Table of Contents

1. INTRDUCTION:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

1.1 Project Description-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

1.1.1 Aziz Cross Flyover: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

1.1.2 DHA Gujranwala: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Facilities: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

1.2 Introduction of Organization -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

1.3 Departmental Functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

1.4 Attached Departments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

1.5 Powers and Duties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

2. Activities Participated --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

2.1 ROAD ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

2.1.1 Bituminous or black top road are constructed as follows: ----------------------------------------------12

2.1.2 Cement concrete roads are constructed as follows:------------------------------------------------------12

2.1.3 Classification or Types of Roads ---------------------------------------------------------------------------13

2.1.4 Types of Roads Based on Location and Function -------------------------------------------------------13

2.2 Types of Roads Based on Traffic Volume ---------------------------------------------------------------------13

2.2.1 Light Traffic Roads ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

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 2.2.2 Medium Traffic Roads ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

2.2.3 High Traffic Roads -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

2.3 Types of Roads Based on Economy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------14

2.3.1 Motorways -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

3. Activities Observed -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

3.1 Equipments used in Road construction -------------------------------------------------------------------------15

3.1.1 Wheel loader --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

3.1.2 Motor Grader --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

3.1.3 Asphalt Mixing Plant ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

3.1.4 Road Roller Machine ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

3.1.5 Crawler Excavator --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

3.1.6 Wheel Loader -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

3.1.7 Truck Crane ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

3.2 Instruments used in surveying include: -------------------------------------------------------------------------19

4. Correlation of the Activities with Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------22

5. Difficulties Faced -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

6. Summary and Knowledge Gained ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

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TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1 Wheel Loader ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 2 Motor Grader ........................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 3 Asphalt Mixing Plant ............................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 4 Road Roller Machine ............................................................................................................................ 17

Figure 5 Crawler Excavtor .................................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 6 Wheel Loader ........................................................................................................................................ 18

Figure 7 Truck Crane .......................................................................................................................................... 18

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 Chapter 1

Acknowledgement

The opportunity to do everything possible to develop communication and experience, to do this with ex-
cellent reasons, methods and competencies. This year I see what a chance is to see what professional
experience is, a professional pendant on stage. A mention may be made that this is possible.

Sir Amir Yakub (XEN), Department of Routes and Management in Gujaranwala, to clean up and guide,
as well as to get acquainted with objects that are in the process of formation and possible reconnais-
sance.

Finally, a big thank you to Dr. Adeel Tariq for providing this wonderful opportunity and internships run
by professional organizations. It was a wonderful experience and a great opportunity to gain knowledge
and see the world with a new look.

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 Chapter 1
1.
2.
3. INTRDUCTION:

Civil engineering is considered as the first discipline of the various branches of engineering after mili-
tary engineering, and includes the designing, planning, construction, and maintenance of the infrastruc-
ture. The works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals, water supply and numerous other facili-
ties that affect the life of human beings. Civil engineering is intimately associated with the private and
public sectors, including the individual homeowners and international enterprises. It is one of the oldest
engineering professions, and ancient engineering achievements due to civil engineering include the pyr-
amids of Egypt and road systems developed by the Romans.

3.1 Project Description

The internships consisted on the period of forty days and held in the organization of C & W.
The association recommended us in various projects that are as following:

 Aziz cross flyover.

 DHA Gujranwala.

3.1.1 Aziz Cross Flyover:

It is located at G.T road Lohianwala Gujranwala. It is also known as pindi bypass. It connects
Lahore, Sialkot and Rawalpindi to Gujranwala. This project is signal free interchange which is
providing facilitation to both low and heavy weight traffic. The flow rate in this area is 2.

This project provides an easy way and useful to reduce traffic and numbers of accident. Aziz

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 Chapter 1

Cross Flyover in its nature is one of the biggest structures of continental Asia. Everyday thou-
sands peoples use this high class facility to go to their destination. This flyover is playing an
important role for transfer goods and deeds to other cities because it connects to the biggest
cities to each other.

3.1.1.1 Features:

The main features of Aziz Cross Flyover are as following:

Project Cost 7358 Million PKR

Project Client Punjab highway department

Project Consultant NESPAK

Constructor NLC

Area 80 Canals

No. of Flyovers 05

Number of Elevated Loops 02

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 Chapter 1
Table 1 Construction Features

Detail of Flyover

Structure Type Box girder F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4

Cement Fauji Length 301.5 301.5 417.3 564.41
Steel Mughal Piles 80 66 64 84
Sand Lawerance pur Pier 20 16 16 21

3.1.2 DHA Gujranwala:

Defense Housing Authority Gujranwala is nationally recognized corporate organization that has en-
deavored to provide; to the people of Pakistan, an opportunity to live the innovative models of modern
living. Tuned to the latest worldwide developments in the field of urban and community management,
it has added the grandeur of our cities and communities. Relying on the elements of strategic urban
planning, development and sustainability, it has carved out its residential and commercial pro-
jects. By introducing modern designs in construction of houses, infrastructure and essential
associated facilities, it has infused in “Defence lives”, that is beautifully energetic, attractively
vibrant and conveniently livable. Our emphasis continues to remain on building our communi-
ties with the essence of our socio-cultural and religious traditions and needs. We envision our
future urban dwellings to be more friendly, modern and green.

