CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,

Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com

ISMJ
International SportMed Journal

Original research article

Cardiovascular parameters and body composition of
professional female surfers

1*
Professor Rover Lima,Esp., 2Professor Guilherme Rosa, PhD,
2,3
Professor Danielli Braga de Mello, PhD, 4Professor Marcia
Albergaria,PhD, 4Professor José Fernandes Filho, PhD
1
Stricto Sensu Post-graduate Program in Human Kinetics Science of Castelo Branco University,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Human Kinetics Science (LABIMH/UNRIO/RJ/Brazil)
3
Brazilian Military Arm Physical Education School (EsEFEx/RJ/Brazil)
4
Estácio de Sá University (UNESA/RJ/Brazil)
5
Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ, RJ, Brazil)

*Corresponding author. Address at the end of text

Abstract
Objective: To analyse the level of aerobic fitness of female surfers ranked as elite athletes
through cardiovascular and body composition indicators. Design: The research was descriptive.
The study included 7 elite female surfers within the top 10 rankings in Brazil, who lived in Rio de
Janeiro City, Brazil. To determine the anthropometric characteristics of the sample,
measurements of body mass, height and body fat percentage were taken based on the 3-site
skin fold test by Jackson and Pollock. Cardiorespiratory fitness was analysed by means of the
Bruce Protocol Treadmill Test using an Imbramed®. During all tests, the following variables
were monitored: heart rate, systolic blood pressure (BPS), diastolic blood pressure (BPD) and
subjective perceived exertion. The variables were measured before and after the test. Using
1
these variables, we calculated the aerobic functional impairment , oxygen consumption by age
and gender (VO2_P) and the Rate Pressure Product (RPP). Descriptive statistics were used.
The Shapiro Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data, and Levine’s test was used to
analyse the homogeneity of the sample. Results: BMI was classified as normal, and the body
fat percentage (10.00 ± 3.62) corresponded to a low fat rate. Although the sample subjects were
athletes, they presented a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) mean of 0.75m ± 0.03. A low HR
(63±8.72bpm) was observed at rest, and pre-test systolic and diastolic blood pressure values
were normal according to the American Heart Association Guidelines. The evaluated group had
excellent physical conditioning. The VO2max (46.39±12.01ml O2/kg/min) was 40% greater than
the expected value and was classified as excellent for women 30-39 years old, according to the
American Heart Association. The RPP of the sample (30.188.33 ± 5.936.24 mmHg.bpm) was
between effort reference values. Conclusions: The present authors concluded that elite female
surfers have excellent aerobic fitness and body composition, indicating that the top 10 ranking
female surfers in Brazil possess good physical fitness. Keywords: female, athlete,
cardiovascular parameter, body composition, surf

104 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)

CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com

*Professor Rover Lima, Esp

Professor Lima has Masters in Human Kinetics Science (Castelo Branco University – Brazil). He
is a professor and personal trainer in gym centers in Rio de Janeiro.

Professor Guilherme Rosa, MSc

Professor Rosa graduated in Physical Education (Castelo Branco University – Brazil), and is a
specialist in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Prescription for Special Populations (Gama
Filho University – Brazil). He has Masters in Human Kinetics Science (Castelo Branco
University – Brazil), and works at the Laboratory of Human Kinetics of Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro State (LABIMH/UNIRIO – Brazil). His research interests are mainly focused on
physical education, public health, weight loss and hormones.
Email: grfitness@hotmail.com

*Professor Danielli Braga de Mello, PhD

Professor Mello has a PhD in Public Health (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – Brazil), and is a
Professor of Exercise Physiology at the Brazilian Army Physical Education School (EsEFEx –
Brazil). She is a researcher at Laboratory of Human Kinetics of Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro State (LABIMH/UNIRIO – Brazil). Her research interests are mainly focused on physical
fitness, obesity and public health.
Email: danielli.mello@globo.com

