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Introduction Epidemiology Etiology

Clinical
Diagnosis Terapi
Management
Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) 
Terlantar/terbengkalai
 Suatu penyakit kronis
 Stigma penyakit  sering dialami oleh
penduduk miskin yang tinggal di daerah
terpencil dan kumuh  higienitas
 Mayoritas terjadi pada negara tropis
dan subtropis
• Penyakit ini berpengaruh buruk pada
kehamilan, menghambat kemampuan
fisik dan perkembangan intelektual
pada masa kanak-kanak serta
menurunkan produktivitas kerja
• Health—Can cause blindness, horrible swelling of the
limbs, and even death.
• Education—Children with NTDs are often too sick to
attend or perform well in school.
• Economic Development—NTDs are debilitating and
prevent adults from working and caring for their
families.
• Hunger and Nutrition—Anemia and malnutrition are
common side effects of several NTDs.
• Women’s Empowerment—Most NTDs have more
severe effects on women and girls
 “People
make
fun of me”

“I am a fisherman. I can’t work continuously. I am

9/26/2019
ill every other week with renewed 6
pain.”
 Source: NTD hidden success and opportunities (WHO/CDS/NTD/2009)
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 International attention is currently focused on HIV/AIDS, malaria and
tuberculosis, as well as on global health security(WHO)

 Currently, only 10% of global funding for research goes towards

diseases that affect 90% of the world’s population(WHO, Berlin report
2006)

 Less than 1% of the 1393 new drugs registered during 1975–1999 was
for tropical diseases.

 Less than 0.001% of the US$ 60–70 billion went towards developing
new and urgently needed treatments for tropical diseases(WHO)
 Infeksi Infeksi
Protozoa
Cacing

Infeksi Infeksi
Bakteri jamur
Paracoccidiomycosis
Infeksi Infeksi
Ektopa-
virus rasitik

Open journal
• Dilihat dari gejala dan tanda
• Dilakukan tes laboratorium 
pemeriksaan sampel darah, feses
dan urin dibawah mikroskop,
Imunodiagnosis (ELISA)
• Example  Infeksi cacing dan
protozoa  visualisasi telur atau
larva cacing dan protozoan
cysts/tropozoit pada sampel feses
• PCR  jarang
• Negatif palsu  sensitivitas yang
rendah dari suatu teknik diagnosis
 kombinasi beberapa metode
tes dan dilakukan selama
beberapa hari berturut-turut
• Clinical Presentation  Gejala dan
tanda  asimptomatis hingga kronis
yang dapat menimbulkan kematian
• Gejala dan tanda serta keluhan pasien
tidak dapat menjadi ciri khas 
diagnosis tidak tepat
• CP  MIRIP  CARI KHASNYA
• Pertimbangkan : epidemiologi dan
kondisi geografis tempat tinggal pasien
(travellers, long-term expatriates,
migrants and patients from endemic
areas) serta tes laboratorium
• Can be controlled, prevented and possibly
eliminated using effective and feasible solutions
– WHO’s Strategies:
1. Preventive chemotherapy;
2. Intensified case-management;
3. Vector control;
4. The provision of safe water, sanitation and hygiene; and
5. Veterinary public health (that is, applying veterinary sciences to
ensure the health and well-being of humans)
• These strategies make control; prevention and even elimination
of several NTDs feasible at a low cost
• Pertimbangan : Daerah endemik/ nonendemik, terapi kuratif, terapi
preventif
“preventive chemotherapy has been endorsed by WHO as the key strategy
for morbidity control and tens of millions of people in developing countries
are treated every year”
• Mass distribution of seven broad-spectrum anthelminthic
medicines (Lymphatic filariasis, Onchocerciasis, Schistosomiasis
dan Soil-transmitted helminthiases)
– Albendazole, WHO recommends these
– Diethylcarbamazine,
– Ivermectin, medicines because of their:
– Levamisole, • Ease of administration and
– Mebendazole, • Efficacy
– Praziquantel, and • Excellent safety profiles and
– Pyrantel • Minimal side-effects
Merupakan strategi utama untuk mencegah dan
mengendalikan NTD pada kondisi :
• Tidak tersedia obat sebagai preventive chemotherapy
• Penyakit asimptomatis dengan periode yang panjang
• Memerlukan konfirmasi untuk diagnosis disebabkan toksisitas dari
obatnya

 Buruli ulcer,  Leishmaniasis

 Chagas disease,  Leprosy
 Human African
trypanosomiasis
 • Most NTDs involve vector transmission:
– Insects:
• Dengue,
• Chagas disease,
• Human African trypanosomiasis,
• Leishmaniasis,
• Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis;
– Snails:
• Foodborne trematodiasis, and
“Judicious use of pesticides • Schistosomiasis;
is important for the control – Crustaceans:
of vector-borne diseases” • Dracunculiasis, and
• Foodborne paragonimiasis