These are electrons occupying the highest energy level in

an atom. It refers to as the outermost electrons and are

the ones involved in chemical bonding.
LEDS (Lewis Electron Dot Structure)
is a system used to emphasize the
atom’s valence electrons
proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis. It is
a shorthand method which
consists of a symbol of the
element (nucleus) surrounded by
dots (valence electrons).
HOW TO DRAW LEDS?
1. Write the chemical symbol of the
atom
2. Determine the column or group
where the atom belongs in the
periodic table
3. Draw dots that correspond to the
number of atom’s valence
electrons
4. Distribute the dots evenly, it can
be clockwise or counterclockwise.
Any atom should satisfy the octet rule to become stable. The
octet rule states that in order to gain stability, an atom must
have 8 valence electrons or should have the same electronic
configuration of the nearest noble gas. This can be achieved
through losing, gaining, or sharing electrons.
IONIC BONDING
It is a type of chemical bond formed when there is transfer of
electrons from one atom to another. It involves gaining and
losing of electrons making an atom turn into ions: cation (+)
and anion (-). The kinds of elements involved in this bonding
are metals and non-metals.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)
is the measure of the tendency
of an atom to attract electrons,
the higher its value, the higher
its tendency to attract electrons
 IONIZATION ENERGY (IE)
is the energy needed to pull or
remove one or more electrons
from a neutral atom. The lower
the IE, the easier it is to remove
the electrons
Metals have low EN and IE, thus they tend to loose electrons
(cations) while Non-metals have high EN and IE which have
greater tendency to attract or gain electrons (anions)
When atoms form ions, eight electrons normally remain in the
outer shell of the ion. Thus, after chemical bonding, elements
become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas in the
periodic table.
 Oxidation state shows the
total number of electrons
which have been removed
from an element (positive
oxidation state) or added to
an element (a negative
oxidation state) to get to its
present state or to have the
same electron configurations
like those of the noble gas
nearest them.
Show how the following elements become isoelectronic with their
nearest noble gas after ionic bonding

1. Barium and Chlorine

2. Magnesium and Sulfur

3. Potassium and Bromine

 An ionic compound is formed
when two oppositely charged ions
are held together by an
electrostatic attraction. Few
combinations of metal and non-
metal will result in a fully ionic
bond. However, most cases would
be more correctly considered as
having partial ionic and partial
covalent character.
USING THE LEWIS USING THE CRISSCROSS
STRUCTURE METHOD OF OXIDATION
NUMBERS
Using the Lewis Structure and the Oxidation States, write the
chemical formula that will be formed by the following ionic bonds:

1. Potassium and Sulfur

2. Magnesium and Bromine

3. Aluminum and Chlorine

4. Sodium and Nitrogen

5. Calcium and Oxygen

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND NAMING
OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
 MONOATOMIC CATIONS
The name of the cation is the same
as the name of the element. Main
group elements usually form only
one cation. However, many
transition elements form two or more
different cations. The suffix-ous is
used for lower charge, and the
suffix-ic is used for higher charge.
 MONOATOMIC ANIONS
The name of the anion is
derived from the name of the
element and given the
suffix-ide.
 POLYATOMIC IONS
A polyatomic ion is a group
of atoms that behave as a
unit and carries a net
electrical charge.
1. Write the formula of the cation first, followed by the
formula of the anion.

2. The compound, although consisting of charged

particles, is neutral. The formula should indicate the
smallest number of cation and anion units that should
be combined to give an overall charge of zero.

EXAMPLE:
Write the formula of the compound
formed by Fe 2+ and O 2-
1. Separate the formula of the cation from that of the
anion. Determine the charge of each ion.

2. Write the name of the cation first, followed by the name

of the anion with a space in between.

EXAMPLE:
State the name of K2Cr2O7
Write the chemical name of the following compound:

1. Na3N

2. LiH

3. SnSe2

4. Pb(SO4)2

5. (NH4)3PO4
Write the formula of the compound formed by the following:

1. Barium oxide

2. Sodium phosphide

3. Aluminum sulfate

4. Iron (III) oxide

5. Ammonium sulfate
 Ionic compounds have very
high melting and boiling points.
Table salts melt at 801oC and
boils at 1413oC.
 Ionic compounds in the solid
state are nonconductors of
electricity, but in the molten or
liquid state and in aqueous
solution, are conductors of
electricity.
 Ionic compounds in the solid
state are arranged in a well-
ordered array which is reflected
in the characteristic crystal
structure of the compounds.
Different ionic compounds have
different crystal forms.