Professor Marcia Albergaria, PhD

Professor Marcia Albergaria has a PhD in Physical Education and she is the Coordinator of
Estácio de Sá University (UNESA/RJ/Brazil) Laboratory of Physiology of Exercise and
Anthropometry, Brazil. Her research interests are mainly focused on physiology of exercise and
anthropometry.
Email: mba2802@gmail.com

Professor José Fernandes Filho, PhD

Professor José Fernandes Filho is researcher of Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ, RJ,
Brazil). His research interests are mainly focused on somatotype and anthropometry.
Email: jff@ceafbr.com.br

Introduction
Brazil, the United States and Australia are
the three major countries for world surfing.
Surfing has a significant number of
practitioners in Brazil, with approximately
2.7 million surfers. Although it is a sport of
expression, the literature on this modality is
sparse, with only a few authors and works
2
in this area .
Surfing is an individual sport that has
traditionally been considered a man’s sport,
but many adolescents and adult females
3
also surf . In Brazil, women's surfing
evolved over a long period of time that
4
began in 1984 , and is very successful as a
sport.
Surfing is a sports modality in which
environmental factors closely influence the
105 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
5
physical fitness of its athletes . However,
there is a lack of specific literature and
scientific data on surfing sessions; therefore
little is known about the factors that affect
athletic performance, or the variables that
may contribute to the physiological
6
characterisation of this sport .
Over the last decade surfing has
experienced a “boom” in participants and
media attention at both the recreational and
competitive levels. However, despite its
increasing global audience, little is known
about the physiological or other factors
related to surfing performance. Competitive
surfers display specific size attributes, in
particular, a mesomorphic somatotype, as
well as lower height and body mass, and a
higher level of aerobic fitness compared to
7
other matched-level aquatic athletes .
CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
Surfing is a sport with prominent
intermittent features as well as velocity and
strength manoeuvres that require high
levels of balance and coordination to avoid
the deleterious effects of fatigue on
performance. To obtain a good reading of
the wave and to climb on the board and
perform the manoeuvres with control
requires a high degree of fine motor control
and isometric muscle action of the legs and
7
the trunk .
The pattern of movement in surfing can be
divided into two distinct sections: rowing
and manoeuvres on the wave. Paddle
surfing (the rowing section) is similar to
crawl swimming, but the practitioner is in a
position of cervical and lumbar spine
hyperextension, while the upper limb
movements will vary in intensity according
to ocean conditions. The manoeuvres
consist of movements performed with the
lower limbs, which require the practitioner's
8
balance and anaerobic endurance .
As the development of specific qualities for
high performance is important, posture and
muscle balance should be evaluated
because they influence athletic
performance and can minimise the
9 10
incidence of injuries .
Training for any activity or sport is
necessary to aid general knowledge and
expertise in several areas, including the
physical, technical, tactical and
psychological aspects of the sport. Training
is also important for safety, motor
development, and organic adaptations,
especially in the different levels of
competition performance. Once surfers
have been physiologically characterised,
changes in training will occur and these
athletes will probably search for a specific
11
training modality .
Objective
This study aimed to analyse the level of
aerobic fitness using cardiovascular and
body composition indicators of female
surfers ranked as elite athletes.
Design
The research design in this study was
descriptive. It included 7 elite female surfers
from the top 10 rankings in Brazil. All
106 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
participants lived in Rio de Janeiro City,
Brazil.
This research was undertaken in
accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for
biomedical research involving human
subjects as stated in the principles of the
12
Declaration of Helsinki . Every athlete was
given information on the study’s assay, and
written informed consent was obtained. The
research project was also approved by the
Ethics Committee of Castelo Branco
University in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under
Protocol 0045/2010.
To determine the anthropometric
characteristics of the sample,
measurements of body mass, height and
body fat percentage were taken based on
the 3-site skin fold test by Jackson and
13
Pollock . The body mass index (BMI) and
the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) measurements
were also taken.
Body mass was assessed using a digital
balance with 100g resolution (Filizola,
PL150 Personal Line model, Brazil). Height
was measured with a wall stadiometer
(Sanny, Brazil), and the skin folds were
measured using a plicometer (CESCOFF,
Brazil) with 0.1mm precision. All
anthropometric measurements followed the
recommendations of the International
Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry (ISAK)’s international
standards for anthropometric assessment
14
.
Cardiorespiratory fitness was analysed by
means of an ergometric test on an
Imbramed® using the Bruce Protocol
15
Treadmill Test . The VO2max, expressed
-1
in ml O2.kg.min , was calculated using an
equation specific to women as indicated in
the Bruce Treadmill Test Protocol: VO2 max
15
(ml O2/kg/min) = (3.36 x time) + 1.06 .
The following variables were monitored
16
during the test: heart rate , systolic blood
pressure, diastolic blood pressure and
subjective rate of perceived exertion based
17
on Borg’s scale . The equipment used
included a cardiac monitor (Polar® model
S610), a sphygmomanometer (Tycos®) and
a stethoscope (Lythman®).
These variable measurements were used to
1
calculate the aerobic functional deficit ,
oxygen consumption by age and gender
CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com

