 Fundamentals of Urban Development and Planning Rajendra P Sharma

rpsharma@mailcity.com An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for

Development Studies, Kathmamndu University, 2014
 2. Urban An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast
human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be
cities, towns or conurbations, but the termUrban areas may be cities, towns or
conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such
as villages and hamlets. 22
 3. Region On the basis of the elemental factor of space, a region is a geographic
or areal unit with certain limits and bounds. The unit may consist of a few villages
or a number of countries. A region may, therefore, be thought of as an areal or
spatial organization of varying dimensions. Any portion of earth’s surface where
physical conditions areAny portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions
are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging
from a single feature region to compage, depending on the criteria used for
delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the
region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city
region, planning region, 33
 4. Introduction to Planning AllAll thethe dailydaily activitiesactivities ofof
humanhuman beingsbeings areare carriedcarried outout onon landland..
ProperProper organizationorganization ofof thesethese activitiesactivities ii..ee..
planningplanning willwill helphelp thethe humanhuman beingbeing inin
leadingleading aa richerricher andand fullerfuller lifelife inin livablelivable
surroundingssurroundings oror environmentenvironment.. "Planning" means the
scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and
services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency,
health and well-being of urban and rural communities. Planning – a continuous,
time-oriented and cyclic process of identification and achievement of goals 44
 5. Cyclic Process of Planning:Cyclic Process of Planning: a process that includes
a) Identification of goals and objectives, b) Assessment of problems, potential
and priorities, c) Preparation of alternative conceptual plans and their evaluation
to select most appropriate concept,select most appropriate concept, d)
Preparation of plan based on related concept and its approval, e)
Implementation, f) Feedback, and g) Review of the Plan 55
 6. Fields of Planning: i)) Urban ii) Regional iii) Environmental iv) Transport, and v)
Infrastructure 66
 7. Urban Planning …… is a technique and method of development that
contributes to the organization, development and evolution of urban areas and
their urbanizing environs, based ontheir urbanizing environs, based on economic,
social, legal, aesthetic concepts and conditions in order to promote the welfare of
public and quality of environment. 77
 8. Regional Planning ItIt isis aa specificspecific typetype ofof planning,planning,
basedbased onon aa specificspecific planningplanning structurestructure
(regional(regional system),system), forfor inducinginducing publicpublic
actionaction aimedaimed atat societalsocietal wellwell beingbeing.. ItIt
impliesimplies thatthat regionalregional planningplanning isis
 concernedconcernedsocietalsocietal wellwell beingbeing.. ItIt impliesimplies
thatthat regionalregional planningplanning isis concernedconcerned
fundamentallyfundamentally withwith thethe societysociety inin thethe
contextcontext ofof spacespace.. 88
 9. Environmental Planning EnvironmentalEnvironmental planningplanning isis aa
tooltool forfor environmentalenvironmental protectionprotection andand
sustainablesustainable developmentdevelopment ofof anyany areaarea fromfrom
environmentalenvironmental pointpoint ofof viewview..pointpoint ofof viewview..
99
 10. Transport Planning TheThe processprocess ofof analysisanalysis ofof
traveltravel demanddemand inin aa citycity oror regionregion havinghaving
regardregard toto sociosocio--economic,economic, landland--use,use, andand
otherother factorsfactors andand formulationformulation ofof policies,policies,
programmesprogrammes,, plansplans andand projectsprojects forfor itsits
efficientefficientofof policies,policies, programmesprogrammes,, plansplans
andand projectsprojects forfor itsits efficientefficient managementmanagement..
1010
 11. Infrastructure The basic components of a human settlement that make it
functional and improve its quality of life and include network of water supply,
sewerage, drainage, electricity, communication, transportation and facilities and
services. FacilityFacility –– in urban planning a premises where health-care,
educational,FacilityFacility –– in urban planning a premises where health-care,
educational, socio-cultural and recreational activities take place.
ServicesServices -- includeinclude transportationtransportation byby rail,rail,
road,road, air,air, waterways,waterways, telecommunication,telecommunication,
policepolice protection,protection, firefire fighting,fighting, postalpostal etcetc..
