multiple investigation & fluid typing
ρma = (ρb – Φ*ρf) / (1-Φ)
• measure HI è ΦTCMR too small in Gas,
• Φ TCMR is a lithology independant Φ
Φ partitioning quantify microΦ (<0.5µ),
mesoΦ & macroΦ (>5µ) è compute Vclay
& K from ΦTCMR & FFI/BVI or T2LM
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 Log Quality Control & Quick Look interpretation
1- Quality control the data :
Repeatability, consistency, logging speed, cable & head tension, depth matching, speed
corrected depth, calibrations, Quality flags, corrections applied, borehole corrections values
(HDRA, DSOZ, RSOZ for TLD, SO for APS, …), check W.S.I …
2 – Environmental corrections :
Shoulder bed effects (Laterologs), Well bore salinity corrections (AIT, CNL,Φd), formation
salinity (CNL), Hole size correction (Lithodensity tools, CNL), mud density & mud type (CNL,
Pe of TLD), invasion corrections (Inductions & Laterologs), relative dips corrections (AIT,
HRLA, ..), ….
3 – Quicklook check
3-a Density Neutron X-plot è lithology, Φt = ( Φd + Φn)/2, è F & GOC
3-b Rw evaluation in water zone:
- Rx0 versus Rt (log-log plot) è Rw from Rmf & Sx0/Sw = Ct.
- 1/SQRT (Rt) versus RHOB è confirm RHOMA, m, Rw & Sw
- Rwa = Rt / F & Rw < Rwa
3-c compute Sx0 & Sw in « clean zones » : Φ Sw=SQRT(Rw/Rt) & Φ Sx0=SQRT(Rmf/Rt)
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3-d Xplot RHOMAa versus UMAa & M vs N è check minerals to include in ELAN model