(VO2_P) and the rate pressure product was used to analyse the homogeneity of
(RPP). the sample.

The statistical package SPSS 17.0 for Results

Windows was used to analyse the research Tables 1 and 2 show the anthropometric
data and calculate descriptive statistics. characteristics and the cardiovascular
The Shapiro Wilk test was used to verify parameters of the sample.
the normality of the data, and Levine’s test

Table 1: Anthropometric characteristics and body composition

Height Mass BMI %F LBM WHR

Mean 1.61 55.14 21.23 10.14 45.01 0.75
Standard Deviation 0.07 10.63 2.65 8.98 4.23 0.03
Minimum 1.51 46.80 19.84 3.97 40.47 0.71
Maximum 1.69 76.00 26.61 28.20 52.03 0.79
SW (p-value) 0.688 0.013 0.000 0.002 0.511 0.682
Legend: BMI: Body Mass Index; %F: body fat percentage; LBM:
Lean Body Mass; waist-hips ratio–WHR; SW: Shapiro Wilk.

107 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)

CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal, Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com

Table 2: Cardiovascular parameters

HR_1 BP_S_1 BP_D_1 HR_2 BP_S_2 BP_D_2 FAI VO2max VO2_P RPP
Mean 63,00 119,17 72,00 176,67 168,33 73,33 -40,40 46,39 32,92 30188,33
SD 8,72 25,82 14,25 18,12 24,01 12,11 32,26 12,01 1,90 5936,24
Minimum 49,00 100,00 60,00 153,00 140,00 60,00 -96,36 32,69 30,73 23240,00
Maximum 76,00 170,00 100,00 203,00 210,00 90,00 -40,40 68,31 35,41 38220,00
SW (p-value) 0,554 0,015 0,019 0,901 0,312 0,415 0,389 0,277 0,525 0,723
Legend: SD: Standard Deviation; HR_1: heart rate pre-test; BP_S_1: systolic blood pressure pre-test; BP_D_1: diastolic blood pressure pre-test; HR_2: heart
rate post-test; BP_S_2: systolic blood pressure post-test; BP_D_2: diastolic blood pressure post-test; FAI: aerobic functional deficit; VO2max: maximum
oxygen consumption; VO2_P: oxygen consumption by age and gender; RPP: rate pressure product; SW: Shapiro Wilk; p-value< 0.05.

