 For each problem (momentum, energy & mass),

we will start with an initial chapter dealing with

some results of the molecular theory of the
transport phenomena (viscosity, thermal
conductivity & diffusivity)

 Then, proceed to microscopic level and learn how

to determine the velocity, temperature and
concentration profiles in various kinds of
systems.

 Then, the equations developed at microscopic

level are needed in order to provide some input
into problem solving at macroscopic level.
 At all three levels of description (molecular,
microscopic & macroscopic), the conservation
law play a key role.
 (a) Macroscopic level – Mass, momentum and
energy changes are calculated via macroscopic
balance equations.
(b) Microscopic level
(c) Molecular level
 Conservation law – keeping from change or to hold (
a property) constant during an interaction or process.

 We consider two colliding diatomic molecules system.


 For simplicity, we assume that the molecules do not
interact chemically and that each molecule is
homonuclear (molecules composed of only one type
of element).
 Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear species, are
molecules composed of only one type of element. Homonuclear
molecules may consist of various numbers of atoms, depending on
the element's properties

 The molecules are in a low-density gas, so that we

need not consider interactions with other molecules
in' the neighborhood.
 In Fig. 0.3-1 we show the collision between
the two homonuclear diatomic molecules, A
and B, and in Fig. 0.3-2 we show the notation
for specifying the locations of the two atoms
of one molecule by means of position vectors
drawn from an arbitrary origin.
 Total mass of the molecules entering and
leaving the collision must equal.
 (before or in = after or out)
 mass of molecule = mn (where n = A or B)
 (before) mA + mB = m’A + m’B (after)
 Here mA and mB are the masses of molecules
A and B. Since there are no chemical
reactions, the masses of the individual
species will also be conserved, so that
 mA = mA’
mB = mB’
 note that mass of a molecule is the sum of
mass of each of the atoms in the molecule,
 mA = mA1 + mA2
mB = mB1 + mB2
 the sum of the momenta of all the atoms
before the collision must equal that after the
collision, so that

 In here we use velocity = vAi , where i = 1

and 2 position of atom A = rAi , where i = 1
and 2

 in which rA1 is the position vector for atom 1

of molecule A, and vA1 is its velocity.
 mA1(vA1) + mA2(vA2) + mB1(vB1)
+ mB2(vB2) = m’A1(v’A1) + m’A2(v’A2)
+ m’B1(v’B1) + m’B2(v’B2)

 from vector relations, (where velocity = VAi)

 vA1 = vA + VA1, vB1 = vB + VB1
vA2 = vA + VA2, vB2 = vB + VB2
v’A1 = v’A + V’A1, v’B1 = v’B + V’B1
v’A2 = v’A + V’A2, v’B2 = v’B + V’B2
 mA1(vA + VA1) + mA2(vA + VA2) + mB1(vB
+ VB1) + mB2(vB + VB2)

 = m’A1(vA + V’A1) + m’A2(vA + V’A2)

+ m’B1(vB + V’B1) + m’B2(vB + V’B2)
 Rearranging expanded an expanded equation
gets,
 (mA1 + mA2)vA + (mA1VA1 + mA2VA2) +
(mB1 + mB2)vB + (mB1VB1 + mB2VB2)
 = (m’A1 + m’A2)vA + (m’A1V’A1 +
m’A2V’A2) + (m’B1 + m’B2)vB + (m’B1V’B1 +
m’B2V’B2)
 mA1VA1 + mA2VA2 = 0, since VA2 = – VA1
and mA1 = mA2
mB1VB1 + mB2VB2 = 0, since VB2 = – VB1
and mB1 = Mb2
 mA = mA1 + mA2
mB = mB1 + mB2
 Momentum equation simplifies to,
 (momentum before collision) mAvA + mBvB
= mAv’A + mBv’B (momentum after collision)
 We now write rA1 = rA + RA1, so that rA1 is
written as the sum of the position vector for
the center of mass and RA2 = -RA1.

 We define internal energy as,
 Thus final form of energy conservation
equation becomes,