The management has explained in brief about the DHA Gujranwala infrastructure or future
plan. They are three main entrances in the society having a size of 400 Feet, 210 Feet and
above 500 feet wide entrance from Main GT road and the size of Main Boulevard is around
700 Feet which is the biggest road in all DHA’s.

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 Chapter 1

Facilities:

The Defence Housing Authority, Gujranwala has been built along High standards Living
Community. They provide the following facilities include:

 Wide Roads

 World class Hospital

 World-class Education System

 Cinema

 Underground Electric Cabling

 Solid waste management

 Wastewater treatment plant

 Water Filtration Plant

 Efficient Sewerage System

 24 Hours security and surveillance system

 Beautiful parks and horticulture

3.1.2.1 DHA GUJRANWALA EDUCATION PROJECT:

Education is a way to get knowledge for best future. That’s, they have provide the following
top class education project in future.
 4 university

 12 colleges

 many schools

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 Chapter 1

3.2 Introduction of Organization

To serve the wider public, in line with the policy of the Government of Punjab, by designing,
constructing and maintaining roads, bridges and buildings, using our experience of over 150
years, in the most fair, just and equitable manner to ensure optimal development for all people
living in the province.

3.3 Departmental Functions

Management of Technical and Financial Affairs related to all scheme undertaken by various at-
tached department of C& W Department

Control of Administrative matters including organizational affairs, logistics and human resource
management.

3.4 Attached Departments

Highways Department (North & South Regions)

Architecture Department

District Support and Monitoring Department

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3.5 Powers and Duties

 Advise the Government of Pakistan on matters relating to National Highways, Motorways,
Expressways and Strategic Roads
 Collect tolls on National Highways, Motorways, Expressways and Strategic Roads
 License facilities on roads under its control
 Frame scheme(s) for construction, expansion, operation and development of National
Highways, Motorways, Expressways and Strategic Roads
 Acquire land in accordance with legal procedures
 Research and development
 Procure plants, machinery, instruments and materials required for its use
 Enter into/perform all contracts as it may consider necessary
 Determine a building line between which and the Row it shall not be lawful without the
consent of the authority to construct or maintain any structure or make any excavation.

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 Chapter 2

4. Activities Participated

4.1 ROAD

A long, narrow stretch with a smoothed or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle,
carriage, etc., between two or more points; street or highway.

Road transportation is an essential network for any country. Classification of roads based
on many factors such as materials, locations, traffic etc. are discussed.

The road construction types or methods are classified as below:

 Earth road and gravel roads

 Soil stabilized roads
 Water bound macadam road
 Bituminous or black top road
 Cement concrete road

All the roads do not carter for same amount of traffic volume or intensity.

Since the funds available at hand for financing the construction projects are also meager, it is
necessary to have roads which costs very less. Earth roads and stabilized roads are typical exam-
ples of low cost roads.
These earth and gravel roads are the one we generally see in village areas, these are built with-
out and sub grade preparation and are generally washed out in rainy season.
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 Chapter 2

Soil stabilized roads are built the same way as earth roads or gravel roads but the sub grade soil
is prepared by compacting to increase its California Bearing Ratio which in turns stabilizes the
road under heavy loads.

4.1.1 Bituminous or black top road are constructed as follows:

1. Sub grade preparation

2. Spreading of coarse aggregate and compaction
3. Base coarse preparation
4. Prime coat
5. Spreading of bituminous mix
6. Compaction of bituminous macadam
7. Sand spraying
8. Opening to traffic

4.1.2 Cement concrete roads are constructed as follows:

1. Preparation of sub grads or sub base

2. Fixing of forms
3. Placing of reinforcement
4. Mixing and laying of concrete
5. Compaction and finishing
6. Curing
7. Opening to traffic

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 Chapter 2

4.1.3 Classification or Types of Roads

The roads are classified based on many factors as follows.

1. Materials 2. Location & function 3.Traffic volume 4.

4.1.4 Types of Roads Based on Location and Function

 National highways

 State highways

 District roads

 Rural roads or village roads

4.2 Types of Roads Based on Traffic Volume

 Light traffic roads

 Medium traffic roads
 High traffic roads

4.2.1 Light Traffic Roads

The roads which are carrying 400 vehicles daily on an average is called light traffic
roads.

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 Chapter 2

4.2.2 Medium Traffic Roads

If a road carrying 400 to 1000 vehicles per day then it is said to be medium traffic road.

4.2.3 High Traffic Roads

If a road is carrying is more than 1000 vehicles per day then it is considered as high traf-
fic road.

4.3 Types of Roads Based on Economy

 Low cost roads
 Medium cost roads
 High cost roads

The economy depend upon the location and function of roads and also on the traffic anal-
ysis.

4.3.1 Motorways

Motorways are also known as expressways. Only few vehicles are accessible to use this
type of roads. The vehicles which can move with high speed acceleration are permitted
into this way. Motorways makes travel quick and provides comfort for high speed vehi-
cles.