108 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)

CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
The subjects for this study were athletes
with a high level of training and competition.
As expected, their BMIs were classified as
normal (18-24.9) using the World Health
18,19
Organization’s guidelines . diastolic blood pressure of 81.5 ±
Their average body fatness (10.00 ± 3.62)
18
corresponds to a low fat rate . Low body
fat in female athletes can influence
menstrual disorders. Castelo-Branco et al.
20
have shown that several factors can
cause menstrual irregularities in female
athletes, including exercise intensity, low
energy consumption, the specific type and
amount of training, age of menarche,
previous menstrual dysfunctions, low BMI
or body fat percentage, pathological eating
habits and psychological stress.
The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is one of the
many methods used to evaluate overweight
and obesity, as well as to estimate the risks
21
of cardiovascular disorders . According to
18,19
the World Heath Organization (WHO) ,
the WHR for women of similar age to the
subjects of this study should be lower than
0.71m. Although the subjects for this study
were athletes, they presented a mean WHR
of 0.75 ± 0.03, which is classified as a
moderate risk for developing cardiovascular
disorders (0.71m to 0.77m).
Heart rate is one of the variables used to
control the intensity of exercise and the risk
22
associated with an activity . A low mean
pre-test HR (63 ± 8.72 bpm) was observed,
which corresponds to athletes and well-
conditioned individuals. In addition, the
post-test HR (HR_2) was in the normal
range expected for age of the study
population (32 ± 6.10 years old) .
22
Systolic blood pressure increases during
physical exercise, while diastolic blood
pressure should remain close to resting
23
rate . In the present study, the pre-test
systolic and diastolic blood pressure values
were normal according to the American
24
Heart Association’s guidelines . The post-
test BPS (BP_S_2) increased proportionally
to the exercise intensity (168.33 ± 24.
01mmHg), whereas the post-test BPD
(BP_D_2) showed little alteration (73.33 ±
12.11mmHg), suggesting an efficient blood
hemodynamic .
25
109 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
26
The females in the study by Chalela
performed a treadmill exercise test using
27
the Ellestad protocol and had a systolic
blood pressure of 166.8 ± 1.7mmHg and a
0.8mmHg. Comparatively, the subjects in
this present study had a similar systolic
blood pressure (168.33 ± 24. 01mmHg) and
a decreased diastolic blood pressure (73.33
± 12.11mmHg).
28
According to Monteiro et al. , systolic
blood pressure increases in direct
proportion to cardiac output. Diastolic blood
pressure reflects the efficiency of the local
dilatation mechanism of the exercising
muscle. In the present study, the BP_S_2
was higher than the BP_S_1 (168.33 ±
24mmHg vs. 119.17 ± 01mmHg,
respectively), while BP_D_2 showed no
significant alterations compared to BP_D_1
(73.33 ± 12.11mmHg vs. 72.00 ±
14.25mmHg, respectively).
FAI acts as an indicator of how much the
evaluated individual varies from the
expected VO2max using percentiles. The
evaluated group presented an excellent
physical conditioning because the VO2max
was more than 40% over the expected
29
value . According to the American Heart
Association, the study population’s mean
VO2max (46.39±12.01ml O2/kg/min) is
22
excellent for women 30-39-years-old .
The most important functional evaluation
and stratification of chronic heart
insufficiency (CHI) is the measure of
oxygen uptake at the peak of effort
(VO2_P). Individuals with VO2_P above
30
18ml O2/kg/min have a low CHI risk .
31
The women in the study by Cesar et al.
presented VO2max characteristics superior
to the subjects of this present study (55,18
± 3,57ml O2/kg/min vs. 46,39 ± 12,01ml
O2/kg/min, respectively). However, the
Cesar study population consisted of
runners who would have used the
cardiorespiratory component more than
would surfers. The VO2max values of the
subjects in the present study and the
control group in the related study
(sedentary women) were 46.39 ± 12.01ml
O2/kg/min and 37.01 ± 3.31ml O2/kg/min,
respectively, which demonstrates the
benefits of surfing on VO2max.
CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
32
Ricci examined the VO2max of trained
