1) Mind vs Body

a) Mind (or the soul) is comprised of a non-physical substance

i) Pineal Gland

(1) Description

(a) the pineal in the Greek tradition was in the 8th book of Claudius Galen’s On the

usefulness of the parts of the body in which he gave it the name “pineal” because of

its resemblance to pine nuts (Latin glandula pinealis)

(b) Claudius Galen commented that the gland was known before him and considered it

a “gland” partly because of its appearance and partly because it appeared to

support local blood vessels, which he believed to be the function of all glands.

b) Body is constituted of the physical substance known as matter.

2) How does Classical Dualism study man as its object?

a) The mind controls the body through the pineal gland

i) The pineal gland as the valve of the psychic activity of the soul in classical antiquity

(1) The pineal gland regulated the flow of psychic pneuma,” a fine, volatile, airy or vaporous

substance which he described as “the first instrument of the soul between the middle

and posterior brain ventricles.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-015-2636-3

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/
1) Behaviorism studied human psychology through objectively observable actions (behaviors), rather

than thoughts and feelings that cannot be observed.

a) Behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response.

i) A subject is presented with a stimulus, and then responds to that stimulus, producing

"behavior" (the object of psychology's study, as a field).

ii) behavior cannot exist without a stimulus of some sort.

iii) Any person, regardless of his or her background, can be trained to act in a particular manner

given the right conditioning.

(1) Classical conditioning

(a) A human learns to associate two stimuli with each other. This type of conditioning

involves involuntary responses, such as biological responses or emotional ones.

(2) Operant conditioning

(a) A human learns a behavior by associating it with consequences. This can be done

through positive or negative reinforcement, or punishment.

(i) The three types of reinforcement

1. Positive reinforcement: When something good is added (e.g. a food pellet

drops into the box) to teach a new behavior.

2. Negative reinforcement: When something bad is removed (e.g. an electric

current stops) to teach a new behavior.

3. Punishment: When something bad is added to teach the subject to stop a

behavior.

https://www.thoughtco.com/behaviorism-in-psychology-4171770