UtilitiesUtilities –– basicbasic publicpublic servicesservices likelike waterwater
supply,supply, sewerage,sewerage, drainagedrainage andand
electricityelectricity supplysupply.. 1111
 12. Definitions and Bases of Planning TownTown andand CountryCountry
PlanningPlanning toto channelizechannelize variousvarious typestypes ofof
forcesforces suchsuch asas physical,physical, social,social, economiceconomic
andand administrativeadministrative inin aa plannedplanned mannermanner toto
createcreate thethe totaltotal environment,environment, whichwhich isis
healthy,healthy, efficientefficient andand satisfyingsatisfying forfor
working,working,environment,environment, whichwhich isis healthy,healthy,
efficientefficient andand satisfyingsatisfying forfor working,working, living,living,
recreationrecreation andand otherother activitiesactivities ofof humanhuman
beingbeing.. ObjectiveObjective toto provideprovide healthyhealthy
environmentenvironment andand conveniencesconveniences toto thethe
peoplepeople ofof thethe areaarea byby physicalphysical
arrangementarrangement ofof landland--useuse patternpattern andand
structurestructure.. 1212
 13. Definitions and Bases of Planning Social and economic aims town planning
Socially successful planning tends to make people’s life happier, because it
results in physical environment which is conducive to health; facilitates social
 interaction and gives visualhealth; facilitates social interaction and gives visual
attractiveness It increases wealth, by efficiently arranging communication routes
to carry out human activities in a more efficient and less wasteful manner through
proper spatial arrangement 1313
 14. Characteristics of successful Town Planning: Promotion of accessibility
Employment of resources as economically as possible Separation of
incompatible land uses from each other and association of compatible or
mutually helpful uses.association of compatible or mutually helpful uses. Carrying
out of all developments in a visually pleasant and practical manner 1414
 15. Urban Planning Basics Goal of Planning to guide the development of a city or
town so that it furthers the welfare of its current and future residents by creating
convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient and attractive environments.equitable,
healthful, efficient and attractive environments. Three key aspects of Urban/City
Planning: a) physical environment b) social environment c) economic
environment 1515
 16. Urban Planning Basics Physical environment AA city'scity's physicalphysical
environmentenvironment includesincludes itsits location,location, itsits
climateclimate andand itsits proximityproximity toto sourcessources ofof foodfood
andand waterwater.. Social environment TheThe socialsocial
environmentenvironment includesincludes thethe groupsgroups toto whichwhich
aa city'scity's residentsresidents belong,belong, thethe
neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods inin whichwhich theythey live,live, thethe
organizationorganization ofof itsits workplacesworkplaces.. OneOne ofof thethe
biggestbiggestneighbourhoodsneighbourhoods inin whichwhich theythey live,live,
thethe organizationorganization ofof itsits workplacesworkplaces.. OneOne ofof
thethe biggestbiggest issuesissues inin mostmost citiescities isis thethe
inequitableinequitable distributiondistribution ofof resourcesresources.. Economic
environment PrimaryPrimary employers,employers, suchsuch asas
manufacturingmanufacturing asas wellwell asas researchresearch andand
developmentdevelopment companies,companies, retailretail
businesses,businesses, universities,universities, federalfederal labs,labs,
locallocal government,government, culturalcultural institutions,institutions,
andand departmentsdepartments ofof tourismtourism allall playplay strongstrong
rolesroles inin aa city'scity's economyeconomy.. Planners work with local
authorities to make sure residents are not excluded from the benefits of
urbanization as a result of physical, social or economic barriers. 1616
 17. Urban Planning Basics All the daily activities of human beings are carried out
on land.All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Land is
the basic platform of all human activitiesLand is the basic platform of all human
activities Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human
being inProper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human
being in leading a richer and fuller life inleading a richer and fuller life in
liveableliveable surroundings or environment.surroundings or
environment.leading a richer and fuller life inleading a richer and fuller life in
liveableliveable surroundings or environment.surroundings or environment. Land
is scare resource. Developed urban land is more scarce. With the
 increasingLand is scare resource. Developed urban land is more scarce. With
the increasing urban population the use of land should be very judicious and
optimum; hence, it isurban population the use of land should be very judicious
and optimum; hence, it is important to use the land in sound principles of urban
planning.important to use the land in sound principles of urban planning. A
comprehensive understanding of the process through which land uses getA
comprehensive understanding of the process through which land uses get
allocated in a city at a particular point of time and change over a period of time
(notallocated in a city at a particular point of time and change over a period of
time (not rigid but flexible) is necessaryrigid but flexible) is necessary 1717
 18. Land Use Planning Land-use - an activity performed on a parcel of land,