female cyclists. Following a treadmill
protocol, the VO2max of the cyclists was
54.7 ± 6.3ml O2/kg/min. The VO2 max of the
surfers in the present study (46.39 ±
12,01ml O2/kg/min) was thus inferior to that
of the cyclists. This result was expected
because of the specificity and exigencies of
each modality.
16
Krustrup et al. demonstrated that the
VO2max of elite female soccer players
ranged between 43.4 and 56.8ml O2/kg/min
after a treadmill test. The VO2 max of the
elite female surfers in this present study
was in a similar range (46.39 ± 12.01ml
O2/kg/min), although each sport has distinct
and specific characteristics.
33
Silva et al. analysed the ventilatory
thresholds and the physical capacity
profiles of female soccer players with BMIs
similar to the subjects in this present study.
With their protocol, HR and VO2max
reached 179 ± 7bpm and 47.4 ± 4.1ml
O2.kg-1.min-1, respectively. In the present
study, the HR_2 and VO2max values were
176. 67 ± 18.12bpm and 46.39 ± 12.01ml
O2.kg-1.min-1, respectively.
Maximal fat oxidation appears to vary
between men and women and can be
influenced by the type and the intensity of
the exercise. For women, normalised by
body weight, fat oxidation in the surfers was
higher at 75% peak V·O2 than at 55% peak
V·O2 for both runners (p= 0.02) and cyclists
(p= 0.01). Women also oxidised a
significantly higher percentage of fat with
regard to total energy expenditure than men
in running (p = 0.02) and cycling (p= 0.004).
Normalised carbohydrate oxidation was
significantly higher in men than for women
at each tested intensity (p<0.05).
Carbohydrate oxidation was also
significantly higher in the cyclists than in
runners: males (p = 0.006) and women (p =
0.002). Men and women showed a
significantly higher normalised fat oxidation
for running compared to cycling (p = 0.01).
In men (p = 0.06) and women (p = 0.001),
cycling produced significantly more lactate
than in running. In summary, these
researchers found a higher fat oxidation
rate at 75% peak V·O2 in men than women
cycling (65% peak V·O2) or running (55%
110 Official Journal of FIMS (International Federation of Sports Medicine)
peak V·O2). This finding is coincident with
the lactate threshold in men and women in
cycling but not running, where the lactate
34
threshold is higher than 75% peak V·O2 .
The Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is an
estimate of heart effort and oxygen uptake
35
by the myocardium . This value is the
product of the heart rate (bpm) and the
systolic blood pressure (mmHg). The RPP
reference values range between 6.000 at a
resting state and 40.000 in exhaustive
25
exercises . After the treadmill test, the
mean of RPP of the female surfers
(30.188,33 ± 5.936,24mmHg.bpm) was
within the range.
26
The subjects in the study by Chalela had
an RPP of 28378.7 ± 313.1 after a treadmill
exercise test. The women in the present
study had a mean RPP of 30.188.33 ±
5.936.24. The results of both studies were
similar, although the treadmill exercise test
protocols were different. The results of
35
Farinatti et al. suggest that the mean
RPP of the elite female surfers in this study
was higher than a strength exercise and
continuous treadmill exercise with an
intensity of 75-80% of the max HR.
Long-term intense training has beneficial
effects on endothelial functional and other
cardiovascular risk factors in women
athletes. Cardiovascular adaptations to
endurance training include cardiac
remodelling, which consists of alterations in
ventricular chamber dimensions associated
36
with normal systolic and diastolic function .
Conclusion
These authors conclude that elite female
surfers have excellent aerobic fitness and
body composition, which indicate that good
physical fitness is necessary to be in the
top 10 female surfers in Brazil. However,
more studies are necessary to analyse the
chronic effects of training during the surfing
season.
Address for correspondence:
Professor Rover Lima, Av. Malibú, n. 285
bl. 01 1p 1105 Barra da Tijuca CEP 22.693-
295, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil
Tel.(cell.): +(55 21) 99548007
Email: rover@infolink.com.br
CV parameters and body composition of professuional fem ale surfers International SportMed Journal,
Vol.12 No.3, 2011, pp. 104-112. Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
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