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 Chapter 3

5. Activities Observed

5.1 Equipments used in Road construction

Equipment used in road construction vary depending on whether a project involves build-
ing a new road, re-carpeting a road or just minor road repairs.

Here is a list of commonly used road construction equipment:

1.) Motor Grader.

2.) Asphalt Mixing Plant.

3.) Road Roller Machine.

4.) Crawler Excavator.

5.) Forklift Truck.

6.) Wheel Loader.

7.) Truck Crane.

5.1.1 Wheel loader

A wheel loader is used to move a pile of material from the
ground and load it onto a dump truck.

Figure 1 wheel Loader

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 Chapter 3

5.1.2 Motor Grader

Commonly referred to as road grader or a maintainer, motor
grader is an equipment used to create flat surfaces for asphalt to
be placed on.

Common models consist of three axles, with the engine and cab lo- Figure 2 Motor Grader
cated above the rear axles at the back end of the vehicle and a third
axle at the front of the vehicle – with a long blade in between.

5.1.3 Asphalt Mixing Plant

An asphalt plant is used for the manufacture of asphalt
concrete and other forms of coated road-stone used in
road construction projects.It combines mineral aggre-
gates, sand and a filler – in correct proportions, heats
the mixture and then coats it with a binder.
The plant then keeps the final product heated to avoid set- Figure 3 Asphalt Mixing Plant
ting before the product is laid down in layers.

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 Chapter 3

5.1.4 Road Roller Machine

Also known as roller-compactor, a road roller is one of the most important machines in a road
construction venture.
A roller is basically a compactor type engineering vehicle
that is mainly used to press down soil, gravel, concrete, or
asphalt in the construction of highways and foundations.
Rollers can be rubber tire rollers, double-drum asphalt
rollers or combination rollers and the type of roller used is
determined by the mixture used in a road project. Figure 4 Road Roller Machine

5.1.5 Crawler Excavator

Also referred to as diggers, excavators are heavy construction

equipment used for excavating earth and rocks and loading them
onto a dump trucks.
Excavators consists of a boom, bucket and cab on a rotating plat-
form located above an undercarriage with wheels or tracks. They

are capable of performing a wide range of work by changing front Figure 5 Crawler Excavator
attachment.

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 Chapter 3

5.1.6 Wheel Loader

A wheel loader, also referred to as front loader, skip loader or
bucket loader, is a type of tractor used to move a pile of material

from the ground and load it onto a truck or into an open pit. Figure 6 Wheel Loader
It consists of a front-mounted square wide bucket joined to the end
of two arms used to scoop up materials from the ground without spreading it out.

5.1.7 Truck Crane

These types of cranes are usually mounted on the back of a
lorry to assist with lifting requirements within a construction
site.

They consist of the carrier (called the lower) and lifting Figure 7 Truck Crane
component (called the upper), which are joined through a
turntable allowing the lifting component to swing from side to side.
Truck cranes are usually compact, fold up, and require negligible mounting space.

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 Chapter 3

5.2 Instruments used in surveying include:

 Theodolite

(Half theodolite,Plain theodolite, Simple theodolite, Great theodolite, Non-transit theodolite, Transit theodolite,
Electronic theodolite, Mining theodolite, Suspension theodolite ,Traveling theodolite Pibal theodolite Register-
ing theodolite Gyro-theodolite, Construction theodolite Photo-theodolite, Robotic theodolite, Vernier theodolite,
Tachymeter (surveying), Graphometer ,Universal instrument (surveying) ,Transit (surveying) ,Total station.)

 Alidade
 Alidade table
 Plane table
 Dumpy level
 Tape (surveying)
 Measuring tape
 Pole (surveying)
 Surveyor's chain
 Engineer's chain
 Level staff
 Ramsden surveying instruments
 Ranging rod

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 Chapter 4

Activities

8 Excavation On Site

9 Instruction by X.e.n
12 Instruction by Sdo of c&w

13 Water Pipes Inserted

11 Machine Used On Sites

10 Filling Of Excavation

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 Chapter 4

14 Drawing Of Columns

15 Drawing Of Flyover

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 Chapter 4

6. Correlation of the Activities with Standards

Astm and Asstho standards used in laboratories.

s.ft and c.ft units used in field

7. Difficulties Faced

The First Day Reactions

Awkward Introductions

Too Many Information Absorption

We don’t know how to do work in office they have to teach us from start

Difficulties to Understanding the office culture

Difficulties to Understanding teamwork

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 Chapter 4

8. Summary and Knowledge Gained

In this duration of internship I will learn team work on field and in office.

Xen Amir Yaqoob briefly describe the detail of machinery used in field and apparatus used in
survey .

It was an awesome experience to working with professionals, and learns the behavior, communi-
cation skills and other useful activities. Such activities are also important for an Engineer in the
field of professional jobs.

It was also good to know about the responsibilities, actions and decision taken in any time of the
projects. A good decision can change the project. It can also save the time and provide many
other opportunities to do such a same work

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