expressed by category, through colour or black/white hatch pattern. Land-use
planning is basically concerned with location and amount of various land use
areas such as residential, commercial,of various land use areas such as
residential, commercial, religious, cultural and other activities engaged in by the
residents of a city in conduct of their life. It takes into consideration the economic,
social and environmental conditions while selecting and adopting best option for
future land use and structure to built upon land. 1818
 19. Land Use Planning Land-use planning aims to make the best use of land
resources by: assessing present and future needs and matching it with
supply;supply; identifying and resolving conflicts between competing uses,
between the needs of individuals and those of the community, and between the
needs of the present generation and those of future generations; seeking
sustainable options that best meet identified needs and bring about desired
changes; 1919
 20. Land Use Planning General Principles Location Requirements - Indentify
three major functional areas in the urban complex – ii)) the work areas, ii)ii) the
living areas and iii) the leisure-time areas; and iv)iv) distributing them in space as
per their locational attributes.. 2020
 21. Land Use Planning General Principles Space Requirements – is a basis for
assessing land requirement to accommodate growth in urban areas in the next
20 years.20 years. It consists of three major steps: study of existing land use
pattern; derivation of space standards e.g. density standards population in
residential areas and works in industrial and business areas; space requirement
for facilities such as school, hospital , parks and play grounds and others . 2121
 22. Urban Land Use PlanningUrban Land Use Planning Land use planning
should aim at integrated and comprehensive planning Integrated development of
residence, work and recreation areas Geddesian Triangle 2222 Work (Function)
Place (Environment) Folk (organism) Geddesian Triangle
 23. Urban Land Use PlanningUrban Land Use Planning Comprehensive
PlanningComprehensive Planning It is not merely a physical activity but of
multidisciplinary nature covering economic and social aspects Integration of old
with the new ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-------------------------------------------------------- PetricPetric GeddesGeddes –– the
 founder of modern town and regional planning.the founder of modern town and
regional planning. The theoretical ideas ofThe theoretical ideas of PetricPetric
Geddes have influenced much subsequent planning practice,Geddes have
influenced much subsequent planning practice, regional economic development
and environmental management .regional economic development and
environmental management . In particular his focus on the triad ‘PlaceIn
particular his focus on the triad ‘Place--WorkWork--Folk’ is fundamental to land
use planningFolk’ is fundamental to land use planning 2323
 24. Definitions Accessibility – Available means of communication i.e. roads, rail
etc. Base map – map serving as the foundation for subsequent planning showing
all physical features and existing land-use/built-up area of the area/city . Density
of Population –Density of Population – population divided by the areas occupied
by houses Gross density – population divided by the area layout including roads
and open spaces. Net density – population divided by the plots, excluding roads
and open spaces. 2424
 25. Definitions Recreation areas – an area designated for recreational activities –
open spaces, play grounds, parks, botanical gardens, golf course etc. Water
bodies – River, lakes, ponds, nallah (open drain) Ring road – a circular road on
all side of the proposed development/settlementdevelopment/settlement Bye
pass – a road designed to carry heavy vehicular traffic to operate without
entering the built up area of the city. O D Survey – Origin and Destination survey
conducted to count vehicles coming from and going to another area/city. Public
land – the land vested with the government 2525
 26. Residential land-use – the land category in a development or layout plan
devoted to residential activity which may be further sub-divided into
zones/clusters by nature (e.g. Primary residential, mixed residential, informal
residential), intensity (e.g. high, medium or law density), type (plotted or flatted),
ownership (individual or group housing). Commercial, Industrial, Institutional,
Public-semi-public (utilities/services),Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Public-
semi-public (utilities/services), Transportation Topo-sheet – map prepared by
Survey of India for entire country, indicating every details, e.g. road, rail, forest,
river, canal, built-up area etc. Catchment area or drainage basin -- area drained
by a stream /river orarea drained by a stream /river or other body of water (the
area and population from which a facility or regionother body of water (the area
and population from which a facility or region attracts visitors or
customers)attracts visitors or customers) 2626
 27. Urban Agglomeration (UA) – the out growths of urban areas have also been
incorporated in larger urban areas and are designated as ‘urban agglomeration’
which comprise: a) An urban area with continuous urban outgrowth which is
outside the statutory urban limits but falling within theoutside the statutory urban
limits but falling within the boundaries of the adjoining village or villages; b) Two
or more adjoining urban areas with their outgrowths, so as to form a continuous
urban spread; c) Two or more adjoining areas without outgrowths, but which form
a continuous urban spread