Introduction to Remote Sensing

Different platforms of remote sensing

Dr. Arun K. Saraf,
Professor
Department of Earth Sciences

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SUN

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 REMOTE SENSING PLATFORMS

• Ground-Based • BALLONS
• Airborne • DRONES / UAVs
• Space Shuttle • HELICOPTERS
• AIRPLANES
• Satellites • SATELLITES
• … • …

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Source: http://www.slideshare.net/udaykumardevalla/unit2-51304046
 Ground based platforms

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/udaykumardevalla/unit2-51304046

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 Ground based platforms

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/udaykumardevalla/unit2-51304046
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 Source: http://www.slideshare.net/udaykumardevalla/unit2-51304046
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http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing/specia
l_issues/uav

UAV / Drone based

remote sensing
platforms
http://www.acsmp.unsw.edu.au/integrati
on-of-different-uav-based-sensor-systems-
for-monitoring-wetland-changes-in-
vicinity-of

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Airborne Platforms
Spaceborne Platforms
 (GPS)
Types of satellite orbits

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http://www.mpoweruk.com/satellites.htm
Types of satellite orbits

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Navigation No. of Inclination Satellites x Orbit Planes
System Satellites
GPS 24 55 4x6 IRNSS

GLONASS 24 64.8 8x3

GALILEO 30 56 9x3
QZSS (1~) 41 (1~) x 1
BeiDou 35 55 6 in geostationary orbits, 8 in 55-degree
inclined geosynchronous orbits and 7 in
medium Earth orbits
IRNSS 7 30.5 3 are geostationary orbit (GEOs) and they
(NAVIC) will be located at 32.5° East, 83° East and
131.5° East longitude. Other 4 are
geostationary satellites (GSO) in orbits of
24,000 km apogee and 250 km perigee
inclined at 29 degrees.

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VARIOUS EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES (Passive)
• AVHRR
• Landsat
• SPOT
• IRS
• Cartosat
• Ikonos
• Seawifs
• GOES
• Meteosat
• Terra EOS Satellite (ASTER, MODIS, CERES, MOPITT, MISR)
• …
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VARIOUS EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES (Active)

• ESA Satellites (ERS, Envisat, Sentinel)

• Canada (Radarsat)
• Indian Satellites (RISAT)
• Japanese Satellites (ALOS)
• …

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Landsat Missions: Imaging the Earth Since 1972

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 Indian Remote Sensing Satellites Series
Lifetime Equator Adjacent Repeat
Platform Altitude Sensors
(design) Crossing Orbits Coverage

1A: 1988-1995
LISS-I
IRS-1A, 1B 1B: 1991-present 904 km 10:30 a.m. 1 day 22 days
LISS-II
(3 years)

1995-present 24 days LISS-III

IRS-1C, 1D 1997-present 817 km 10:30 a.m. 1 day 5 days PAN
(5 years) 5 days WiFS

LISS-IV
2003-present
RESOURCESAT-1 817 km 10:30 a.m. 5-24 days LISS-III
(5 years)
AWiFS

IRS-P5 CARTOSAT 2005- ~618 km 10.30 a.m. 11 days 126 days PAN
 Landsat 1: History (July 23, 1972 - January 6, 1978)
Sensors:
1. Return Beam Vidicon (RBV)
80 meter-ground resolution
Spectral bands: Band 1 Visible blue-green (475-575 nm)
Band 2 Visible orange-red (580-680 nm)
Band 3 Visible red to Near-Infrared (690-830 nm)

2. Multispectral Scanner (MSS)

80-meter ground resolution in four spectral bands:
Spectral bands: Band 4 Visible green (0.5 to 0.6 µm)
Band 5 Visible red (0.6 to 0.7 µm)
Band 6 Near-Infrared (0.7 to 0.8 µm)
Band 7 Near-Infrared (0.8 to 1.1 µm)
Six detectors for each spectral band provided six scan lines on each active scan
Ground Sampling Interval (pixel size): 57 x 79 m

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 Landsat 8: Launched on February 11, 2013 (working)

Sensors:
OLI multispectral bands 1-7,9: 30-meters
OLI panchromatic band 8: 15-meters

TIRS bands 10-11: collected at 100 meters but resampled

to 30 meters to match OLI multispectral bands

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IRS-1A: Mission Specifications
Launch Date March 17, 1988

Altitude 904 Km

Local Time 10.30 a.m. (descending node)

Repetivity 22 days (307 orbits)

Orbits / Day 14

Period 103 Minutes

Mission Completed July 1996

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 IRS-1A: Mission Specifications
Sensor LISS I Sensor LISS II
Resolution 72.5 Resolution 36.25
Swath 148 Km Swath 74 X 2 Km
Repetivity 22 Days Repetivity 22 Days
Spectral 0.45-0.52 microns (B1) Spectral 0.45-0.52 microns (B1)
Bands 0.52-0.59 microns (B2) Bands 0.52-0.59 microns (B2)
0.62-0.68 microns (B3) 0.62-0.68 microns (B3)
0.77-0.86 microns (B4) 0.77-0.86 microns (B4)

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 Cartosat-2 : Mission Specifications

Launch Date: 22 June, 2016

Spatial resolution: 65cm
Swath: 9.6 km
Spectral band: 0.5 - 0.85 microns
Quantisation: 10 bits
ROLL tilt: ±26 deg CARTOSAT-2 image of Bangalore

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TIROS
(Television
Infrared
Observation
Satellite)
(NOAA)
Satellites

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 NOAA-19 (launched on 4th Nov 2008)

NOAA-
AVHRR
AVHRR Channels Wavelength Spectrum image
1 0.58-0.68 µm Visible acquired by
2 0.73-1.10 µm Near IR IITR-SES on
3a (on AVHRR/3 only) 1.58-1.64 µm Near IR 16th Jan.
3 3.55-3.93 µm Near IR 2003 at
4 10.3-11.3 µm Thermal IR 10:17 hrs.
5 11.5-12.5 µm Thermal IR

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 PC-based Automatic NOAA-HRPT receiver

1.2m parabolic disk IIT Roorkee Satellite Earth Station is

antenna and rotator
of NOAA-HRPT operational since 24th Oct 2002
system
A view of Himalaya as seen by NOAA-AVHRR on 28th October 2002 at 10:11 hrs

© Dr. Arun K. Saraf, IITR - Satellite Earth Station, DES, IIT Roorkee
A view of Karakoram and Western Himalaya mountains as A night-time view of Karakoram and Western Himalaya mountains
seen by NOAA-AVHRR of 19th November 2002 at 14:32 hrs as seen by NOAA-AVHRR of 24th November 2002 at 23:01 hrs

© Dr. Arun K. Saraf, IITR - Satellite Earth Station, DES, IIT Roorkee
© Dr. Arun K. Saraf, IITR - Satellite Earth Station, DES, IIT Roorkee
SENTINEL-1 RADAR Remote Sensing Satellite
• Sentinel-1 is a two satellite constellation with the
prime objectives of Land and Ocean monitoring.

• The goal of the mission is to provide C-Band SAR data

continuity following the retirement of ERS-2 and the
end of the Envisat mission.

• To accomplish this the satellites carry a C-SAR sensor,

which offers medium and high resolution imaging in all
weather conditions.

• The C-SAR is capable of obtaining night imagery and

detecting small movement on the ground, which
makes it useful for land and sea monitoring.

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Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), also
called Daichi, is a 4-ton Japanese satellite
launched in 2006

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THANKS

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